This book argues that a major part of the Chinese government’s road map, formulated in 2017, to modernise China comprehensively by 2049 is the process of social disciplining. It contends that the Chinese state sees that modernisation and modernity encompass not only economic and political–administrative change but are also related to the organisation of society in general and the disciplining of this society and its individuals to create people with “modernised� minds and behaviour; and that, moreover, the Chinese state is aspiring to a modernity with “Chinese characteristics�. The question of modernising by disciplining was extensively dealt with in the twentieth century by leading Western social scientists including Max Weber, Norbert Elias and Michel Foucault, who argued that disciplining, extending from external coercion towards the internalisation of restraints, is indispensable for achieving social order and thereby for “civilisation� –but defined from a European perspective, in relation to developments in Europe. This book therefore not only discusses the Chinese experience of social disciplining, but also, by looking at a non-Western society, identifies universal tendencies of societal change and social disciplining and separates them from particular occurrences.

This title was first published in 1990: This book is a study of past and present policies of the People's Republic of China towards its numerous and varied minority groups, a subject about which there is scant information in the West. It examines the impact of Chinese culture on these diverse groups and China's attempt to bring them into the mainstream of Han life. The impact of the Cultural Revolution on the minority peoples, the future of Tibet, and the implications of Chinese minorities policies for Sino-Soviet relations are among the topics discussed in this book.

This title was first published in 1990: This book is a study of past and present policies of the People's Republic of China towards its numerous and varied minority groups, a subject about which there is scant information in the West. It examines the impact of Chinese culture on these diverse groups and China's attempt to bring them into the mainstream of Han life. The impact of the Cultural Revolution on the minority peoples, the future of Tibet, and the implications of Chinese minorities policies for Sino-Soviet relations are among the topics discussed in this book.

This book aims to make sense of the recent reform of neighbourhood institutions in urban China. It builds on the observation that the late 1990s saw a comeback of the state in urban China after the increased economization of life in the 1980s had initially forced it to withdraw. Based on several months of fieldwork in locations ranging from poor and dilapidated neighbourhoods in Shenyang City to middle class gated communities in Shenzhen, the authors analyze recent attempts by the central government to enhance stability in China's increasingly volatile cities. In particular, they argue that the central government has begun to restructure urban neighbourhoods, and has encouraged residents to govern themselves by means of democratic procedures. Heberer and Goebel also contend that whilst on the one hand, the central government has managed to bring the Party-state back into urban society, especially by tapping into a range of social groups that depend on it, it has not, however, managed to establish a broad base for participation. In testing this hypothesis, the book examines the rationales, strategies and impacts of this comeback by systematically analyzing how the reorganization of neighbourhood committees was actually conducted and find that opportunities for participation were far more limited than initially promised. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of Chinese Studies, Development Studies, Urban Studies and Asian Studies in general.

This book aims to make sense of the recent reform of neighbourhood institutions in urban China. It builds on the observation that the late 1990s saw a comeback of the state in urban China after the increased economization of life in the 1980s had initially forced it to withdraw. Based on several months of fieldwork in locations ranging from poor and dilapidated neighbourhoods in Shenyang City to middle class gated communities in Shenzhen, the authors analyze recent attempts by the central government to enhance stability in China's increasingly volatile cities.

In particular, they argue that the central government has begun to restructure urban neighbourhoods, and has encouraged residents to govern themselves by means of democratic procedures. Heberer and Gobel also contend that whilst on the one hand, the central government has managed to bring the Party-state back into urban society, especially by tapping into a range of social groups that depend on it, it has not, however, managed to establish a broad base for participation. In testing this hypothesis, the book examines the rationales, strategies and impacts of this comeback by systematically analyzing how the reorganization of neighbourhood committees was actually conducted and find that opportunities for participation were far more limited than initially promised.

The book will be of interest to students and scholars of Chinese Studies, Development Studies, Urban Studies and Asian Studies in general.

