Vegetables are of good nutritional value with significant potential as income-generating crop and as supplements to diet consisting mostly carbohydrates. Despite the importance of vegetables there are different production constraints wherever they are grown in the country. The attack by a variety of insect pests is a major factor restraining increased production of vegetables and is the main cause of low quality and yield. Because of high vulnerability of vegetables to insects, farmers lean to apply chemicals for saving these most perishable agri-products. Farmers adopt different plant protection strategies which mainly focus on over and heavy use of pesticides on these crops. As the pesticide applications are repeated at three days interval therefore there is much chance that the application of pesticides will not only damage the environment but will also incurs severe health concerns on the end consumers.

Tomato is an important vegetable grown all over the world because of its dietary, nutritional and medicinal values. It is damaged by a variety of insect pests especially tomato aphids and tomato fruif borer which are considered as limiting factor in the production of this vegetable. The work presented in the book was focused on the seasonal occurrence of aphid and tomato fruit borer on different cultivar of tomato and to find out the host plant resistance in relation to abiotic factors such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on different cultivars of tomato viz., Raja, Nagra-1077, Red hero hybrid and Rao phego against tomato aphids and tomato fruit borer.

This study is about the biodiversity of rove beetles. These act as predators, parasites and scavengers. These are also bio-indicators. As far climate of Punjab, Pakistan is concerned, it is a blend of different parameters. So, here should be a plenty of rove beetles but due to less attention this fauna was ignored. During this study, we collected specimens from different cropped and forest areas with the help of 5 different collecting methods. As these beetles live in moist areas, so relative humidity plays an important role in their abundance. the population of rove beetles has positive co-relation with soil moisture contents also. these are also medically important as some species cause Paederus dermatitis. This is a skin irritation. To avoid this, we have to aware about its habitat. This study is composed of many parameters and is very informative.

Aedes albopictus, possesses enormous plasticity in adoption of habitat (natural or artificial). New settlements influenced mosquito population density. There is a dire need to address the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus, in our ecosystems. The present project has been proposed keeping in view that the outcome of research will benefit both urban and rural communities. Maximum population was collected during rainy season, with temperature: 31-40 C and RH: 41-50 % in clear water, that was kept in plastic, small places are more productive with EC (> 1000 uS/m), TDS (> 500 ppm) and DO (2-5 mg/l) that were close to houses in the exposed shady conditions. Keeping safety risks in view, control (larvicide, adulticide and repellency) of this mosquito achieved successfully by citrus oils (seeds and peels). Further, HPLC was done to know the active ingredients (Limonin and Nomilin). Finally, two-choice assay was done at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden, to know which active ingredient is more effective and potent.

Pesticides have been used to control these pests but none has yielded better cost and benefit ratio due to increasing hazards related to human life, domestic animals and environment. Recent trends in cotton production have been to minimize the use of pesticides and ultimately control the pest by better management practices (BMPs). Keeping in view these critical issues the experiment was conducted during May-October 2009 under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments, biological control agents (T1), foliar applications of botanical Neemosal, azadirachtin+salannin 0.5% (T2), homeo chemicals (T3) and available insecticides (T4) having three replications. Results showed that safer insecticides were found to be superior to over all other treatments in their control of insect pests complex. Biological control had no quick control as compare to insecticides and neemosal. Homeo chemicals also performed better. While in case of spotted bollworm Biological control through release of Trichogramma chilonis had showed effective and quick control as compare to neemosal. Neemosal performed better than Homeo chemicals.

Cotton white gold, is a major cash crop of Pakistan. It provides livelihood to millions of people engaged in its trade and textile industry . Moreover, it is a major source of foreign exchange earnings as it not only provides raw material for our local industry but also stands at the top of our exports with 63.2% share in our total exports 2008-09 ( Anonymous,2009). Many countries that formerly had produced insignificant yield of cotton such as Latin American countries have increased their production steeply and have become important suppliers of fiber to the world market. The main objective of present study has therefore been to find out the economical methods of controlling the sucking insect pests of cotton by integration biological control with safer chemicals. It was necessary, to reduce the use of pesticide, to save the human being and also to save foreign exchange which is spent on the import of pesticides. The biological control was applied through the conservation.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop of Asia and is widely found in Pakistan. Over the last few years the attack of gall formers on mango has increased tremendously in mango growing areas of the world. Little is known about their behavior, taxonomy and management practices particularly in Pakistan. This book, therefore, focuses on the varietal preference and within tree distributional patterns of gall forming insects of mango and the factors (morphological and physiological) mediating their abundance. The abundance of galls has been studied in different mango cultivars and within the individual cultivar as well. The analyses should help shed some light on the importance of leaf traits mediating gall abundance and should be especially useful to field ecologists with the interest to explore the behavior of gall formers and devise management plans.