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This classic study examines the deployment of U.S. naval vessels in
European and Near Eastern waters from the end of the Civil War
until the United States declared war in April 1917. Initially these
ships were employed to visit various ports from the Baltic Sea to
the eastern Mediterranean and Constantinople (today Istanbul), for
the primary purpose of showing the flag. From the 1890s on, most of
the need for the presence of the American warships occurred in the
eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Unrest in the Ottoman
Empire and particularly the Muslim hostility and threats to
Armenians led to calls for protection. This would continue into the
years of World War I. In 1905, the Navy Department ended the
permanent stationing of a squadron in European waters.From then
until the U.S. declaration of war in 1917, individual ships,
detached units, and special squadrons were at times deployed in
European waters. In 1908, the converted yacht Scorpion was sent as
station ship (stationnaire) to Constantinople where she would
remain, operating in the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea until
1928. Upon the outbreak of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson
ordered cruisers to northern European waters and the Mediterranean
to protect American interests. These warships, however, did more
than protect American interests. They would evacuate thousands of
refugees, American tourists, Armenians, Jews, and Italians after
Italy entered the conflict on the side of the Allies.
Victory Without Peace concentrates on the U.S. Navy in European and
NearEastern waters during the post-World War I era. As participants
in theVersailles peace negotiations, the Navy was charged with
executing the navalterms of the Armistice as well as preserving
stability and peace. U.S. warshipswere deploying into the Near
East, Baltic, Adriatic, and Northern Europe, whilesimultaneously
withdrawing its demobilized forces from European waters.
Thissignifies the first time the U.S. Navy contributed to peacetime
efforts, setting aprecedent continues today. Conversely,
Congressional appropriations handicapped this deployment
bydemobilization, general naval policy and postwar personnel, and
operatingfunds reductions. Though reluctant to allocate postwar
assets into seeminglyunimportant European and Near Eastern waters,
the Navy was pressured by theState Department and the American
Relief Administration's leader, HerbertHoover, to deploy necessary
forces. Most of these were withdrawn by 1924 andthe European
Station assumed the traditional policy of showing the flag.
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