While intercity passenger transport counts for about 2% of the total passenger transport volume the share of the total passenger kilometers traveled is estimated more than one third. In many countries the major part of intercity transport is performed by car and air and as a result, the contribution to the carbon footprint is substantially higher than the share of overall passenger transport performance. This creates a challenge to develop a sustainable organization of intercity transport which requires a true joint effort of policy makers, industry sectors and households. This presupposes that all options for reducing the carbon footprint of the transport modes - car, air and rail - are fully exploited through modern propulsion technology, use of regenerative energy and efficient organization of transport processes. Basic conditions for meeting this requirement are an incentive compatible public framework of regulation, taxation, charging and education, the private willingness to adjust to new behavioral patterns and a consequent push of technological progress towards energy and CO2 savings. This book begins with an international comparison of intercity transport and the current state of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of this transport segment. A focus is given to comparing the situation in the EU, the US and Japan while describing the more recent development of intercity transport in China, followed by an analysis of intercity transport policies and their contribution to meet the global climate change issues. This book will be of interest to researchers in transportation economics and policy, as well as civil engineering and planning.

While intercity passenger transport counts for about 2% of the total passenger transport volume the share of the total passenger kilometers traveled is estimated more than one third. In many countries the major part of intercity transport is performed by car and air and as a result, the contribution to the carbon footprint is substantially higher than the share of overall passenger transport performance. This creates a challenge to develop a sustainable organization of intercity transport which requires a true joint effort of policy makers, industry sectors and households. This presupposes that all options for reducing the carbon footprint of the transport modes - car, air and rail - are fully exploited through modern propulsion technology, use of regenerative energy and efficient organization of transport processes. Basic conditions for meeting this requirement are an incentive compatible public framework of regulation, taxation, charging and education, the private willingness to adjust to new behavioral patterns and a consequent push of technological progress towards energy and CO2 savings. This book begins with an international comparison of intercity transport and the current state of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of this transport segment. A focus is given to comparing the situation in the EU, the US and Japan while describing the more recent development of intercity transport in China, followed by an analysis of intercity transport policies and their contribution to meet the global climate change issues. This book will be of interest to researchers in transportation economics and policy, as well as civil engineering and planning.

Transportation contributes to roughly a fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, and as a growing sector of the economy, its contribution to climate change, if remained unchanged, could even grow. This is particularly true in the developing world, where the growth rates of air and ship transport are expected to exceed those of the EU, and worldwide objectives to curb greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 by sixty to eighty percent could be placed in serious jeopardy. This book addresses the key issues of controlling transportation growth and identifying and implementing measures that would significantly reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from transport while maintaining its vital role in generating prosperity and mobility for future generations. This book describes the challenge that transport constitutes today as well as its role in the future for climate policy. It will discuss and provide hands-on suggestions for transportation policy that will mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions from transport. The book is organized into five parts. Part One presents an overview of transport and climate policy in the context of the recent economic crisis. Part Two examines the problems and proposed solutions for curbing emissions from transport in industrialized countries while Parts Three and Four deal with the developing world, with a particular focus on India and China. Part Five discusses tested solutions and provides policy recommendations making this book of interest to a broad audience of both policy-makers and academics concerned with the role of transport in reducing global climate change.

Promoters of multi-billion dollar land-use development megaprojects systematically misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get them approved and built. This book not only explores these issues, but suggests practical solutions drawing on theory and scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents. It is of interest to students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and concerned citizens.

Transportation contributes to roughly a fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, and as a growing sector of the economy, its contribution to climate change, if remained unchanged, could even grow. This is particularly true in the developing world, where the growth rates of air and ship transport are expected to exceed those of the EU, and worldwide objectives to curb greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 by sixty to eighty percent could be placed in serious jeopardy. This book addresses the key issues of controlling transportation growth and identifying and implementing measures that would significantly reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from transport while maintaining its vital role in generating prosperity and mobility for future generations. This book describes the challenge that transport constitutes today as well as its role in the future for climate policy. It will discuss and provide hands-on suggestions for transportation policy that will mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions from transport. The book is organized into five parts. Part One presents an overview of transport and climate policy in the context of the recent economic crisis. Part Two examines the problems and proposed solutions for curbing emissions from transport in industrialized countries while Parts Three and Four deal with the developing world, with a particular focus on India and China. Part Five discusses tested solutions and provides policy recommendations making this book of interest to a broad audience of both policy-makers and academics concerned with the role of transport in reducing global climate change.

Das Lehrbuch bietet eine kompakte Darstellung der Bereiche Makrookonomik sowie Geld und Wahrung. Im ersten Teil behandeln die Autoren die wesentlichen makrookonomischen Themen wie z. B. die volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung, im zweiten Teil werden die monetareren Grundbegriffe erlautert. Die kompakte Darstellung sowie zahlreiche Abbildungen und Ubungsaufgaben ermoglichen Bachelor-Studenten einen raschen Einstieg in die Materie und eine effiziente Prufungsvorbereitung. Losungen und weiteres Lehrmaterial fur Dozenten sind im Internet abrufbar."

Das Lehrbuch behandelt die wesentlichen Gebiete der Makro konomie in kompakter Form, darunter Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung, Geld-, G ter- und Arbeitsm rkte, Erwartungen und Krisen. Neben den klassischen Erkl rungsans tzen stehen neue Ans tze im Mittelpunkt, die bessere Erkl rungen f r Unvollkommenheiten auf den M rkten liefern. Um das Verst ndnis f r die Dynamik wirtschaftlicher Prozesse zu f rdern, werden einfache Wachstums- und Konjunkturmodelle vorgestellt, die der Leser auf einer begleitenden Webseite interaktiv nachvollziehen kann.

In 2000, the P llmann-Commission of the German federal government recommended a fundamental change in infrastructure financing of the German federal trunk roads. Instead of tax based investments, user pay principles should be pursued. Since January 2005, heavy goods vehicles are charged on German motorways. This book calculates the refunding demand of a public enterprise in charge of the German federal trunk road network. The infrastructure cost calculation methodology is based on the principles of the Life-Cycle-Cost-Analysis. Infrastructure costs are calculated for each constructive element separately (disaggregated approach). The approach distinguishes between the elements of road structure, tunnels, bridges, nodes, equipment, service areas, and maintenance depots. The total costs are allocated to user categories based on efficiency and fairness criteria (cost allocation). It is distinguished between proportionally attributed costs, system-specific costs, capacity-dependent costs, and weight-dependent costs. In a last step, the average tariff for heavy goods vehicles is differentiated based on emission categories and axle classes (toll differentiation).