RNAi technology are used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. Exploitation of the pathway is also a promising tool in biotechnology and medicine. This book reviews the selective and robust effect of RNAi on gene expression which makes it a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can induce suppression of specific genes of interest. This book will introduce new technology in the study of RNA interference in microorganisms, plants and animals.

This volume focuses on filamentous fungi and highlights the advances of the past decade, both in methodology and in the understanding of genomic organization and regulation of gene and pathway expression. The approaches and techniques of molecular biology enable us to ask and answer fundamental questions about many aspects of fungal biology, and open the way to the directed manipulation of fungal genetics. Moreover, this book describes the development and advancement of fungal genes and the ways in which these are being exploited in species of economic importance either in biotechnology or in biochemistry.

A special workshop on scale problems in hydrology was held at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, during October 31-November 3, 1984. This workshop was the second in a series on this general topic. The proceedings of the first workshop, held in Caracas, Venezuela, in January 1982, appeared in the Journal of Hydrology (Volume 65:1/3, 1983). This book contains the papers presented at the second workshop. The scale problems in hydrology and other geophysical sciences stem from the recognition that the mathematical relationships describing a physical phenomenon are mostly scale dependent in the sense that different relationships manifest at different space-time scales. The broad scientific problem then is to identify and for mulate suitable relationships at the scales of practical interest, test them experimen tally and seek consistent analytical connections between these relationships and those known at other scales. For example, the current hydrologic theories of evaporation, infiltration, subsurface water transport and water sediment transport overland and in channels etc. derive mostly from laboratory experiments and therefore generally apply at "small" space-time scales. A rigorous extrapolation of these theories to large spatial and temporal basin scales, as mandated by practical considerations, appears very difficult. Consequently, analytical formulations of suitable hydrologic theories at basin wide space-time scales and their experimental verification is currently being perceived to be an exciting and challenging area of scientific research in hydrology. In order to successfully meet these challenges in the future, this series of workshops was initiated."

A special workshop on scale problems in hydrology was held at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, during October 31-November 3, 1984. This workshop was the second in a series on this general topic. The proceedings of the first workshop, held in Caracas, Venezuela, in January 1982, appeared in the Journal of Hydrology (Volume 65:1/3, 1983). This book contains the papers presented at the second workshop. The scale problems in hydrology and other geophysical sciences stem from the recognition that the mathematical relationships describing a physical phenomenon are mostly scale dependent in the sense that different relationships manifest at different space-time scales. The broad scientific problem then is to identify and for mulate suitable relationships at the scales of practical interest, test them experimen tally and seek consistent analytical connections between these relationships and those known at other scales. For example, the current hydrologic theories of evaporation, infiltration, subsurface water transport and water sediment transport overland and in channels etc. derive mostly from laboratory experiments and therefore generally apply at "small" space-time scales. A rigorous extrapolation of these theories to large spatial and temporal basin scales, as mandated by practical considerations, appears very difficult. Consequently, analytical formulations of suitable hydrologic theories at basin wide space-time scales and their experimental verification is currently being perceived to be an exciting and challenging area of scientific research in hydrology. In order to successfully meet these challenges in the future, this series of workshops was initiated."

Encompassing both biotechnology and chemical engineering, Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals brings together microbiology, bacteria and food processing/mechanization, which have applications for a variety of audiences: pharmaceuticals, diagnostics and medical device development all employ microbial food technology. The book will cover recent advances in microbial functional foods and associated applications, and will form an important reference work for graduates and researchers. The book will also provide up-to-date information on novel nutraceutical compounds and their mechanisms of action, catering to the needs of researchers and academics in food science and technology, microbiology, chemical engineering and other disciplines who are dealing with microbial functional foods and related areas.

RNAi technology are used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. Exploitation of the pathway is also a promising tool in biotechnology and medicine. This book reviews the selective and robust effect of RNAi on gene expression which makes it a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can induce suppression of specific genes of interest. This book will introduce new technology in the study of RNA interference in microorganisms, plants and animals.

