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This book is an anthology of landmark essays in rhetorical
criticism. In historical usage, a landmark marks a path or a
boundary; as a metaphor in social and intellectual history,
landmark signifies some act or event that marks a significant
achievement or turning point in the progress or decline of human
effort. In the history of an academic discipline, the historically
established senses of landmark are mixed together, jostling to set
out and protect the turfmarkers of academic specialization;
aligning footnotes to signify the beacons that have guided thought
and, against these "conservative" tendencies, attempting to
contribute fresh insights that tempt others along new trails.
The editor has chosen essays for this collection that give some
sense of the history of rhetorical criticism in this century,
especially as it has been practiced in the discipline of speech
communication. He also emphasizes materials that may illustrate
where the discipline conceives itself to be going -- how it has
marked its boundaries; how it has established beacons to invite
safety or warn us from the rocks; and how it has sought to preserve
a tradition by subjecting it to constant revision and struggle. In
the hope of providing some coherence, the scope of this collection
is limited to rhetorical criticism as it has been practiced and
understood within the discipline of speech communication in North
America in this century.
Rhetoric -- the theory of oral discourse -- affected and indeed
pervaded all aspects of classical thought. Bearing the stamp of its
impact were the Homeric hymns, the Iliad and the Odyssey,
Aeschylus' Eumenides, the great dramatic tragedies, the elegiac and
lyric poetry, and the literature of the Romans, often formed in the
Greek image. The rhetorical notion of probability had direct
implications for the classical philosopher and mathematician as it
does today. Departments of speech, English, philosophy and classics
provide the key centers of interest in the new and the classical
rhetorics. Despite the considerable enthusiasm for the study of
rhetoric, no single work provides large selections of primary
materials written by the classical rhetoricians themselves. Until
now, only secondary sources containing tiny excerpts, or entire and
expensive translations of the ancient rhetorical writings were
available. This large anthology of primary readings of the
classical rhetoricians in translation fills this large gap. The
continuity and coherence of ancient rhetorical traditions is
emphasized by organizing large excerpts into the topical divisions
that later classical writers agreed upon. The first unit of this
anthology sets forth major issues in the definition and scope of
rhetoric, and its appropriate place among other modes of thought
and discourse. Parts 2 through 5 are organized according to the
traditional canons of oratory -- invention, disposition, style,
memory, and delivery. In organizing the readings this way, the
editors represent both the philosophical and theoretical issues in
rhetoric and its pragmatic functions as a craft for making
effective discourse. Selecting excerpts that illustrate the major
conflicts within the unfolding tradition enables a sampling of not
only the major points of view, but also the arguments supporting
them. This volume includes selections not only from writings of the
standard classical rhetoricians but also from less typical works
which have special value. The editors have utilized the best
accessible translations while remaining absolutely faithful to
their texts.
Rhetoric -- the theory of oral discourse -- affected and indeed
pervaded all aspects of classical thought. Bearing the stamp of its
impact were the Homeric hymns, the Iliad and the Odyssey,
Aeschylus' Eumenides, the great dramatic tragedies, the elegiac and
lyric poetry, and the literature of the Romans, often formed in the
Greek image. The rhetorical notion of probability had direct
implications for the classical philosopher and mathematician as it
does today. Departments of speech, English, philosophy and classics
provide the key centers of interest in the new and the classical
rhetorics. Despite the considerable enthusiasm for the study of
rhetoric, no single work provides large selections of primary
materials written by the classical rhetoricians themselves. Until
now, only secondary sources containing tiny excerpts, or entire and
expensive translations of the ancient rhetorical writings were
available. This large anthology of primary readings of the
classical rhetoricians in translation fills this large gap. The
continuity and coherence of ancient rhetorical traditions is
emphasized by organizing large excerpts into the topical divisions
that later classical writers agreed upon. The first unit of this
anthology sets forth major issues in the definition and scope of
rhetoric, and its appropriate place among other modes of thought
and discourse. Parts 2 through 5 are organized according to the
traditional canons of oratory -- invention, disposition, style,
memory, and delivery. In organizing the readings this way, the
editors represent both the philosophical and theoretical issues in
rhetoric and its pragmatic functions as a craft for making
effective discourse. Selecting excerpts that illustrate the major
conflicts within the unfolding tradition enables a sampling of not
only the major points of view, but also the arguments supporting
them. This volume includes selections not only from writings of the
standard classical rhetoricians but also from less typical works
which have special value. The editors have utilized the best
accessible translations while remaining absolutely faithful to
their texts.
