Education and health care significantly influence well-being and health outcomes, especially throughout adolescence. In fact, doctors note that performance in school is highly reflective of a child's current and future health. Despite knowledge of this connection, pediatricians are rarely aware of their patients' school performance and have a limited understanding of the education system. Fostering collaboration and aligning efforts within the health and education sectors is a critical step towards building stronger and healthier communities. On June 14, 2018, the National Academies convened a workshop to discuss how efforts within the health sector can support children's education from pre-kindergarten through 12th grade and to explore the barriers between these sectors. The committee also examined case examples of health-education collaboration and opportunities in policy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 The Relationship Between Education and Health 3 Exploring the Role of the Health Sector in Supporting Educational Success and Improving Outcomes 4 Case Examples of HealthEducation Collaboration to Improve Specific Educational Outcomes 5 Exploring Policy Issues and Opportunities 6 Reflections on the Day Appendix A: References Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Presenters and Moderators

On March 22, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine the collaboration between the faith and health sectors, and to highlight the unique opportunities these collaborations offer to help improve population health outcomes. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Collaboration at the Intersection of Faith and Health 3 FaithHealth Collaboration to Advance the Social Determinants of Health 4 FaithHealth Collaboration on Health Policy 5 FaithHealth Collaboration on Public Health Priorities 6 Reflections on the Day Appendix A: References Appendix B: 25/10 Crowdsourcing Participant Activity

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Population Health Improvement has been focused on the subject of dependable resources for population health since its inception in 2013. On December 7, 2017, the roundtable convened a workshop to explore tax policy as it relates to advancing population health, health equity, and economic prosperity. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Understanding the Basics of Tax Policy and State Budgets 3 Creating a Pipeline of Financing for Population Health: Exploring Sin Taxes and Tax Credits 4 Designing Sound Population Health Tax Policy: Small Group Activity 5 Informing Sound Population Health Tax Policy in the Current Environment 6 Reflections on the Day Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Small Group Exercise Materials Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators

On September 14, 2017, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the intersection of health and early childhood care and education, two key social determinants of health. This workshop follows a 2014 roundtable workshop that considered the interface between the education and health sectors broadly, from research and metrics to cross-sectoral partnerships and financing. The 2017 workshop continued that discussion, with a deeper focus on early childhood (birth through age 5) as a critical period in human development and an important opportunity for educational and related interventions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the 2017 workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Exploring the Evidence at the Intersection of Early Care and Education with Health 3 Cross-Sector Collaboration 4 Potential Policy Challenges and Opportunities 5 Closing Remarks and Reflections on the Day Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Gallery Walk Questions and Input Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators

In 2011 the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative identified priorities that have the potential to make a significant impact on the lives of people with mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of the cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines was highlighted as one of the top five challenges. For low- and middle-income countries, improving access to appropriate essential medicines can be a tremendous challenge and a critical barrier to scaling up quality care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines has the potential to significantly impact the lives of patients with these disorders. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Neuroscience Forum in January 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to discuss opportunities for achieving long-term affordable access to medicines for these disorders. This report examines challenges and opportunities for improving access to essential medicines in four critical areas: demand, selection, supply chains, and financing and pricing. The report also discusses successful activities that increase access to essential medicines both within Sub-Saharan Africa and in other developing countries, and considers the role of governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private groups in procurement of essential medicines for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Challenge: Insufficient Demand 3 Challenge: Inappropriate Selection 4 Challenge: Ineffective Supply Chains 5 Challenge: High Pricing and Poor Financing 6 Perspectives on Next Steps Appendix A: Access to Essential Medicines: Program Examples Appendix B: References Appendix C: Workshop Agenda Appendix D: Registered Attendees

On December 3, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop, hosted by New York University (NYU) Langone Health in New York City, to explore how evolving concepts of value in health care and business investments are leading to a shift in resources toward investments in health and well-being for all. Workshop participants explored what industry leaders are doing to make progress and avoid pitfalls, tools and platforms that are useful to these efforts, and lessons and insights that stakeholders can use to help reinforce the shift toward healthier investments. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Connecting Health and the Economy: The Surgeon General's Call to Action 3 Evolving Values and Priorities in Health Care 4 Evolving Values and Priorities Among Business Investors 5 Case Example of Investment by a Health Care Organization 6 A Case Example of Business Investment 7 Reflections on Leadership Investment Priorities Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches Appendix D: Readings and Resources Appendix E: Commissioned Infographic: Path Toward a Well-Being Economy Appendix F: Small Group Exercise Materials

It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Every Cell Has a Sex 3 Sex Begins in the Womb 4 Sex Affects Behavior and Perception 5 Sex Affects Health 6 The Future of Research on Biological Sex Differences: Challenges and Opportunities References Appendix A: Data Sources and Acknowledgments Appendix B: Physiological and Pharmacological Differences Between the Sexes Appendix C: Glossary Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies Index