The world is facing a drinking water crisis. Besides continuous population growth, uneven distribution of water resources and periodic droughts have forced scientists to search for new and effective water treatment, remediation and recycling technologies. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of suitable, inexpensive and rapid wastewater treatment and reuse or conservation methods. This title discusses different types of wastewater treatment, remediation and recycling techniques, like adsorption, membrane filtration and reverse osmosis. It alsoprovides guidance for the selection of the appropriate technologies or their combinations for specific applications so that one can select the exact and accurate technology without any problem. The book comprises detailed discussion on the application of various technologies for water treatment, remediation and recycling technologies and provides an update on the development in water treatment, detailed analysis of their features and economic analysis, bridging the current existing information gap. Each chapteris also documented by references and updated citations.
Provides guidance for the selection of the appropriate technologies to industrialists and government authorities for the selection of exact, inexpensive technologies for specific problem solvingDiscusses the developments of inexpensive and rapid wastewater treatment, remediation and recyclingGives information on the application of analytical techniques, such as GC, LC, IR, and XRF for analysing and measuring waterProvides an updated development in water treatment technologies, detailed analysis of their features and economic analysis, enabling to choose a problem-specific solutionCompletely updates the current knowledge in this field, bridging the current existing information gap"

Biomolecules from Natural Sources An up-to-date exploration of new and novel biomolecules In Biomolecules from Natural Sources: Advances and Applications, a team of accomplished researchers delivers up-to-date information on various bioresources, bioprocessing, production, mechanisms of action for selective bioactivity, biochemistry, targeted therapeutic roles and the advancements made on their bioactive potentials of new and novel biomolecules. The book presents recent trends in new and novel biomolecules and their identification, characterization, and potential applications. The selected contributions canvas a variety of breakthroughs in the understanding and applications of naturally derived biomolecules. Biomolecules from Natural Sources: Advances and Applications is an exhaustive collection of research and information, as well as an insightful and interdisciplinary treatment of a rapidly developing field. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to phenolics from natural sources and plant-based natural artemisinin and its biomedical applications Comprehensive explorations of protein structure, function, and specificity and the pharmacological potential of pigments Practical discussions of biomolecules obtained through food biotechnology and the biological activities of natural glycosides In-depth examinations of biomolecules from basil and their pharmacological significance Perfect for biotechnologists, food technologists, and plant biologists, Biomolecules from Natural Sources: Advances and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of bioprocessing engineers, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students of biochemistry.

This book is concerned with the applications of combinatorics to survey sampling with special reference to controlled sampling. The use of combinatorics helps in obtaining sampling designs which exercise control on sample selection. The book begins with preliminaries of sample surveys and in the end gives appendices which describe the concepts of experimental designs for the benefit of the readers. Some controlled sampling designs generated and the SAS codes for generation of sampling designs are also given in these appendices. The main chapters of the book focus on the applications of binary incomplete block designs, linear programming and linear integer programming for generation of controlled sampling designs both for equal and unequal probability sample selection. The book also covers applications of Hadamard matrices, mixed orthogonal arrays and proportional frequency plans in variance estimation from a large scale complex survey data. The book meets the requirements of the master's level students in Statistics with interest in theory of sample surveys and design of experiments while some portions may be found useful for research scholars and consulting statisticians.

A high sucrose clone S. officinarum 'Gungera' and a low sucrose clone S. spontaneum 'SES 603' were crossed to obtain interspecific hybrids named as ISH-1 to ISH-29 and graded into very high, high, low and very low sucrose types The objectives of present investigation were to compare high and low sugar genotypes, as also, their progeny for sucrose content, and to identify molecular markers for sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. Simultaneous work was carried on six selected commercial sugarcane cultivars also. Protein markers obtained in SDS-PAGE showed presence of a protein band of MW 19.95 kD in high sucrose types. Commercial sugarcane var. Co 7717 showed presence of a total 37 bands, of which protein bands of MW 100, 87.09, 83.17 and 81.28 kD were highly specific. DNA markers for high and low sucrose were identified. Of the ten microsatellite primers selected, four SSRs distinguished high and low sucrose markers. SSR primer AI, A and B amplified high sucrose markers and SSR primer SMC226CG+ SMC226CG amplified a low sucrose marker.

The book gives the methods for the synthesis and biological activities of chalcones and their modifications to various different sized heterocycles like flavonoids, flavanone, aurones pyrazoles, oxazoles, benzothiazepines, pyrimidines etc. This book also highlights anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antiHIV, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of chalcones and their derivatives. The structure activity relationship of different chalcones and their derivatives is also discussed in the the present book which determine their ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.