Now known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos, the Chinese
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) brought death to thousands of
Chinese and persecution to millions. Rhetoric of the Chinese
Cultural Revolution identifies the rhetorical features and explores
the persuasive effects of political language and symbolic practices
during the period. Xing Lu examines how leaders of the Communist
Party constructed and enacted a rhetoric in political contexts to
legitimize power and violence and to dehumanize a group of people
identified as class enemies. Lu provides close readings of the
movement's primary texts - political slogans, official propaganda,
wall posters, and the lyrics of mass songs and model operas. She
also scrutinizes such ritualistic practices as the loyalty dance,
denunciation rallies, political study sessions, and criticism and
self-criticism meetings. that of her family, as well as with
interviews conducted in China and the United States with persons
who experienced the Cultural Revolution during their teenage years.
Through rhetorical analyses Lu addresses the questions of why such
a cultural holocaust happened in China, how speech became so cultic
and politicized, and how the rhetoric of fanaticism induced terror
and mass hysteria. Lu contends that the rhetoric of the Cultural
Revolution has impacted Chinese thought, culture, and communication
in ominous ways. In the name of defending Mao's revolutionary
cause, the Cultural Revolution polarized Chinese thought through
its deployment of moralistic terms, filled human relationships with
hatred and mistrust, and replaced rich a artistic expression with
formulaic political jargon and tedious ideological cliches. To
illustrate the severity of the revolution's after-effects, Lu
examines public discourse in contemporary China and compares the
rhetoric of the Cultural Revolution with that of Stalinist Russia
and Nazi Germany.
In the last three decades ordinary Americans launched numerous
grassroots commemorations and official historical institutions
became more open to popular participation. In this first
book-length study of participatory memory practices, Ekaterina V.
Haskins critically examines this trend by asking how and with what
consequences participatory forms of commemoration have reshaped the
rhetoric of democratic citizenship. Approaching commemorations as
both representations of civic identity and politically
consequential sites of stranger interaction, Popular Memories
investigates four distinct examples of participatory commemoration:
the United States Postal Service's "Celebrate the Century" stamp
and education program, the September 11 Digital Archive, the first
post-Katrina Carnival in New Orleans, and a traveling memorial to
the human cost of the Iraq War. Despite differences in sponsorship,
genre, historical scope, and political purpose, all of these
commemorations relied on voluntary participation of ordinary
citizens in selecting, producing, or performing interpretations of
distant or recent historical events. These collectively produced
interpretations - or popular memories - in turn prompted
interactions between people, inviting them to celebrate, to mourn,
or to bear witness. The book's comparison of the four case studies
suggests that popular memories make for stronger or weaker sites of
civic engagement depending on whether or not they allow for public
affirmation of the individual citizen's contribution and for
experiencing alternative identities and perspectives. By
systematically accounting for grassroots memory practices,
consumerism, tourism, and rituals of popular identity, Haskins's
study enriches our understanding of contemporary memory culture and
citizenship.
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!
This is a rhetorical case study in the evolving presentation of
science to the public. Joanna S. Ploeger examines the communicative
practices of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in suburban
Chicago to show how the rhetoric of science functions as an
indicator of the intellectual and political interests of scientific
institutions. She delineates the rhetorical strategies by which
Fermilab's founders, especially Robert R. Wilson, sought the
consent, cooperation, and goodwill of its neighbors. Wilson's
rhetoric was an attempt to distinguish Fermilab from other
laboratories in the national network by emphasizing that Fermilab
was not a nuclear-weapons laboratory and that its sole purpose was
to advance theoretical physics for the sake of knowledge. To
dissociate itself from weapons research, Fermilab incorporated the
aesthetic of sublimity, emblematic of the laboratory's focus on
high-energy physics, into the design of its buildings, grounds,
public art, and outreach materials. Ploeger tests the success of
Wilson's rhetoric through extensive interviews with researchers,
administrators, and visitors at Fermilab. Wilson's visual rhetoric
strategies were unable to counteract the persistent belief that
Fermilab was involved in nuclear-weapons research. In later years
the end of the cold war diminished the urgency of physics research.