Using in-depth case studies of a wide-range of political, social and economic reforms in contemporary China this volume sheds light on the significance and consequences of institutional change for stability of the political system in China. The contributors examine how reforms shape and change Communist rule and Chinese society, and to what extent they may engender new legitimacy for the CCP regime and argue that authoritarian regimes like the PRC can successfully generate stability in the same way as democracies. Topics addressed include: ideological reform, rural tax- for-fees reforms, elections in villages and urban neighbourhood communities, property rights in rural industries, endogenous political constraints of transition, internalising capital markets, the media market in transition, the current social security system, the labour market environmental policy reforms to anti-poverty policies and NGOs. Exploring the possibility of legitimate one-party rule in China, this book is a stimulating and informative read for students and scholars interested in political science and Chinese politics

This book reports the findings of two field studies conducted between 1993 and 2001 in seven townships and six provinces in China. The authors describe the process of rural urbanization and its related economic, social, and political changes by focusing mainly on the zhen (town), in addition to administrative offices and companies involved in the local economy, and village committees. The authors show that the social changes resulting from China's economic reforms are occurring mainly from below, and that this process is also resulting in a weakening of the economic and political dominance of the central government. Other changes discussed in this study include the development of new ownership structures and the increasing dominance of the private sector; a shift in the functions of administrative offices as the bureaucracy becomes increasingly business oriented; the rise of a new local elite; a rebirth of traditional social structures (clans, local associations); and the emergence of new interest groups and institutions to represent their needs.

With its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection of annual data on China’s 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture, sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the data are as of 2011 – the latest year when our research was conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series comparisons and analyses.

With its easy-to-use format, this book provides a collection of annual data on China's 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that profiles the demography, employment and wages, livelihood, agriculture, industry, education, science and technology, culture, sports, and public health for each of these ethnic groups. This material, which is compiled from a variety of sources, will be of great value to researchers, businesses, government agencies, and news media. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the data are as of 2011 - the latest year when our research was conducted, we also provide some historical data for a few of indicators. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series comparisons and analyses.

Using in-depth case studies of a wide-range of political, social and economic reforms in contemporary China this volume sheds light on the significance and consequences of institutional change for stability of the political system in China. The contributors examine how reforms shape and change Communist rule and Chinese society, and to what extent they may engender new legitimacy for the CCP regime and argue that authoritarian regimes like the PRC can successfully generate stability in the same way as democracies. Topics addressed include: ideological reform, rural tax- for-fees reforms, elections in villages and urban neighbourhood communities, property rights in rural industries, endogenous political constraints of transition, internalising capital markets, the media market in transition, the current social security system, the labour market environmental policy reforms to anti-poverty policies and NGOs. Exploring the possibility of legitimate one-party rule in China, this book is a stimulating and informative read for students and scholars interested in political science and Chinese politics

Open-access edition: DOI 10.6069/9780295804095 Longlisted for the 2009 ICAS Book Award Mountainous Liangshan Prefecture, on the southern border of Sichuan Province, is one of China's most remote regions. Although Liangshan's majority ethnic group, the Nuosu (now classified by the Chinese government as part of the Yi ethnic group) practiced a subsistence economy and were, by Chinese standards, extremely poor. Their traditional society was stratified into endogamous castes, the most powerful of which owned slaves. With the incorporation of Liangshan into China's new socialist society in the mid-twentieth century, the Nuosu were required to abolish slavery and what the Chinese government considered to be superstitious religious practices. When Han Chinese moved into the area, competing with Nuosu for limited resources and introducing new cultural and economic challenges, some Nuosu took advantage of China's new economic policies in the 1980s to begin private businesses. In Doing Business in Rural China, Thomas Heberer tells the stories of individual entrepreneurs and presents a wealth of economic data gleaned from extensive fieldwork in Liangshan. He documents and analyzes the phenomenal growth during the last two decades of Nuosu-run businesses, comparing these with Han-run businesses and asking how ethnicity affects the new market-oriented economic structure and how economics in turn affects Nuosu culture and society. He finds that Nuosu entrepreneurs have effected significant change in local economic structures and social institutions and have financed major social and economic development projects. This economic development has prompted Nuosu entrepreneurs to establish business, political, and social relationships beyond the traditional social confines of the clan, while also fostering awareness and celebration of ethnicity.

