The downhill slide in the global price of crude oil in 2014 had major repercussions across the Middle East. Following the Arab uprisings of 2010 and 2011, the oil price decline represented a second major shock for the region in the early twenty-first century - one that provides constraints and opportunities. Offering the first comprehensive analysis of the Middle Eastern political economy in response to the 2014 oil price decline, this book connects oil market dynamics with an understanding of socio-political changes. Inspired by rentierism, the contributors present original studies that reveal a large diversity of country-specific policy adjustment strategies: from the migrant workers in the Arab Gulf, who lost out in the post-2014 period, to Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon, who have never been able to benefit from the 2014 oil price decline. With timely contributions on the COVID-19-induced oil price crash in 2020, this collection shows that rentierism still prevails. -- .

The downhill slide in the global price of crude oil, which started mid-2014, had major repercussions across the Middle East for net oil exporters, as well as importers closely connected to the oil-producing countries from the Gulf. Following the Arab uprisings of 2010 and 2011, the oil price decline represented a second major shock for the region in the early twenty-first century - one that has continued to impose constraints, but also provided opportunities. Offering the first comprehensive analysis of the Middle Eastern political economy in response to the 2014 oil price decline, this book connects oil market dynamics with an understanding of socio-political changes. Inspired by rentierism, the contributors present original studies on Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The studies reveal a large diversity of country-specific policy adjustment strategies: from the migrant workers in the Arab Gulf, who lost out in the post-2014 period but were incapable of repelling burdensome adjustment policies, to Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon, who have never been able to fulfil the expectation that they could benefit from the 2014 oil price decline. With timely contributions on the COVID-19-induced oil price crash in 2020, this collection signifies that rentierism still prevails with regard to both empirical dynamics in the Middle East and academic discussions on its political economy. -- .

This book starts by introducing the fundamental concepts of mathematical continuum mechanics for fluids and solids and their coupling. Special attention is given to the derivation of variational formulations for the subproblems describing fluid- and solid-mechanics as well as the coupled fluid-structure interaction problem. Two monolithic formulations for fluid-structure interactions are described in detail: the well-established ALE formulation and the modern Fully Eulerian formulation, which can effectively deal with problems featuring large deformation and contact. Further, the book provides details on state-of-the-art discretization schemes for fluid- and solid-mechanics and considers the special needs of coupled problems with interface-tracking and interface-capturing techniques. Lastly, advanced topics like goal-oriented error estimation, multigrid solution and gradient-based optimization schemes are discussed in the context of fluid-structure interaction problems.

This monograph discusses modeling, adaptive discretisation techniques and the numerical solution of fluid structure interaction. An emphasis in part I lies on innovative discretisation and advanced interface resolution techniques. The second part covers the efficient and robust numerical solution of fluid-structure interaction. In part III, recent advances in the application fields vascular flows, binary-fluid-solid interaction, and coupling to fractures in the solid part are presented. Moreover each chapter provides a comprehensive overview in the respective topics including many references to concurring state-of-the art work. Contents Part I: Modeling and discretization On the implementation and benchmarking of an extended ALE method for FSI problems The locally adapted parametric finite element method for interface problems on triangular meshes An accurate Eulerian approach for fluid-structure interactions Part II: Solvers Numerical methods for unsteady thermal fluid structure interaction Recent development of robust monolithic fluid-structure interaction solvers A monolithic FSI solver applied to the FSI 1,2,3 benchmarks Part III: Applications Fluid-structure interaction for vascular flows: From supercomputers to laptops Binary-fluid-solid interaction based on the Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard Equations Coupling fluid-structure interaction with phase-field fracture: Algorithmic details

This open access publication discusses exclusionary rules in different criminal justice systems. It is based on the findings of a research project in comparative law with a focus on the question of whether or not a fair trial can be secured through evidence exclusion. Part I explains the legal framework in which exclusionary rules function in six legal systems: Germany, Switzerland, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Singapore, and the United States. Part II is dedicated to selected issues identified as crucial for the assessment of exclusionary rules. These chapters highlight the delicate balance of interests required in the exclusion of potentially relevant information from a criminal trial and discusses possible approaches to alleviate the legal hurdles involved.

