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Globalisation has had a major impact on manufacturing
competitiveness and industrial development in transitional and
developing economies. This up-to-date book critically examines the
experience of a wide range of countries, focusing on the policy
challenges they face in the new global economy. The rising demand
for manufactured goods is causing increased pressure on developing
and transitional countries to introduce policies aimed at enhancing
productivity, mobilising resources, building capabilities and
changing internal structures. Yet policymakers face difficult
trade-offs between allocative efficiency and sustainable
development. This book begins by looking at key policy issues in
manufacturing including international best practices, policy
convergence and policy benchmarking. The discussion then moves on
to discuss the measurement of manufacturing competitiveness and the
policies necessary for companies to compete successfully in the new
global economy. The policy recommendations are underpinned through
a wide range of case studies from different regions and countries.
The book offers policymakers, scholars and researchers a unique
perspective, and serves as a comprehensive guide for formulating
policies vital for national industrial development and integration
into the world economy. It will help those concerned with policy
formulation in developing and transitional countries take informed
decisions and better cope with the challenges and opportunities of
the global economy.
How should a country change its institutions to achieve social and
economic development? This question cannot be answered from a
purely economic view; instead, it must be understood within a wider
perspective where institutional change requires affecting the whole
political-economic system. To address these issues, in this book,
we develop a simple model to explain how multiple institutional
equilibria could arise in a small open economy, studying how the
distribution of political power among four different kinds of
agents (capitalists, skilled workers, unskilled workers and
"grabbers," which are rent-seeking elites, endemic in many
underdeveloped countries) could generate either a productive or a
rent-seeking equilibrium. As the distribution of political power in
a society is so crucial to understanding institutional equilibria,
the second part of the book is dedicated to apply the concept of
networks to explain this distribution. For that, a game theoretic
model is formulated in which both the occurrence and success of an
uprising by the citizens against a dictator depend on the
characteristics of the communication network that connects the
citizens.
In the last ten to fifteen years, the Latin American and
Caribbean region has undergone the most significant transformation
of economic policy since World War II. Through a series of
structural reforms, an increasing number of countries have moved
from closed, state-dominated economies to ones that are more market
oriented and open to the rest of the world. Policymakers expected
that these changes, in conjunction with lower rates of inflation
and increased spending in the social area, would speed up economic
growth, increase productivity, and lead to the creation of more
jobs and greater equality. Have those expectations been fulfilled?
Analyzing the impact of the reforms in nine countries (Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico,
Peru), this study provides a detailed picture of progress to date.
At the overall regional level, the book suggests, the reforms have
had a surprisingly small impact: a small positive impact on
investment and growth, and a small negative impact on employment
and income distribution. But at the country, sectoral, and
microeconomic levels, it finds evidence of strong effects, with
some units doing very well and others falling behind.
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