Dieses Lehrbuch prasentiert auch in der erweiterten und aktualisierten 4. Auflage einen umfassenden UEberblick uber die politischen Systeme Ostasiens. Die Leser*innen finden Kapitel zur Volksrepublik China, zu Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan, Japan sowie Sud- und Nordkorea. Die Einfuhrung stellt den institutionellen und gesellschaftlichen Wandel der einzelnen Systeme in das Zentrum der Betrachtung, orientiert sich dabei an sozialwissenschaftlichen Theorien und unternimmt auch eine vergleichende Analyse. Das Buch ist somit ein unerlasslicher Band fur ein tiefgehendes Verstandnis der Veranderungsprozesse in einer dynamischen Weltregion.

Die Autoren prasentieren Teilergebnisse eines Forschungsvorhabens, das sich mit dem politischen Bewusstsein in der VR China im Kontext lokaler Partizipationsprozesse befasst hat. Untersucht wurde dabei die Einwirkung unterschiedlicher institutioneller Reformen der Partizipationserweiterung auf das politische Bewusstsein und Verhalten der landlichen und urbanen Bevolkerung. Gerade in gesellschaftlichen Umbruchphasen bussen alte Orientierungsmuster ihre Wirksamkeit ein und beginnen neue und starker individualisierte Momente eine grossere Rolle im Denken und Handeln von Menschen zu spielen. Diese sind fur die Stabilitat und Legitimitat des politischen Systems in China von fundamentaler Bedeutung.
Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung in Band II ist das Bemuhen des Parteistaates, durch die Institutionalisierung von Direktwahlen in Chinas Dorfern gesellschaftliche Stabilitat sowie politische Legitimitat zu erzeugen. Ob der Parteistaat diese Ziele verwirklichen kann, ist die zentrale Fragestellung der beiden Bande."

Diese zwei Bande prasentieren Teilergebnisse eines Forschungsvorhabens, das sich mit dem politischen Bewusstsein in der VR China im Kontext lokaler Partizipationsprozesse befasst hat.

In diesem Band widmen sich 14 AutorInnen aus vergleichender politikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive der Frage von Bedeutung und Deutung von Wahlen weltweit. Leitend ist fur die AutorInnen des Bandes die Erkenntnis aus der jungeren Wahlsystemforschung, dass eine Aufgabe heute gerade darin besteht, die jeweiligen Kontexte naher zu bestimmen, in denen Wahlen stattfinden und innerhalb derer Wahlsysteme eine bestimmte Wirkung entfalten. Es gilt, Abschied zu nehmen von vormals als universal betrachteten, indes eindimensional und haufig monokausal gefassten Theorien. Die Theoriediskussion erfordert eine starkere Berucksichtigung des gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen, historischen und politisch-strukturellen Kontextes, in dem Wahlen Wahlsysteme verankert sind oder installiert werden. Diese Kontextualisierung erfolgt in diesem Band, der erstmalig die grossen Kulturraume der Welt und das technische Instrument Wahlsystem in ihrer Wechselwirkung analysiert.

