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th Thepapers appearing in this book were originally presented at
the 8 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal
Communications. This symposium, whichi s an annual event for
Virginia Tech and MPRG, was held June 10 12, 1998 ont he Virginia
Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The symposium brings together
l eaders from industry and academia to discuss the exciting future
of wireless and current research trends. The symposium has been an
important part of MPRG's activities since the inception ofthe group
in 1990. As can be seen fromt heT able of Contents, the papers
included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five
of these correspond to s ymposium sessions and aredevoted to the
following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity, Propagation,
InterferenceCancellation, Equalization, and Modulation, Coding and
Networking. These session titles reflectcurrent research thrusts as
the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of
wirelesscommunications. This year an added feature oft he symposium
was the inclusion of externally contributed poster papers. Ten
ofthese poster papers are included in thisb ooka sthe sixth
section. The first group of contributions, c onsisting of five
papers, relateto smart antennas and diversity. The first paper,
Effects of Directional Antennas with Realizable Beam Patterns on
the Spaced Time Correlation, byT . B. Welch,M. J.
th The paperspresented in this book wereoriginally presented att he
10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal
Communications, whichw as held ont heVirginia Tech campus June 14
16,2000. Thisyear's Symposium was sponsored byVirginia Tech's M
obile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech D
ivision ofC ontin uing Education, andthe MPRG Industrial Affiliates
Program. TheIE EE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech
Joint Student Chapter ofthe IEEE Communications andVehicular
Technology Societies provided technical co sponsorship. Much oft he
success ofo ur annual symposium,a s well as the success of MPRG's
research and educationprogram, are directlydue to the support of
our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided byt he
industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve thew
irelesscommunity through research, education, andoutreach
activities. MP RG's industria l affiliates include the following
organizations: AnalogD evices, Inc. , AnarenMicrowave, Inc. , theA
rmyResearch Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth
Cel lular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Da
tum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics
Corporation, ITTIndustries, LGIC, Inc. , Lucent Technologies, Inc.
, Motorola, Inc. , Nokia, Inc. , Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. ,
Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,
Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc. , Tektronix, Inc. ,
Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, andWavtrace, Inc. In
1999,t he Wireless Symposiumwas expanded to include atutorial
course. This activity proved populara nd was continued in 2000.
th The papers appearing in this book were originally presented at
the 9 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal
Communications. The Symposium on Wireless Communications, which is
an annual event for Virginia Tech, was held on June 2-4, 1999. The
1999 symposium was co-sponsored by MPRG, the Division of Continuing
Education, University International Programs, and the MPRG
Industrial Affiliate Sponsors. Much of the success of our annual
symposium, as well as the success of MPRG's research program, is
due to the support of our industrial affiliates. Their support
allows us to serve the wireless community through research,
education and outreach programs. At the time of the 1999 symposium,
the MPRG affiliates program included the following organizations:
Army Research Office, AT&T Corporation, Bellsouth Cellular
Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Datum, Inc. ,
Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hewlett-Packard Company,
Honeywell, Inc. , Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITT Industries,
Lucent Technologies, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Nokia,
Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Radix Technologies, Inc. ,
Salient 3 Communications, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,
Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Tektronix, Inc. ,
Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, TRW, Inc. , and the
Watkins-Johnson Company As can be seen from the Table of Contents,
the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The
first five of these correspond to symposium sessions, and cover the
following topics: Propagation and Channel Modeling (4 papers),
Antennas (6 papers), Multiuser Detection (3 papers), Radio Systems
and Technology (4 papers), and Wireless Data (3 papers).
Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity
present a broad range of topics in wireless communications. The
majority of the chapters are relevant to creating higher capacity
(spectrally efficient) systems with greater coverage. Topics
include adaptive antenna array measurements and algorithm
comparisons, Cellular Digital Packet Data deployment guidelines,
speech coding techniques, wireless system design methodology, and
propagation measurements in hostile or previously unexplored
channels. Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage
and Capacity is organized into three sections. Section I covers
novel wireless systems and hardware and focuses on adaptive arrays,
wireless hardware methodology, and deployment guidelines for CDPD
among other topics. Section II focuses on Code Division Multiple
Access (CMDA) and DSP techniques, both of which are used to
facilitate more efficient utilization of the spectrum under adverse
channel conditions. This section includes techniques for mitigating
interference and multipath. Section III deals with propagation and
system design issues.Propagation measurements are presented and
include results for the channel characteristics at the New York
Mercantile Exchange with closely packed people and hostile
electromagnetic interference, to measurements of concrete slabs.
Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity
serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text
for advanced courses on the subject.
Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and
Reliability presents a broad range of topics in wireless
communications, including perspectives from both industry and
academia. The book serves as a reflection of current research
thrusts in wireless communications, an area which continues to grow
at a rapid rate as the industry strives to provide a wider range of
services with greater reliability and at lower cost. Wireless
Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and
Reliability is organized into four sections. Section I focuses on
propagation and smart antennas with emphasis on measurements,
modeling and simulation. Section 2 is devoted to the important
subject of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems with
coverage of bit error rate calculations, interference cancellation,
frequency estimators and acquisition schemes. Section 3 covers
networking and multiple-access issues such as mobility tracking,
Markov analysis of random access protocols, and the design and
development of a prototype system to access Low Earth Orbiting
(LEO) satellites.Section 4 presents software radio technologies,
including wideband software-definable base station technology,
space-borne processing technology for mobile communications
systems, filter design, universal cordless telephone transceivers
using DSP, a method for predicting nonlinearities for an RF power
amplifier, MAP symbol detection of CPM bursts, and unification of
MLSE receivers. Wireless Personal Communications: Improving
Capacity, Services and Reliability serves as an excellent reference
source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the
subject.
Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges presents a
wide range of current research activities in wireless
communications, reflecting the rapid growth and maturity of the
wireless industry. Although overcoming the propagation
characteristics of the wireless channel will remain the unique
problem confronted by wireless system designers, a plethora of
innovative techniques for equalization and interference rejection
have emerged. New applications of wireless systems have also been
proposed and implemented, ranging from high data rate paging to
video transmission. Research in code division multiple access
(CDMA) has begun to move from performance evaluation to system
design. Research also continues on a broad range of simulation,
coding and multiple access techniques. As the wireless community
has expanded, there has been a need to draw upon expertise in
seemingly disjoint disciplines such as semiconductor design and
fabrication, and human factors.In this book, the large number of
chapters with multiple authors and from multiple institutions is
indicative of the collaborative nature of wireless research,
necessitated by the increasing complexity and breadth of wireless
systems. Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges is
organized into five sections, each focusing on a distinct set of
issues in wireless communications. It is an excellent reference and
may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless
communications.
In this book, the state-of-the-art and future vision of wireless
communications is presented in the form of a number of new
services. Wireless personal communications is clearly a different
service than today's cellular radio or cordless telephone, but
there is an evolutionary connection between the three services.
This book addresses questions about what features of personal
communication services (PCS) will be met by existing or enhanced
digital cellular radio technology. The regulatory and standards
aspects of wireless communications are currently in a crucial stage
of their formulation. A section of the book is devoted to the
opinions of representatives from regulatory agencies and standards
organizations on the future of this critical area. One of the most
intriguing questions about the future of wireless communications
has to do with the choice of multiple access technique. The trade
offs between time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division
multiple access (CDMA) have been the topic of many a heated
discussion amongst members of the wireless community. This book
presents a thorough discussion of a number of the topics which are
instrumental in making a fair comparison of TDMA and CDMA; these
topics include: analytical performance evaluation techniques,
capacity studies, equalization requirements, and shared spectrum
comparisons. Many of the technologies associated with wireless
personal communications are reaching the design stages. This book
presents a number of alternatives for designs of both base stations
and user terminals. Some of the key questions of equalization,
control channel requirements, multi-path diversity and channel
allocation strategies have been addressed. Invariably, system
designs and performance are tied to the characteristics of the
radio channel. This book introduces several novel techniques for
predicting propagation and system performance in a variety of
indoor and outdoor environments. These techniques include
analytical as well as computer simulation algorithms for predicting
signal strenghts and other channel parameters based on the local
topographical features. This book serves as an excellent reference
source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless
communications, cellular radio, or digital mobile radio.
Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being
called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard
work of deploying new systems and services for personal
communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled
the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion
auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With
the largest single sale of public property in the history of
mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are
being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable
wireless systems and sub scriber units for an industry that is
adding subscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is
commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world,
and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service
providers may be competing for cellularfPCS customers within the
next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual ity, service,
and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use.
Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this
book."
The area of personal and wireless communications is a burgeoning
field. Technology advances and new frequency allocations for
personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous
business and technical opportunities. It is becoming clear that an
essential requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability
to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a
principal aim of this book. Wireless Personal Communications:
Research Developments places particular emphasis on the areas of
signal processing, propagation and spread-spectrum, and emerging
communication systems. This book contains new results on adaptive
antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication
systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on the latest
technical developments. Also included are several chapters which
discuss the impact of defense conversion on the wireless industry,
and related competitive issues. The six parts of the book each
focus on a distinct issue in wireless communications. Part I
contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless
communications. The first chapter is on radio wave propagation for
emerging wireless personal communication systems. Chapter two
contains a comprehensive study of emerging DSP-based interference
rejection techniques for single channel (antenna) systems. Chapter
three deals with spread spectrum wireless communications,
explaining the concept of spread spectrum, modeling techniques for
spread spectrum, and current applications and research issues for
spread spectrum systems. Part II focuses on digital signal
processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference
and multipath robust communications. Part III concerns propagation
aspects of wireless communications. Part IV discusses the
performance of emerging wireless systems. Part V describes the
opportunities and pitfalls of defense conversion from the
perspective of several U.S. defense firms that have successfully
made the transition to commercial wireless. The final section
discusses a number of competitive issues regarding personal
communication services.
th The paperspresented in this book wereoriginally presented att he
10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal
Communications, whichw as held ont heVirginia Tech campus June 14
16,2000. Thisyear's Symposium was sponsored byVirginia Tech's M
obile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech D
ivision ofC ontin uing Education, andthe MPRG Industrial Affiliates
Program. TheIE EE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech
Joint Student Chapter ofthe IEEE Communications andVehicular
Technology Societies provided technical co sponsorship. Much oft he
success ofo ur annual symposium,a s well as the success of MPRG's
research and educationprogram, are directlydue to the support of
our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided byt he
industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve thew
irelesscommunity through research, education, andoutreach
activities. MP RG's industria l affiliates include the following
organizations: AnalogD evices, Inc. , AnarenMicrowave, Inc. , theA
rmyResearch Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth
Cel lular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Da
tum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics
Corporation, ITTIndustries, LGIC, Inc. , Lucent Technologies, Inc.
, Motorola, Inc. , Nokia, Inc. , Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. ,
Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,
Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc. , Tektronix, Inc. ,
Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, andWavtrace, Inc. In
1999,t he Wireless Symposiumwas expanded to include atutorial
course. This activity proved populara nd was continued in 2000.
th The papers appearing in this book were originally presented at
the 9 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal
Communications. The Symposium on Wireless Communications, which is
an annual event for Virginia Tech, was held on June 2-4, 1999. The
1999 symposium was co-sponsored by MPRG, the Division of Continuing
Education, University International Programs, and the MPRG
Industrial Affiliate Sponsors. Much of the success of our annual
symposium, as well as the success of MPRG's research program, is
due to the support of our industrial affiliates. Their support
allows us to serve the wireless community through research,
education and outreach programs. At the time of the 1999 symposium,
the MPRG affiliates program included the following organizations:
Army Research Office, AT&T Corporation, Bellsouth Cellular
Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Datum, Inc. ,
Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hewlett-Packard Company,
Honeywell, Inc. , Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITT Industries,
Lucent Technologies, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Nokia,
Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Radix Technologies, Inc. ,
Salient 3 Communications, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology,
Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Tektronix, Inc. ,
Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, TRW, Inc. , and the
Watkins-Johnson Company As can be seen from the Table of Contents,
the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The
first five of these correspond to symposium sessions, and cover the
following topics: Propagation and Channel Modeling (4 papers),
Antennas (6 papers), Multiuser Detection (3 papers), Radio Systems
and Technology (4 papers), and Wireless Data (3 papers).
