Although minorities are more likely to engage in start-up businesses than Caucasians, minority entrepreneurs are less likely to get their enterprises off the ground or succeed in growing their businesses. Why do minority-owned businesses have higher failure rates, lower sales, lower profits, and less employment? The papers in this volume of The ANNALS review the three ingredients to creating a successful business: o Skill level and capability of the entrepreneur or the management team o Access to financial resources and venture capital o Market accessibility for the products or services provided by the enterprise Examining each of these vital factors, the authors address the effects of discriminatory barriers faced by minority business enterprises (MBEs) and examine whether the entrepreneurial process is more difficult for minorities than it is for whites. By focusing on the relationship between MBEs and each of these fundamental building blocks of business, this volume of The ANNALS offers explanations as to why it has been more difficult for minorities than for whites to succeed at entrepreneurial enterprises. Despite higher barriers for minorities, the nature of minority business has grown, and the size and scope has expanded as business diversity continues to flourish. The pioneering research in this volume of The ANNALS reflects the current diverse business environment by including research papers on the experiences of Latino entrepreneurs, as well as those of African-Americans. To date there has been a lack of substantial research and analysis on Hispanic entrepreneurship, but two intriguing studies included in this volume address that void. Scholars, students, and researchers from a wide range of disciplines will gain valuable insights and understanding into this vibrant field of research, presented in a volume that propels the study of entrepreneurship forward. Those involved in the disciplines of business, organization studies, small business/entrepreneurship, strategic management and business policy, economic and development studies, and ethnic studies will find this volume of The ANNALS to be an important and fitting collection of substantial and relevant research as well as a springboard for future research in this growing area of study.

Outdoor Education: Methods and Strategies, Second Edition, provides all the necessary information and tools for teaching outdoor education. Future educators will learn how to create optimal learning opportunities in outdoor environments, how to design effective lessons, and how to identify and use the methods that are best for the place and the participants. These teaching methods apply to a variety of organizations, including schools, nature centers, adventure centers, camps, environmental learning centers, government agencies, and universities. Outdoor Education: Methods and Strategies, Second Edition, is divided into three parts. Part I defines what outdoor education is and details the professional expectations for an outdoor educator. It also explores theories that support outdoor education, including developmental stages, learning stages, and constructivism. Part II guides the reader to understand the backgrounds and abilities of participants, create a successful learning environment, teach effectively in a variety of settings, and design lesson plans. Part III examines the uses of physical, cognitive, and affective methods for teaching, and it includes sample lesson plans that illustrate the methods presented. These chapters help students reflect on, evaluate, and improve their lesson plans through experimentation. Presented by authors with a combined 150 years of experience in the field, the methods and strategies in this book have been tested and proven to work in a variety of outdoor settings. This second edition covers theories such as scaffolding, brain-based learning, Erik Erikson’s eight stages of development as applied to outdoor education, playful learning, and nature play as well as the use of technology in outdoor education. This text supplements theory with tools to support practical application: Easy-to-use forms for designing, implementing, and evaluating outdoor lesson plans Nine sample lesson plans offering detailed instructions and representing a variety of settings for different age groups and abilities Updated Stories From Real Life case studies that illustrate how methods are applied in the real world Explore Your World sidebars prompting students to reflect on their own experiences and goals Tips and Techniques sidebars offering brief and actionable advice for educators New Professional’s Perspective sidebars featuring insights from real practitioners about core content and topics in the book Students will also find a number of learning aids—including chapter objectives, review questions, and a glossary—to enhance knowledge retention. Outdoor Education: Methods and Strategies, Second Edition, will help aspiring educators enhance their audience’s awareness, appreciation, and knowledge of the outdoors. Ultimately, it will advance their ability to increase people’s enjoyment and understanding of the environment.

Minority Entrepreneurship 2.0 examines the unique challenges facing minorities pursuing entrepreneurial alternatives in very specific social, political, historical, and economic contexts, and these contexts differ from nation to nation. This monograph examines the different contexts in which Black and Asian owners have run their firms since the late 19th century. In sociological terms, the kinds of firms they owned and the way these owners operated their firms were heavily shaped by the differing contexts in which they were embedded. Key factors shaping MBEs in America differ substantially from the relevant contextual factors operative in England or France or Germany.

