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This volume contains the proceedings of the NATO-Advanced Research
Workshop (ARW) "Manipulation of atoms under high fields and
temperatures: Applications," sponsored by the NATO Scientific
Affairs Division, Special Programme on Nanoscale Science. This ARW
took place in Summer '92, in the pleasant surroundings of the Hotel
des Thermes at Charbonnieres les Bains -Lyon, France. Gathering
some fifty experts from different fields, the ARW provided an
opportunity to review the basic principles and to highlight the
progress made during the last few years on the nanosources and the
interactions between atomic-scale probes and samples. The
motivation is to use the novel properties attached to the atomic
dimensions to develop nanoscale technologies. The perception of the
atomic-scale world has greatly changed since the discovery and
development, in the early 80's, of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
(STM) by Binnig and Rohrer. Beyond the observation of individual
atoms, which is now routine, the concept of playing with atoms has
become commonplace. This has lead to the fashioning of tools at the
atomic scale, to the deposition, the displacement and the creation
of atomic structures and also to the knowledge of interactions and
contacts between atoms. Nanotips ending with a single atom are
sources of ultra-fine charged beams. They can be unique tools for
high resolution observations, for micro fabrications by
micro-machining and deposition at a scale not previously
attainable, with a working distance less stringent than with STM
devices."
The surface of solids had long been considered simply the external
boundary which determined the outside appearance of the solids but
had no intrinsic character of its own. The concept that surfaces
have specific properties and are the first and foremost means of
communication between individual things and the rest of the
universe is fairly new, coming into prominence only in the early
sixties. This new concept of surface properties was the result of a
vast accumulation of knowledge due to recent development of
research in this area. This breakthrough of surface science
resulted from the combined action of four factors: (i) control of
surface sample prep aration, (ii) control of the surface's
environment, (iii) improve ment of measurement tools and
techniques, and (iv) the importance of surface properties in many
new industrial areas. Nearly eighty techniques are now available to
help us answer to the following questions: what is the surface
structure or arrangement of surface atoms? what are the atomic
species present? what is the spatial distribution of foreign atoms?
what are the nature and distribution of possible defects on the
surface? what is the electronic structure of the surface atoms?
what is the motion of atoms on the surface? In general, two or more
analytical techniques are used concurrently to assure unequivocal
answers to problems. Different techniques employ different combina.
tions of incident probes and the scattered or secondary particles
that convey information regarding the sur faces.
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