th Thepapers appearing in this book were originally presented at
the 8 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal
Communications. This symposium, whichi s an annual event for
Virginia Tech and MPRG, was held June 10 12, 1998 ont he Virginia
Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The symposium brings together
l eaders from industry and academia to discuss the exciting future
of wireless and current research trends. The symposium has been an
important part of MPRG's activities since the inception ofthe group
in 1990. As can be seen fromt heT able of Contents, the papers
included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five
of these correspond to s ymposium sessions and aredevoted to the
following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity, Propagation,
InterferenceCancellation, Equalization, and Modulation, Coding and
Networking. These session titles reflectcurrent research thrusts as
the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of
wirelesscommunications. This year an added feature oft he symposium
was the inclusion of externally contributed poster papers. Ten
ofthese poster papers are included in thisb ooka sthe sixth
section. The first group of contributions, c onsisting of five
papers, relateto smart antennas and diversity. The first paper,
Effects of Directional Antennas with Realizable Beam Patterns on
the Spaced Time Correlation, byT . B. Welch, M. J.
Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and
Reliability presents a broad range of topics in wireless
communications, including perspectives from both industry and
academia. The book serves as a reflection of current research
thrusts in wireless communications, an area which continues to grow
at a rapid rate as the industry strives to provide a wider range of
services with greater reliability and at lower cost. Wireless
Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and
Reliability is organized into four sections. Section I focuses on
propagation and smart antennas with emphasis on measurements,
modeling and simulation. Section 2 is devoted to the important
subject of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems with
coverage of bit error rate calculations, interference cancellation,
frequency estimators and acquisition schemes. Section 3 covers
networking and multiple-access issues such as mobility tracking,
Markov analysis of random access protocols, and the design and
development of a prototype system to access Low Earth Orbiting
(LEO) satellites. Section 4 presents software radio technologies,
including wideband software-definable base station technology,
space-borne processing technology for mobile communications
systems, filter design, universal cordless telephone transceivers
using DSP, a method for predicting nonlinearities for an RF power
amplifier, MAP symbol detection of CPM bursts, and unification of
MLSE receivers. Wireless Personal Communications: Improving
Capacity, Services and Reliability serves as an excellent reference
source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the
subject.
Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity
present a broad range of topics in wireless communications. The
majority of the chapters are relevant to creating higher capacity
(spectrally efficient) systems with greater coverage. Topics
include adaptive antenna array measurements and algorithm
comparisons, Cellular Digital Packet Data deployment guidelines,
speech coding techniques, wireless system design methodology, and
propagation measurements in hostile or previously unexplored
channels. Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage
and Capacity is organized into three sections. Section I covers
novel wireless systems and hardware and focuses on adaptive arrays,
wireless hardware methodology, and deployment guidelines for CDPD
among other topics. Section II focuses on Code Division Multiple
Access (CMDA) and DSP techniques, both of which are used to
facilitate more efficient utilization of the spectrum under adverse
channel conditions. This section includes techniques for mitigating
interference and multipath. Section III deals with propagation and
system design issues. Propagation measurements are presented and
include results for the channel characteristics at the New York
Mercantile Exchange with closely packed people and hostile
electromagnetic interference, to measurements of concrete slabs.
Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity
serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text
for advanced courses on the subject.
Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being
called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard
work of deploying new systems and services for personal
communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled
the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion
auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With
the largest single sale of public property in the history of
mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are
being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable
wireless systems and sub scriber units for an industry that is
adding subscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is
commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world,
and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service
providers may be competing for cellularfPCS customers within the
next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual ity, service,
and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use.
Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this
book."
