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In this study the author discusses the typo-chronological
correlation of ceramic production of a conventional Late Copper Age
Boleraz/Baden -type settlement excavated at Balatonoszod Temetoi
dulo (Zala region, western Hungary). By assessing the ceramic
vessels and sherds, which came to light in large numbers, the
excavator establishes a typological system for the settlement and
correlates it with known Boleraz and Baden classification systems.
Overall the study reassesses the relative and absolute
chronological problems of the Late Copper Age and the Early Bronze
Age in modern-day Hungary and suggest a new typo-chronological
system based on the excavation at Balatonoszod Temetoi dulo. In
addition, the research also supplements the typological and
settlement historical results already known from the site with
other dating methods, such as thermoluminscence/optical
luminescence."
The earliest finds of wheeled vehicles in northern and central
Europe date to 3900-3600 BC. However finds (3400-3300 BC) from the
Boleraz sites of Arbon/Bleiche 3 and Bad Buchau/Torwiesen II,
linked to pile-dwelling settlements, indicate methods of transport
typical for higher altitudes (slides, sleds, etc.). The Boleraz and
Baden cultures overlap in the Carpathian Basin between 3300-3000 BC
and this period seems to have produced transport models that
parallel finds in today's Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, and other
regions. These suggest that generally the Boleraz settlers inside
the Carpathian Basin did not know, or use, the wheel in the fullest
sense. Cart and wheel forms are indicated only from Grave 177 at
Budakalasz (2800-2600 BC). The Hungarian Baden finds follow the
Danube and to the East there are no certain vehicle remains. It is
difficult to tell whether the Boleraz finds are linked to the wider
Alpine zone, and the Baden finds are perhaps associated with the
mixed-culture sites along the eastern slopes of the Carpathians.
The four-wheeled wagon was a development linked to the plains and
the Steppes (Cucuteni-Tripolje, Pre-Yamnaja, Yamnaja). The nature
of the finds relating to vehicles associated with lake and riverine
settlements reveal technical and material features: there is
evidence of a high degree of carving, if not decoration, and these
communities pointed the way for future skills and developments in
wheel and cart/wagon manufacture.
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