Carbohydrates have attracted a great deal of research interest in recent years from both synthetic chemists and glycobiologists. As a result they are now associated with a plethora of important biological processes and have been implicated in the onset and progress of many lethal diseases. They have therefore been identified as novel targets of therapeutic importance. This book, which is aimed at synthetic and medicinal chemists, hopes to introduce both undergraduates and research students to the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates. The book investigates methods for synthesising carbohydrates in a systematic and logical manner and provides real examples from the literature to exemplify the procedures introduced. Both traditional and modern methods for synthesising carbohydrates, including enzymatic and solid-phase techniques, are discussed.

Wheat is one of the major food crop of Pakistan and luckily the geographical position of country make it suitable for its cultivation. But the national average yield is far below the yield of other wheat producing countries. In wheat production, among other constraints poor fertility of the soil emerged the major one. The book in hand certainly provides base-line information and guiding principles on organic and inorganic fertilizer application in wheat. The book will be useful for wheat researchers, planners, students, progressive growers and organization. Therefore, it should be in every agriculture library around the country.

According to definition of labor unions, they have always been attributed with securing financial and non-financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been playing role beyond collective bargaining for state and employer in: increasing productivity or efficiency of workers and improving workplace peace and harmony, improving workers' discipline and industrial atmosphere. This research work has been conducted on unions role for their workers benefit as well as for their role for the benefit of employers

Purpose of this research was to explore the role of mini dams to cope up water shortage in rain-fed water scarce arid areas of Pothowar plateau (Pakistan) and their impact on the socio economic development of human resource (resource poor farmers of arid rural areas), who, applied mini dam techniques for irrigation. Pothowar, is arid (barani) rural area of Punjab province, of Pakistan and depends mainly on agriculture for livelihood, which is unsustainable because of water shortage. The main source of irrigation is rain but plenty of rainy water is lost to streams and rivers without giving any benefit by penetrating in the soil because of uneven and sloping surface. In Pothowar more than 70 % rains occur in monsoons (July to September) and about 3.4 MAF of water is lost as surface run-off. The problem was to catch this rainy water from catch-ment areas of slope in mini dams and use it for agriculture in command areas. Farmers of arid rural area (Pothowar) solved this problem by constructing 534 mini dams and it brought revolution in their socio-economic status.