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This book is intended to answer the following questions: 1. What is
? 2. Why is the momentum order? 3. When and where does
irreversibility occur? 4. How can the matter become more orderly?
In a relatively well-understood field of my research, the new
concepts will be used to explain some of the problems that have
puzzled people for about 150 years. The is a type of energy that is
missing, not the heat extracted from known energy. It is the
potential energy of the spatial configuration of the momentum at
the location of the material in the system constructed under known
forces. There are two potential energies in the mechanics system.
Boltzmann entropy is to calculate the total number of microscopic
states by the number of momentum counted in the statistical system.
So it must be the order of momentum, instead of the spatial
position arrangement of the witnessed substances. The entropy of
the ideal gas in the wall-less space can be proved to be equal to
considering spatial degeneracy due to space distinguishable of
molecule momentum. The gas state equation hides the principle of
interaction invariance . One force has two kinds of potential
energy. The certainty of the statistical system stems from the
order of momentum. The Clausius statement of the second law of
thermodynamics is that heat spontaneously flows from a high
temperature object to a low temperature one. The Boltzmann entropy
of this process is decreased, which is in contrast to the increase
of Clausius entropy of the process. This shows that there are two
kinds of entropy and two kinds of entropy criteria. The world
around us often becomes more orderly. The vortex in the fluid is
due to the combination of the angular momentum number and the order
flow structure generated spontaneously. When the electrons in the
Hydrogen atom form a covalent bond of the molecule, the degeneracy
of the electron microscopic states is caused by quantum
entanglement. This merge is not only a spontaneous process, but
also the molecule is a more ordered material state. Since the
mixing process is also a spontaneous process of ISB reduction, the
mixture is in a more ordered state. These help us understand that a
large number of high molecular compounds are crowded into cells to
construct highly ordered life activities. Of course, the orderly
process is conditional. We can expect to discover more in the
application of the second law of thermodynamics.
A vast array of ocean instrumentation has been developed for
research purposes since the middle of the twentieth century, among
which remote sensing technologies have become increasingly
important. Within this class of instruments, high frequency (HF)
surface and skywave radar, microwave marine radar and global
navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based radar have been
successfully implemented in gathering information on large tracts
of the ocean surface. This book provides a systematic introduction
to the principles, state-of-the-art methods and applications of HF
surface and sky wave radar, microwave marine radar and GNSS-based
radar, as well as an exploration of ongoing challenges in the
field. Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine
and GNSS-based radar includes 23 chapters that are organized into
three parts, mainly according to sensor types. The first part
covers work related to HF radar, the second focusses on microwave
marine radar, and the third concentrates on GNSS-based radar. Each
part consists of an introductory chapter that provides an overview
of the corresponding sensor, followed by chapters focussing on
fundamental theory, specific applications, or advanced algorithm
development. Each of the chapters is self-contained and readers
should be aware that there may be across-chapter differences in
symbols used for various parameters. The book is intended for a
variety of readers in the radar and remotes sensing communities,
and content has been selected with a range of interests and
backgrounds in mind.
This book, the first dedicated to this exciting and rapidly growing
field, enables readers to understand and prepare high-quality,
high-performance TiNi shape memory alloys (SMAs). It covers the
properties, preparation and characterization of TiNi SMAs, with
particular focus on the latest technologies and applications in
MEMS and biological devices. Basic techniques and theory are
covered to introduce new-comers to the subject, whilst various
sub-topics, such as film deposition, characterization, post
treatment, and applying thin films to practical situations, appeal
to more informed readers. Each chapter is written by expert
authors, providing an overview of each topic and summarizing all
the latest developments, making this an ideal reference for
practitioners and researchers alike.
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