Seit Ende der 70er Jahre findet ein tiefgreifender Umbruch der chinesischen Gesellschaft statt. Wahrend dieser Umbruch auf der makropolitischen und -okonomischen Ebenen relativ gut dokumentiert wurde, gibt es nur eine vergleichsweise geringe Zahl von Untersuchungen auf der lokalen Ebene. Gerade im landlichen Raum, in dem die Mehrheit der Bevolkerung lebt und wo die Traditionen noch am starksten zu wirken scheinen, findet ein rasanter Veranderungsprozess statt, der nicht nur wirtschaftliche, sondern auch soziale und politische Implikationen mit sich bringt.
Die Autoren konzentrieren sich auf die Gemeinde- und Dorfebene. Indem sie nahezu alle Bereiche dieser Ebene nachzeichnen, entsteht ein relativ umfassender Uberblick uber die Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft der Gemeinden und deren Wandlungsprozess. Die Rolle und Arbeitsweise der lokalen Betriebe, Markte und Marktfunktionen, Urbanisierungsprozesse und Migration, Finanzen und Steuern werden ebenso untersucht wie Anderungen in der Verwaltungsstruktur, im Kadersystem, in der Zusammensetzung der Partei, der Wandel der Eliten und Schichten, Werte- und Einstellungswandel, Regionalismus- und Kommunalismusprozesse oder die Herausbildung und Entwicklung von Interessenvereinigungen. Grundlage dieser detaillierten Studie bildete eine sechsmonatige Felduntersuchung in sieben Gemeinden in sechs Provinzen Chinas."

Galt die VR China bis Ende der 70er Jahre als ein Land mit weitgehend "sauberer Verwaltung," so wird heute von einigen Chinawissenschaftlern behauptet, es sei noch vor Indonesien das "korrupteste Land in Asien."Mit diesem Band befasst sich - ausgehend vom Stand der internationalen Korruptionsforschung - erstmals eine Studie ausfuhrlich mit der Korruption in der Volksrepublik China. Dabei geht es nicht nur um Formen, Inhalte, Ursachen, Folgen und Massnahmen gegen diesesPhanomen, sondern auch um historische Zusammenhange wie das traditionelle Beamten- und Rechtssystem sowie den gesellschaftlichen Kontext, aus dem Korruption resultiert. Dazu gehoren die Elitebildung und das Kadersystem ebenso wie Nepotismus, Patronage, Klientel- und Guanxi-Muster."

This book provides a fresh perspective on the political agency of private entrepreneurs in contemporary China. Most Chinese scholarship describes this group as being politically acquiescent due to systematic co-optation by the party state. This book, however, argues that private entrepreneurs should be understood, and analytically conceptualized, as a 'strategic group' that makes use of different formal and informal channels to safeguard and expand its interests, though so far it has not challenged the current regime.State-business relations in contemporary China should thus be understood not in terms of mere clientelism, but as a dynamic symbiosis in which private entrepreneurs contribute substantially to policy and institutional change. This book is based on several years of comparative empirical fieldwork across China. With its rich and unique qualitative data and insights, this volume contributes significantly to our understanding of the political behaviour and impact of private entrepreneurs in contemporary China.

The traditional approach to studying the politics of a region is to focus on events, personalities, issues - the mechanics of the political process. What this volume looks to do is to step back and examine ideas and visions, as well as those who articulate them and/or put them into operation. The contributors thus aim to conceptualize what discourse means for political change in East and Southeast Asia, and how ideas in discourses affect political practice. As well as theorizing on the roles of intellectuals, ideas and discourses for processes of democratization, reform and change, the chapters also offer deep insights into the national and local, into the general and the specific situation of the selected countries. The volume touches upon three themes. One reflects the relationship of different actor groups - such as the state, NGOs, social movements, and intellectuals. Another reveals the multi-layered structure of discourses, which emerge from different opportunity structures of public discussion and may overlap with regard to certain topics. These differences reflect, thirdly, the various directions and types of change a discourse hints at - incremental change, radical change, 'customized' change, patterned change etc. These issues are analyzed in the case of two authoritarian states (China, Vietnam), a multi-ethnic, formally democratic state with strong authoritarian leanings (Malaysia), and two democratic states with significant parochial structures and patterns of behaviour (South Korea, Japan).