This change in the national climate induced Fermilab's subsequent
directors to stress the many potential uses of experimental
physics, thereby opening Fermilab to a variety of projects at the
cost of the aesthetic Wilson had tried to project. In tracking the
evolution of the lab's representation of itself to its public,
Ploeger's work combines rhetorical criticism, visual rhetorics, and
qualitative analysis of interview data in studying a salient
example that comes into focus only when all three methods are
deployed collectively.
Reassesses the philosophical and pedagogical contributions of
Protagoras Protagoras and Logos brings together in a meaningful
synthesis the contributions and rhetoric of the first and most
famous of the Older Sophists, Protagoras of Abdera. Most accounts
of Protagoras rely on the somewhat hostile reports of Plato and
Aristotle. By focusing on Protagoras's own surviving words, this
study corrects many long-standing misinterpretations and presents
significant facts: Protagoras was a first-rate philosophical
thinker who positively influenced the theories of Plato and
Aristotle, and Protagoras pioneered the study of language and was
the first theorist of rhetoric. In addition to illustrating
valuable methods of translating and reading fifth-century B.C.E.
Greek passages, the book marshals evidence for the important
philological conclusion that the Greek word translated as rhetoric
was a coinage by Plato in the early fourth century. In this second
edition, Edward Schiappa reassesses the philosophical and
pedagogical contributions of Protagoras. Schiappa argues that
traditional accounts of Protagoras are hampered by mistaken
assumptions about the Sophists and the teaching of the art of
rhetoric in the fifth century. He shows that, contrary to
tradition, the so-called Older Sophists investigated and taught the
skills of logos, which is closer to modern conceptions of critical
reasoning than of persuasive oratory. Schiappa also offers
interpretations for each of Protagoras's major surviving fragments
and examines Protagoras's contributions to the theory and practice
of Greek education, politics, and philosophy. In a new afterword
Schiappa addresses historiographical issues that have occupied
scholars in rhetorical studies over the past ten years, and
throughout the study he provides references to scholarship from the
last decade that has refined his views on Protagoras and other
Sophists.
The "New Deal era" is hard to define with precision - in time or in
ideology. Some historians use New Deal to designate the intense
period of domestic reform legislation of the first Franklin Delano
Roosevelt administration, 1933-37. Others confine discussion of the
era to the legislation of 1933, and identify another wave of
legislation in 1935 as a Second New Deal. Most of the essays in
this book focus on the prewar period, with glimpses forward to the
rhetoric of the approach to and engagement in World War II. Among
the essays included in the volume are: American Rhetoric in the New
Deal Era, - Thomas W. Benson; No Ordinary Rhetorical President:
FDR's Speechmaking and Leadership, 1933-1945, - Vanessa B. Beasley
and Deborah Smith-Howell; FDR as Family Doctor: Medical Metaphors
and the Role of Physician in the Fireside Chats, - Suzanne M.
Daughton; Dictator, Savior, and the Return of Confidence: Text,
Context, and Reception in FDR's First Inaugural Address, - Davis W.
Houck and Mihaela Nocasian; FSA Photography and New Deal Visual
Culture, - Cara Finnegan; Eleanor Roosevelt: Social Conscience for
the New Deal, - Beth M. Waggenspack; The Rhetoric of Social
Security and Conservative Backlash: Frances Perkins as Secretary of
Labor, - Ann J. Atkinson; Necessity or Nine Old Men: The
Congressional Debate over Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1937
Court-Packing Plan, - Trevor Parry-Giles and Marouf Hasian Jr.; and
The Thundering Voice of John L. Lewis, - Richard J. Jensen. It also
includes: Father Charles E. Coughlin: Delivery, Style in Discourse,
and Opinion Leadership, - Ronald H. Carpenter; Reconsidering the
Demagoguery of Huey Long, - Robert S. Iltis; and Resisting the
"Inevitability" of War: The Catholic Worker Movement and World War
II, - Carol J. Jablonski.
This volume addresses the phenomenon of sexual harassment. It
provides an in-depth analysis of the influences of communication on
sexual harassment and suggests new directions for responding to and
eliminating the problem in the workplace.