Nervous system diseases and disorders are highly prevalent and substantially contribute to the overall disease burden. Despite significant information provided by the use of animal models in the understanding of the biology of nervous system disorders and the development of therapeutics; limitations have also been identified. Treatment options that are high in efficacy and low in side effects are still lacking for many diseases and, in some cases are nonexistent. A particular problem in drug development is the high rate of attrition in Phase II and III clinical trials. Why do many therapeutics show promise in preclinical animal models but then fail to elicit predicted effects when tested in humans? On March 28 and 29, 2012, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened the workshop "Improving Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders" to discuss potential opportunities for maximizing the translation of new therapies from animal models to clinical practice. The primary focus of the workshop was to examine mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of translational neuroscience research through discussions about how and when to use animal models most effectively and then best approaches for the interpretation of the data collected. Specifically, the workshop objectives were to: discuss key issues that contribute to poor translation of animal models in nervous system disorders, examine case studies that highlight successes and failures in the development and application of animal models, consider strategies to increase the scientific rigor of preclinical efficacy testing, explore the benefits and challenges to developing standardized animal and behavioral models. Improving the Utility and Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary also identifies methods to facilitate development of corresponding animal and clinical endpoints, indentifies methods that would maximize bidirectional translation between basic and clinical research and determines the next steps that will be critical for improvement of the development and testing of animal models of disorders of the nervous system. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Evaluation of Current Animal Models 3 Translation from Animal Models to the Clinic: Case Examples from Neuroscience Research 4 Perspectives on Standardization 5 Perspectives on Corresponding Animal and Clinical Endpoints 6 Addressing the Translational Disconnect 7 Summary of Workshop Topics Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Registered Attendees

Socioeconomic conditions are known to be major determinants of health at all stages of life, from pregnancy through childhood and adulthood. "Life-course epidemiology" has added a further dimension to the understanding of the social determinants of health by showing an association between early-life socioeconomic conditions and adult health-related behaviors, morbidity, and mortality. Sensitive and critical periods of development, such as the prenatal period and early childhood, present significant opportunities to influence lifelong health. Yet simply intervening in the health system is insufficient to influence health early in the life course. Community-level approaches to affect key determinants of health are also critical. Many of these issues were raised in the 1995 National Academies book, Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth. The present volume builds upon this earlier book with presentations and examples from the field. Focusing on Children's Health describes the evidence linking early childhood life conditions and adult health; discusses the contribution of the early life course to observed racial and ethnic disparities in health; and highlights successful models that engage both community factors and health care to affect life course development. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Disparities in Children's Health: Major Challenges and Opportunities 3 Investing in Children's Health 4 From Policy to Practice: How Policy Changes Can Affect Children's Lives 5 Community Development Approaches: Overcoming Challenges, Striving for Change 6 Do Businesses Have a Role Improving Communities or Improving Children's Lives? 7 Closing Comments Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biosketches of Presenters and Authors Appendix C: Resources Appendix D: Special Presentation: Unnatural Causes Appendix E: Clinical Health Care Practice and Community Building: Addressing Racial Disparities in Healthy Child Development

On October 3, 2018, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science convened a joint symposium in Washington, DC to consider the current state of population health science in the United States. At the symposium, speakers and participants reviewed the status of population health in the United States, including current trends in health and mortality, and racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities; explored the complexities of policy implementation with attention to evidence generation and to surfacing and mitigating negative unintended consequences of policies for population health; and shared perspectives on finding common ground to move population health forward. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Population Health in the United States 3 Policy-Relevant Evidence for Population Health: Promise and Challenges 4 Effective Population Health Policy and Science: Finding Common Ground 5 Closing Remarks Appendix A: References Appendix B: Symposium Agenda Appendix C: Biosketches of Speakers and Moderators

One of the largest treatment gaps for mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders in the world can be seen in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of people with serious MNS disorders living in low- and middle-income countries do not receive needed health services. A critical barrier to bridge this treatment gap is the ability to provide adequate human resources for the delivery of essential interventions for MNS disorders. An international workshop was convened in 2009, by the .S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders and the Uganda National Academy of Sciences (UNAS) Forum on Health and Nutrition, to bring together stakeholders from across SSA and to foster discussions about improving care for people suffering from MNS disorders and what steps, with potential for the greatest impact, might be considered to bridge the treatment gap. Due to the broad interest to further examine the treatment gap, the IOM forum organized a second workshop in Kampala, Uganda on September 4 and 5, 2012. The workshop\'s purpose was to discuss candidate core competencies that providers might need to help ensure the effective delivery of services for MNS disorders. The workshop focused specifically on depression, psychosis, epilepsy, and alcohol use disorders. Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary outlines the presentations and discussions by expert panelists and participants of the plenary sessions of the workshop. This summary includes an overview of challenges faced by MNS providers in the SSA, perspectives on the next steps, the 2009 workshop, and more. Table of Contents Front Matter Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary Appendix A: Summary of Candidate Core Competencies Appendix B: Candidate Core Competencies Appendix C: Provider Definitions and Relationship Roles Appendix D: References Appendix E: Workshop Agenda Appendix F: Working Groups Appendix G: Attendees

Infection with the influenza virus can have a serious effect on the health of people of all ages, although it is particularly worrisome for infants, the elderly, and people with underlying heart or lung problems. A vaccine exists (the a /flua shot) that can greatly decrease the impact of influenza. Because the strains of virus that are expected to cause serious illness and death are slightly different every year, the vaccine is also slightly different every year and it must be given every year, unlike other vaccines. The Immunization Safety Review committee reviewed the data on influenza vaccine and neurological conditions and concluded that the evidence favored rejection of a causal relationship between influenza vaccines and exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. For the other neurological conditions studied, the committee concluded the evidence about the effects of influenza vaccine is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship. The committee also reviewed theories on how the influenza vaccine could damage the nervous system. The evidence was at most weak that the vaccine could act in humans in ways that could lead to these neurological problems.