The area of personal and wireless communications is a burgeoning
field. Technology advances and new frequency allocations for
personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous
business and technical opportunities. It is becoming clear that an
essential requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability
to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a
principal aim of this book. Wireless Personal Communications:
Research Developments places particular emphasis on the areas of
signal processing, propagation and spread-spectrum, and emerging
communication systems. This book contains new results on adaptive
antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication
systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on the latest
technical developments. Also included are several chapters which
discuss the impact of defense conversion on the wireless industry,
and related competitive issues. The six parts of the book each
focus on a distinct issue in wireless communications. Part I
contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless
communications. The first chapter is on radio wave propagation for
emerging wireless personal communication systems. Chapter two
contains a comprehensive study of emerging DSP-based interference
rejection techniques for single channel (antenna) systems. Chapter
three deals with spread spectrum wireless communications,
explaining the concept of spread spectrum, modeling techniques for
spread spectrum, and current applications and research issues for
spread spectrum systems. Part II focuses on digital signal
processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference
and multipath robust communications. Part III concerns propagation
aspects of wireless communications. Part IV discusses the
performance of emerging wireless systems. Part V describes the
opportunities and pitfalls of defense conversion from the
perspective of several U.S. defense firms that have successfully
made the transition to commercial wireless. The final section
discusses a number of competitive issues regarding personal
communication services.
"Well informed people know it is impossible to transmit the voice
over wires, and that were it possible to do so, the thing would be
ofno practical value. " from an editorial in the Boston Post -1865
Fortunately for the telecommunications industry, the unknown author
of the above statement turned out to be very mistaken indeed. Even
as he spoke, Alexander Graham Bell was achieving the impossible,
with a host of competing inventors close behind. The communications
revolution which ensued has changed the way in which we live and
work, and the way in which we view the world around us. Wired
telephone lines now encircle the globe, allowing instantaneous
transmission of voice and data. Events from Times Square to Red
Square are now as accessible as events on the local courthouse
lawn. The advent of wireless communications has extended Bell's
revolution to another domain. Personal communications promises
voice, data and images which are accessible everywhere. Although
predictions are dangerous, a look back over the last decade reveals
spectacular growth. In the United States alone, there are now over
50 million cordless phones in use throughout the country -at least
one cordless phone for every 3 households - and nearly 20 million
pocket pagers. U. S. Cellular telephone service, launched
commercially in 1984, has experienced 30-40% annual growth rates
despite a sluggish economy.
In this book, the state-of-the-art and future vision of wireless
communications is presented in the form of a number of new
services. Wireless personal communications is clearly a different
service than today's cellular radio or cordless telephone, but
there is an evolutionary connection between the three services.
This book addresses questions about what features of personal
communication services (PCS) will be met by existing or enhanced
digital cellular radio technology. The regulatory and standards
aspects of wireless communications are currently in a crucial stage
of their formulation. A section of the book is devoted to the
opinions of representatives from regulatory agencies and standards
organizations on the future of this critical area. One of the most
intriguing questions about the future of wireless communications
has to do with the choice of multiple access technique. The trade
offs between time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division
multiple access (CDMA) have been the topic of many a heated
discussion amongst members of the wireless community. This book
presents a thorough discussion of a number of the topics which are
instrumental in making a fair comparison of TDMA and CDMA; these
topics include: analytical performance evaluation techniques,
capacity studies, equalization requirements, and shared spectrum
comparisons. Many of the technologies associated with wireless
personal communications are reaching the design stages. This book
presents a number of alternatives for designs of both base stations
and user terminals. Some of the key questions of equalization,
control channel requirements, multi-path diversity and channel
allocation strategies have been addressed. Invariably, system
designs and performance are tied to the characteristics of the
radio channel. This book introduces several novel techniques for
predicting propagation and system performance in a variety of
indoor and outdoor environments. These techniques include
analytical as well as computer simulation algorithms for predicting
signal strenghts and other channel parameters based on the local
topographical features. This book serves as an excellent reference
source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless
communications, cellular radio, or digital mobile radio.
This book offers comprehensive, practical guidance on RF
propagation channel characterization at mmWave and sub-terahertz
frequencies, with an overview of both measurement systems and
current and future channel models. It introduces the key concepts
required for performing accurate mmWave channel measurements,
including channel sounder architectures, calibration methods,
channel sounder performance metrics and their relationship to
propagation channel characteristics. With a comprehensive
introduction to mmWave channel models, the book allows readers to
carefully review and select the most appropriate channel model for
their application. The book provides fundamental system theory
accessible in a step by step way with clear examples throughout.
With inter- and multidisciplinary perspectives, the reader will
observe the tight interaction between measurements and modeling for
these frequency bands and how different disciplines interact. This
is an excellent reference for researchers, including graduate
students, working on mmWave and sub-THz wireless communications,
and for engineers developing communication systems.
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