Minority Entrepreneurship reviews the economic and sociological literature on the topic of minority entrepreneurship. While economists and sociologists have written most of the influential studies, these groups typically ask different questions and base their analysis on different assumptions. The literature predictably lacks a single unifying focus and is quite diverse regarding issues explored and methodological approaches employed. Differing approaches and their outcomes are summarized and critically probed in this monograph with the intent to illuminate strengths and weaknesses -- along with patterns of common findings -- in this voluminous literature. Minority-owned businesses are collectively reflections of evolving constraints and opportunities operating in broader society. Minorities seeking to create viable business ventures have traditionally faced higher barriers than whites as they sought to exploit market opportunities, raise financing, and penetrate mainstream networks. Entrepreneurial dynamics are clarified by focusing upon specific contexts in which firms are being shaped by prevailing opportunity structures. Progress has been noteworthy overall for minority-owned businesses, in part because barriers impeding their collective development have been gradually declining. Minority Entrepreneurship shows that the dominant methodological approaches and findings of economists and sociologists in the minority entrepreneurship literature are highly complementary. Sociologists have posed bolder questions while economists have paid more attention to pinning down cause-and-effect relationships, yet their findings have been gradually moving towards convergence over the past two decades. This monograph posits that it is possible and desirable that these respective bodies of work may someday merge, creating a minority entrepreneurship scholarly synthesis.

Although minorities are more likely to engage in start-up businesses than Caucasians, minority entrepreneurs are less likely to get their enterprises off the ground or succeed in growing their businesses. Why do minority-owned businesses have higher failure rates, lower sales, lower profits, and less employment? The papers in this volume of The ANNALS review the three ingredients to creating a successful business: o Skill level and capability of the entrepreneur or the management team o Access to financial resources and venture capital o Market accessibility for the products or services provided by the enterprise Examining each of these vital factors, the authors address the effects of discriminatory barriers faced by minority business enterprises (MBEs) and examine whether the entrepreneurial process is more difficult for minorities than it is for whites. By focusing on the relationship between MBEs and each of these fundamental building blocks of business, this volume of The ANNALS offers explanations as to why it has been more difficult for minorities than for whites to succeed at entrepreneurial enterprises. Despite higher barriers for minorities, the nature of minority business has grown, and the size and scope has expanded as business diversity continues to flourish. The pioneering research in this volume of The ANNALS reflects the current diverse business environment by including research papers on the experiences of Latino entrepreneurs, as well as those of African-Americans. To date there has been a lack of substantial research and analysis on Hispanic entrepreneurship, but two intriguing studies included in this volume address that void. Scholars, students, and researchers from a wide range of disciplines will gain valuable insights and understanding into this vibrant field of research, presented in a volume that propels the study of entrepreneurship forward. Those involved in the disciplines of business, organization studies, small business/entrepreneurship, strategic management and business policy, economic and development studies, and ethnic studies will find this volume of The ANNALS to be an important and fitting collection of substantial and relevant research as well as a springboard for future research in this growing area of study.

"Race, Self-Employment, and Upward Mobility" refutes conventional notions about entrepreneurship with a wealth of unimpeachable data. Timothy Bates finds that self-employment and upward mobility are open to those who are highly educated and skilled, often possessing significant personal financial resources. This is true among Asian Americans, African Americans, and everybody else, too. Asian immigrants are prominent in low-profit, high-risk small-scale inner-city retailing, Bates explains, because they are often pushed into it by poor English language skills and problems of credentialing--when they can secure other employment, they do so. African Americans, in contrast, who have the education, capital, and inclination to become entrepreneurs find better-paying opportunities and avoid ghetto shopkeeping.

Bates compares black and Asian self-employment. He reviews who becomes self-employed, what factors encourage continuing self-employment, and how people escape unsuccessful self-employment. He addresses the place of entrepreneurship in upward mobility among disadvantaged persons and the role of government in assisting them. Bates's analysis is based largely on the massive Characteristics of Business Owners survey compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau, which provides nationwide information on small business success and survival patterns.

This book is an important contribution to the economic and sociological literature on ethnic groups and labor. It belongs in all libraries with extensive holdings in economics and sociology. In paperback, it can be used in upper division and graduate level courses.