Medicinal and aromatic crops (MACs) are high-value crops since the natural products obtained from them are low-volume high-value commodities that have numerous applications in various sectors such as the food, beverage, food supplement, flavor and fragrance, perfumery and cosmetics, pharmaceutical and aromatherapy industries. In addition, the plant biomass is used in the production of teas and medical applications in traditional and also modern medicines. MACs are important mainly because they contain plant secondary metabolites such as essential oils, alkaloids, glygosides, saponins, tannins, vitamins and other bioactives. Plant secondary metabolites are differentiated from plant primary metabolites of photosynthesis and respiration since they are directly involved in growth and development of plants.  Some MACs are used as spices and culinary herbs since they contain mainly essential oils, and are used as tonic to the digestive system, appetite modification and other systems and may facilitate nutrient uptake and utilization from various foods. A significant amount of MACs and their natural products have also demonstrated antimicrobial, antifungal and bactericidal activity and significant antioxidant capacity. In the past, MACs and their natural products have been used as a source for various medicines, in food and beverage production and in aroma products. Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops summarizes the current knowledge on medicinal and aromatic crops, including the agronomical practices of important MACs and their products, their beneficial effects and utilization of MAP and their products. The chapters provide a comprehensive guide to the most important and used medicinal and aromatic crops and their use in functional foods, nutraceuticals and as bioactives against various ailments, providing researchers, teachers, chemists, food scientists, agronomists and agroecologists in academia, industry and government a fully up to date singular source on this important topic. 

The antioxidant potential of Skimmia anquetilia and Dicliptera bupleuroides methanolic extracts and fractions was evaluated using the eight multidimensional methods. The accrue data presenting that; TEAC and FRAP Value vary from 6.09-1.65mM, 7.04-2.03 for S. anquetilia and 3.5-0.4, 3.8-1.8 respectively for D. bupleuroides. Phenolic content of S. anquetilia ranged from 3.04-0.4 gallic acid (mg/L) and 1.5-0.44 gallic acid (mg/L) for D. bupleuroides. S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides Aqueous and organic soluble fraction were rich of flavinoids which was range from 1712.7-249.1 mg catchecin eq. and 885.4-107.2 mg catchecin eq respectively. Total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum method was determined for various fraction of S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides ranged from 0.555-0.09 and 0.42-0.17 respectively. The percentage of superoxide anion radical scavenging ranged from 99.5 to 4.96 for S. anquetilia and 78.4 to 68 for D. bupleuroides. The percentage bound Iron in S. anquetilia fraction was varying from 73.5 to 61.9 and 94.8-69.2 for D. bupleuroides. The amass results of indicated that S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides is a rich source of natural antioxidants.

The emphasis on the theoretical study and simulation of the three phase induction motor drives is certainly due to the fact of fatal hazards associated with the high voltage and current signals present in the three phase induction motor drives. Other important feature is the cost of a full-scale drive system to test various switching, control and protection strategies. Therefore, design stage comes after a reasonable confidence and verification of the drive circuit and control strategies through simulations. In this work, a laboratory-scale low-voltage induction motor drive is designed which operates at 24 volts, accompanying with the simulations using Matlab and Simulink.

Design and implementation of fuzzy logic controller for mobile robot navigation in unknown environments is presented. The task of navigation is divided into three behaviors namely hurdle avoidance, wall following and goal seeking. The outputs from these behaviors are combined to generate collision free motion of robot amongst obstacles in reaching the target. The controllers for these behaviors are designed using Fuzzy Logic toolbox of MATLAB(r) and their implementation is realized with readily available and inexpensive AT89C52 microcontrollers. Finally, the robot with these controllers is tested in indoor environments containing obstacles with changing destination places and is found to reach the set targets successfully which shows the validity of the designed controllers in achieving the required task.

The study focuses on introducing Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) in distance education for effective English language teaching programmes in Pakistan. The researcher designed and executed a CMC-ELT Blended Model for the students enrolled in MA TEFL Programme offered by Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan. The researcher tried to find out the effectiveness of CMC in terms of students' learning, interaction, access and cost. The students were provided online support in their studies. Data was collected through AIOU documents, questionnaires, tests, and focused group discussions. The results of the study proved the effectiveness of CMC in distance education.

Different scandals around the globe during the past, in specific during the last decade, have intrigued the stakeholders to question the roles of both auditors and management. But most of the fingers since then have been raised on the role of auditors, because it is the auditors who are entrusted with the responsibility to detect any errors or frauds in the financial reports of the client-firm. Apart from this, the long-term auditor client relationship has been the center of attention in most of the discussions and debates as well. Numerous studies have been conducted by the academic researchers, financial and professional analysts, regulatory authorities and governing bodies, and in some cases by the auditors and the firms as well regarding the effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on audit quality, equity risk premium, financial reports quality, audit pricing etc. These studies provide us with different results, both with the positive and negative associations and effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on the basis of different factors and contexts. Therefore, we would be studying this relationship in between auditors and SME clients.

SMEs serve as a backbone to keep an economy going and to boost it up in times of difficult hours like recession, for example. They are considered as the main source of modernization, innovation and entrepreneurial spirit. Several companies irrespective of their size are bound by the statutory rules of a particular country in which they operate to prepare financial reports that conform to specified set of accounting principles. There has been much ongoing debate regarding the suitability of one set of accounting standards in a country for all its operating enterprises, regardless of their size. In July 2009 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) published the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) for Small and Medium-sized Entities (SMEs) which is intended to be applied to the general purpose financial statements of entities that do not have public accountability. The main theme of our research is to examine the suitability difficulties and problems faced by SMEs in Sweden towards adoption of IFRS for SMEs. The analysis and results of this study would provide its readers with practical feedback from the market regarding IFRS for SMEs.

Testing Challenges in Web Applications This thesis research focuses specifically on testing challenges of Web-based application with respect to interoperability and integration; further research in this domain can be more beneficial for both academia and industry. Industrial survey shows that most of the companies are doing integration and interoperability testing manually. Though automated testing tools are very beneficial and helpful to speed-up the testing process but these are not being used to perform both integration and interoperability testing. Therefore this book is beneficial for the researchers and students who further wants the research in this area.