The book covers the planning and design of highways and country roads. The quality requirements for the road are derived from the network planning. After an excursus into the fundamentals of driving dynamics, the design elements are described in the site plan, in the height plan and in cross-section. After a detailed presentation of the intersection solutions, the necessary equipment is compiled. This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Planung von Autobahnen und Landstrassen by Richter Thomas published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2016. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.

This open access publication discusses exclusionary rules in different criminal justice systems. It is based on the findings of a research project in comparative law with a focus on the question of whether or not a fair trial can be secured through evidence exclusion. Part I explains the legal framework in which exclusionary rules function in six legal systems: Germany, Switzerland, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Singapore, and the United States. Part II is dedicated to selected issues identified as crucial for the assessment of exclusionary rules. These chapters highlight the delicate balance of interests required in the exclusion of potentially relevant information from a criminal trial and discusses possible approaches to alleviate the legal hurdles involved.

With reference to the relationship between text and author, a subject as challenging as it is problematic in textual criticism terms, the members of the Munich postgraduate research group on ATextual Criticism as Foundation and Method in Historical StudiesA here present the findings of their Venice symposium and in so doing give impressive evidence of their competence on the practical and theoretical plane. The range of subjects addressed stretches from inscriptions from the ancient world and medieval authorial awareness to musical works of the Renaissance and from there to texts culled from present-day literary works. In terms of editorial history, the spectrum extends from the beginnings of textual criticism in the writings of J.J. Bodmer and J. Grimm to the textual genesis approach in editorial practice of the modern age.

Nach der Behandlung der "Riementriebe, Kettentriebe und Kupplungen" in der Fachtagung "Antriebselemente" 1953 wurde diese Veranstaltung im Jahre 1954 U unter den Titel "Zahnrader und Zahnradgetriebe gestellt. Bedeutung und Umfang dieses Stoffes schlossen damit von vornherein iede Hinzunahme von Themen aus anderen Arbeitsgruppen des Fachbereiches aus. In ihrem ersten Teil verzeichnete die Fachtagung 1954 VortrCige aus dem Gebiet der Zahnradfertigung, in einem zweiten Abschnitt Themen uber den Zahnradgetriebe- bau. Aus der Verpflichtung der Fachgemeinschaft, gelegentlich wirtschaftliche Fra- gen auch offentlich zu behandeln, und aus der Erfahrung, daB solche Fragen zu- nehmend das Interesse der Ingenieure finden, wurden den technischen Referaten VortrCige wirtschaftlichen Inhalts uber Gegenwartsprobleme aus der Zahnrader- und Getriebeindustrie zugeordnet. Bei der Ausgestaltung dieser Tagung wurde bewuBt angestrebt, neben deutschen Praktikern und Wissenschaftlern auch hervorragende Vertreter der Wissenschaft und der Industrie des Auslandes zu Wort kommen zu lassen. Damit ist mit dieser Veranstaltung in einem groBeren Umfange eine den nationalen Bereich sprengende Diskussion um wichtige und aktuelle Themen aus der Zahnrad-und Getriebetechnik ermoglicht worden. Die Zahnrader-und Getriebeindustrie hat mit der Tagung "Antriebselemente" 1954 erneut unter Beweis gestellt, daB sie es als eine ihrer Hauptaufgaben ansieht, den Fortschritt der T echnik zu fordern und den Ingenieuren dieienigen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, die sie bei ihrer taglichen praktischen Arbeit benotigen. Wie bei der Voriahrs-Veranstaltung wurde damit eine weite Ausstrahlung der gewonnenen Er- kenntnisse und Ergebnisse auf die verschiedenen Verbraucherkreise des Maschinen- baues und der deutschen Industrie bewirkt.

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt Kultur aus einer gestaltungsorientierten Perspektive heraus dar und bietet daruber hinaus eine umfangreiche, interdisziplinare Aufarbeitung und Gegenuberstellung von Kulturerfassungsansatzen, die je nach Forschungszusammenhang genutzt werden konnen, um neue Forschungsvorhaben an ihnen auszurichten.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.