This authoritative anthology will put to rest the general
impression that traditional rhetoric had little impact during the
years between the death of St. Augustine and Bracciolini s
rediscovery of Quintilian. Although little was added to the corpus
of material called rhetoric, this discipline nonetheless played an
important part as it was brought to bear on new areas of practical
need. By presenting 36 rhetorical treatises many translated into
English for the first time from nearly every century of the period
430 to 1416 A.D., the editors make clear the diversity of interest
as well as the continuity of approach that marked the rhetoric of
the Middle Ages."
Not afraid to tackle provocative topics in American culture, from
gun violence and labor policies to terrorism and health care,
Michael Moore has earned both applause and invective in his career
as a documentarian. In such polarizing films as Bowling for
Columbine, Fahrenheit 9/11, and Sicko, Moore has established a
unique voice of radical nostalgia for progressivism, and in doing
so has become one of the most recognized documentary filmmakers of
all time. In the first in-depth study of Moore's feature-length
documentary films, editors Thomas W. Benson and Brian J. Snee have
gathered leading rhetoric scholars to examine the production,
rhetorical appeals, and audience reception of these films.
Contributors critique the films primarily as modes of public
argument and political art. Each essay is devoted to one of Moore's
films and traces in detail how each film invites specific audience
responses. Michael Moore and the Rhetoric of Documentary reveals
not only the art, the argument, and the emotional appeals of
Moore's documentaries but also how these films have revolutionized
the genre of documentary filmmaking.
In this study of the discourse involved in martial deliberations,
Ronald H. Carpenter examines the rhetoric employed by naval and
military commanders as they recommend specific tactics and
strategies to peers as well as presidents. Drawing on ideas of
rhetorical thinking from Aristotle to Kenneth Burke, Carpenter
identifies two concepts of particular importance to the military
decision-making process: prudence and the representative anecdote.
Carpenter suggests that attention to these two concepts enables an
understanding of how military commanders settle on a course of
action and persuade others to support them. Carpenter turns for
illustration and insight to key case studies in which military
commanders centered their rhetoric on representative anecdotes
involving earlier campaigns. He shows Douglas MacArthur persuading
the Joint Chiefs of Staff to act on his plan for the Inchon attack;
Maxwell Taylor reacting to Robert Kennedy's invocation of Pearl
Harbor in deliberations during the Cuban Missile Crisis; Japanese
and American commanders deliberating during the battles of Pearl
Harbor and Midway; and Orde Wingate, Bull Halsey, and MacArthur
debating strategy in the Pacific. In all such deliberations the
primary focus is the prudent course. Carpenter suggests that the
trend in contemporary society from authoritarianism toward
management by persuasion, explanation, and expertise similarly
permeates the military. He contends that rhetorical proficiency in
martial deliberations can be as important for a military leader as
tactical and strategic expertise.
Following the dramatic Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961, President John
F. Kennedy moved to repair the damage the invasion had done to his
image and to his relations with the press. Thomas W. Benson
examines two speeches and a press conference held by JFK in the
days after the crisis, shedding light on how the structures of
speech writing influence the texts of the speeches and policy
formation, as well as the ways the press mediates and even helps to
formulate presidential rhetoric. Writing JFK provides the full text
of both speeches and the press conference, as well as Benson's
analysis of what would come to be known as ""spin control."" He
demonstrates how the speeches display the implicit collaboration of
Kennedy with his speech writers and the press to create a depiction
of Kennedy as a political and moral agent. A central feature of the
book is Benson's exploration of ""the enormous power of the
presidency to compel press restraint and to command the powers of
publicity."" The resulting insight into the relationship among the
press, politics, and public policy will appeal to all those
interested in political communication, the power of the American
president, and the legacy of JFK.
A case history of the only American film under court-imposed
restrictions for reasons other than obscenity or national security.
"
Titicut Follies "is an excoriating depiction of conditions in the
Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Bridgewater, a
prison-hospital for the criminally insane. The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts took Wiseman to court, seeking to prevent the
exhibition of "Titicut Follies "soon after its release in 1967.
This account of the "Titicut Follies "case is based on ten years of
research and relies on interviews, journalistic accounts, and
especially on the legal record, including the "Commonwealth v.
Wiseman "transcript, to describe the entire process of independent
documentary filmmaking. The trials of "Titicut Follies "raise
crucial questions about the relation of social documentary to its
subjects and audiences.
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