Embryonic and Adult Stem-Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes: Lessons from in vitro Models.- Phylogenesis of Constitutively Formed Nitric Oxide in Non-Mammals.- Dimensions of Systems Biology.- Structures, Mechanism, Regulation and Evolution of Class III Nucleotidyl Cyclases

K.W. Bock: The Aryl Hydrocarbon or Dioxin Receptor: Biologic and Toxic Responses.- K. Grieshaber, I. Hardewig, U. Kreutzer, and H.-O. Poertner: Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Hypoxia in Invertebrates.- K.-W. Koch: Calcium as Modulator of Phototransduction in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells.

P.J. Pearson, P.M. Vanhoutte: Vasodilator and Vasoconstrictor Substances Produced by the Endothelium. L. Dux: Muscle Relaxation and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function in Different Muscle Types. C.C. Ashley, P.J. Griffith, T.J. Lea, I.P. Mulligan, R.e. Palmer, and S.J. Simnett: Barnacle Muscle: Ca2+ Activation and Mechanics.

This special volume provides up-to-date information on research dealing with the regulation of the biosynthesis and degradation of cyclic GMP and with the regulation of physiological systems by cyclic GMP. The publication of this volume could not have come at a more appropriate time, with significant work in this area having led to our current understanding of the role of nitric oxide in signal transduction, and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for Furchgott, Murad and Ignarro. Moreover, the introduction in early 1998 of sildenafil (Viagra), a selective inhibitor of a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men represents the first successful therapeutic application of an agent designed to alter the activity of a molecular target in a cyclic GMP pathway.

J.A. Roth: Membrane-Bound Catechol-O-Methyltreansferase: A Reevaluation of Its Role in the O-Methylation of the Catecholamine Transmitters. D.J. Benos, S. Cunningham, R.R. Baker, K.B. Beason, Y. Oh, and P.R. Smith: Molecular Characteristics of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels. D. Pette and G. Vrbov : Adaptation of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Fibers to Chronic Electrical Stimulation.

In this regular issue of Reviews of Physiology the first contribution by Warth and Bleich is on K+ Channels and Colonic Function, the second by Offermanns on Mammalian G-Protein Function in vivo: New Insights Through Altered Expression, and the third contribution by Tenenholz et al. (including one editor of the series) on Structural Determinants of Scorpion Toxin Affinity: The Charybdotoxin (alpha-KTX) Family of K+-channel Blocking Peptides.

R. Levenson: Isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase: Family Members in Search of Function.- E. Petzinger: Transport of Organic Anions in the Liver. An Update on Bile Acid, Fatty Acid, Monocarboxylate, Anionic Amino Acid, Cholephilic Organic Anion and Anionic Drug Transport.- E. Schultz, K.M. McCormick: Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells.

Cook et al.: Phospholipases C and D in Mitogenic Signal Transduction. Moolenaar et al: Lysophosphatidatic Acid: A Bioactive Phospholipid with Growth Factor-Like Properties. Kozma et al.: Serine/Threonine Kinases in thePropagation of the Early Mitogenic Response. Diringer et al: A Retrospective on Transformation, Growth Control, and some Peculiarities of Lipid Metabolism. Villereal et al.: Calcium Signals in Growth Factor Signal Transduction. Wakabayashi et al.: Structure Function of the Growth Factor-Activatable Na+/H+ Exchanger. Herrlich et al.: DNA Damage-Induces Gene Expression: Signal Transduction and Relation to Growth Factor Signaling. Lucibello et al.: Transcription Factor Encoding Oncogenes

In the series Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology three excellent contributions by Ruth Heidelberger (Houston, TX, USA) with Electrophysiological Approaches to the Study of Neuronal Exocytosis and Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics and Kay Truscott et al. (Freiburg, Germany) with Transport of Proteins Into Mitochondria and Randall K. Powers and Marc D. Binder (Seattle, WA, USA) with Input-Output Functions of Mammalian Motoneurons form another outstanding volume.

In this second special issue on signal transduction leading specialists in their fields again present overviews of topics related to the highly topicalsubject of signal transduction. The first contribution, by Keppler, deals with the biosynthesis, transport, inactivation, and analysis of leukotrienes. Mohr et al. present an excellent overview of the biology of the peptide hormone oxytocin and its role in signal transduction.The review by Holzer describes the significance of peptinergic sensory neurons in the control of vascular functions. In the contribution by Wolf etal the molecular biology of the Y chromosome is discussed.

W. Ulbricht: Effects of veratridine on sodium currents and fluxes. W. Meyerhof: The elucidation of somatostatin receptor functions: a current view.M. Leist, F. Gantner, g. Kunstle and A. Wendel: Cytokine-mediated hepatic apoptosis.

The objectives in this special issue are (1) to critically review current information on the mechanisms coupling extracellular regulatory signals to regulation of cross-bridge cycling and proliferation in smooth muscle, and (2) identify significant gaps or unresolved issues that are important topics for future research. The experimental and analytical difficulties discussed above are increasingly recognized and surmounted. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular events underlying the biologal properties of smooth muscle is in the midst of a period of rapid progress. While the reviews reveal many gaps to be filled and illustrate areas of contention, they also capture the excitement of new discoveries.

Special Issue on the Tird Filament System

In this volume of Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology there a contributions by M.D. Swope, E. Lolis, F.Hofmann, L. Lacinova, N. Klugbauer, M. Hermann, P. Berger, S.S. Shen, J.S. Kim, M.E. Weksler, M. Hirsch-Kauffmann and M. Schweiger.

Gastric acid plays a primary role in digestion as well as in the sterilization of food and water. Gastric juice contains the most concentrated physiological acid solution (pH~1) as a result + - of H and Cl ion secretion [hydrochloric acid (HCl) production] by parietal cells in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. The combined output of the parietal cells leads to the sec- tion of 1-2 l of HCl at a concentration of 150-160 mmol/l into the interior of the stomach. In order to facilitate the production of acid, the parietal cell relies on the generation of a high + concentration of H ions that are transported into the lumen of the gland. This process is fa- + + cilitated by activation of the gastric H ,K -ATPase, which translocates to the apical pole of + - the parietal cell. K as well as ATP hydrolysis and Cl all play critical roles in the activation + + of gastric H ,K -ATPase and are essential for the functioning of the enzyme (Reenstra and Forte 1990). This review will examine the classical proteins that have been linked to acid secretion as well as some recently identi?ed proteins that may modulate gastric acid secretion, in - dition we discuss the known secretagogues, and their receptors including a new receptor, which upon stimulation can lead to acid secretion.

The eukaryotic translation machinery must recognize the site on a messenger RNA (mRNA) where decoding should begin and where it should end. The selection of the translation start site is generally given by the ?rst AUG codon encoding the amino acid methionine. D- ing initiation soluble translation initiation factors (eukaryotic translation initiation factors [eIFs] in eukaryotes and prokaryotic translation initiation factors [IFs] in prokaryotes) bind the mRNA, deliver the initiator Met-tRNA, and assemble to form a complete 80S ribosome from the 40S and 60S subunits. By progressing along the mRNA in the 5 -to-3 direction the ribosome decodes the information and translates it into the polypeptide chain. During this process, repeated delivery of amino-acyl tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome, peptide bond formation, movement of the mRNA, and the growing peptidyl-tRNA is mediated by both soluble elongation factors (eukaryotic translation elongation factors [eEFs] in euka- otes and prokaryotic translation elongation factors [EFs] in prokaryotes) and the activity of the ribosome. The ?nal step in the translation process occurs when one of the three t- mination codons occupies the ribosomal A-site. Translation comes to an end and soluble release factors (eukaryotic translation termination factors [eRFs] in eukaryotes and proka- otic translation termination factors [RFs] in prokaryotes) facilitate hydrolytical release of the polypeptide chain (for recent reviews, see Inge-Vechtomov et al. 2003; Kisselev et al. 2003; Wilson and Nierhaus 2003; Kapp and Lorsch 2004).

Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology

Volume 160 2008

V. di Marzo: Endocannabinoids: Synthesis and Degradation

R. Rivera and J. Chun: Biological Effects of Lysophospholipids

S. J. O Meara, K. Rodgers, and C. Godson: Lipoxins: Update and Impact of Endogenous Pro-Resolution Lipid Mediators

R.K.P. Benninger, M. Hao, and D. Piston: Multi-photon Excitation Imaging of Dynamic Processes in Living Cells and Tissues

G. Schmitz and M. Grandl: Lipid Homeostasis in Macrophages Implications for Atherosclerosis

Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology

Volume 160 2008

V. di Marzo: Endocannabinoids: Synthesis and Degradation

R. Rivera and J. Chun: Biological Effects of Lysophospholipids

S. J. O'Meara, K. Rodgers, and C. Godson: Lipoxins: Update and Impact of Endogenous Pro-Resolution Lipid Mediators

R.K.P. Benninger, M. Hao, and D. Piston: Multi-photon Excitation Imaging of Dynamic Processes in Living Cells and Tissues

G. Schmitz and M. Grandl: Lipid Homeostasis in Macrophages - Implications for Atherosclerosis

Gastric acid plays a primary role in digestion as well as in the sterilization of food and water. Gastric juice contains the most concentrated physiological acid solution (pH~1) as a result + - of H and Cl ion secretion [hydrochloric acid (HCl) production] by parietal cells in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. The combined output of the parietal cells leads to the sec- tion of 1-2 l of HCl at a concentration of 150-160 mmol/l into the interior of the stomach. In order to facilitate the production of acid, the parietal cell relies on the generation of a high + concentration of H ions that are transported into the lumen of the gland. This process is fa- + + cilitated by activation of the gastric H ,K -ATPase, which translocates to the apical pole of + - the parietal cell. K as well as ATP hydrolysis and Cl all play critical roles in the activation + + of gastric H ,K -ATPase and are essential for the functioning of the enzyme (Reenstra and Forte 1990). This review will examine the classical proteins that have been linked to acid secretion as well as some recently identi?ed proteins that may modulate gastric acid secretion, in - dition we discuss the known secretagogues, and their receptors including a new receptor, which upon stimulation can lead to acid secretion.

The eukaryotic translation machinery must recognize the site on a messenger RNA (mRNA) where decoding should begin and where it should end. The selection of the translation start site is generally given by the ?rst AUG codon encoding the amino acid methionine. D- ing initiation soluble translation initiation factors (eukaryotic translation initiation factors [eIFs] in eukaryotes and prokaryotic translation initiation factors [IFs] in prokaryotes) bind the mRNA, deliver the initiator Met-tRNA, and assemble to form a complete 80S ribosome from the 40S and 60S subunits. By progressing along the mRNA in the 5 -to-3 direction the ribosome decodes the information and translates it into the polypeptide chain. During this process, repeated delivery of amino-acyl tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome, peptide bond formation, movement of the mRNA, and the growing peptidyl-tRNA is mediated by both soluble elongation factors (eukaryotic translation elongation factors [eEFs] in euka- otes and prokaryotic translation elongation factors [EFs] in prokaryotes) and the activity of the ribosome. The ?nal step in the translation process occurs when one of the three t- mination codons occupies the ribosomal A-site. Translation comes to an end and soluble release factors (eukaryotic translation termination factors [eRFs] in eukaryotes and proka- otic translation termination factors [RFs] in prokaryotes) facilitate hydrolytical release of the polypeptide chain (for recent reviews, see Inge-Vechtomov et al. 2003; Kisselev et al. 2003; Wilson and Nierhaus 2003; Kapp and Lorsch 2004).

H. Wegele, L. M ller, and J. Buchner: Hsp70 and Hsp90 A Relay Team for Protein Folding

R. Sch lein: The Early Stages of the Intracellular Transport of Membrane Proteins: Clinical and Pharmacological Implications

L. Schild: The Epithelial Sodium Channel: From Molecule to Disease

D. Kamimura, K. Ishihara, T. Hirano: IL-6 Signal Transduction and its Physiological Roles: The Signal Orchestration Model

M. Tanaka and A. Miyajima: Oncostatin M, a Multifunctional Cytokine

G.-J. van de Geijn, L.H.J. Aarts, S.J. Erkeland, J. Prasher, and I.P. Touw: Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and its Receptor in Normal Hematopoietic Cell Development and Myeloid Disease

T. Hanada, I. Kinjyo, K. Inagaki-Ohara and A. Yoshimura: Negative Regulation of Cytokine Signaling by CES/SOCS Family Proteins and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases

J. Kalesnikoff, L.M. Sly, M.R. Hughes, T. B chse, M.J. Rauh, L.-P. Cao, V. Lam, A. Mui, M. Huber, and G. Krystal: The Role of SHIP in Cytokine-Induced Signaling