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The idea of placebo-controlled drug trials and the advent of test
statistics during the first part of this century were the major
milestones in the establishment of a convincing methodology for
demonstrating the efficacy of treatments. The first tricyclic and
neuroleptic drugs were tested for their efficacy in psychiatric
disorders along the lines of these methodological developments, but
subsequent trials with psychotropic drugs did not adhere to these
principles to the same extent because it became difficult to
justify placebo-controlled trials once effective treatments had
been established. Consequently, the second generation of an
tidepressants and neuroleptics (since the early 1960s) were mainly
tested, in Europe at least, in samples of patients using trials
controlled by standard treatment only, and the methodological basis
of these second generation trials became fragile, as will be
demonstrated by several papers in this book. This development did
not provoke much discussion until recently, when scientific and
administrative interest in the methodology of the evaluation of
psychotropic drugs increased substantially. A series of factors
contribute to the growing interest in the standards of psychotropic
drug trials: 1. The proportion of psychiatric patients resistant to
treatment is growing; the efficacy of well-established forms of
treatment therefore seems to be limited. 2. A series of
psychotropic drugs were withdrawn from the market, mainly because
they caused serious side effects. The efficacy and safety ofthese
drugs had previously been demonstrated in drug trials, which raised
the question whether the drug trials carried out were
well-designed."
Combines healing crystal therapy with the "organ clock" circadian
rhythm of each organ system, based on traditional Chinese medicine
- Examines 12 organ systems and the gemstones best suited for
addressing their health
- Provides the key to understanding the organ clock's function and
its ability to enhance both diagnosis and treatment
One of the chief tools in the traditional Chinese doctor's toolbox
is an understanding of the circadian rhythms that govern all the
organ systems of the body. In addition to facilitating early and
accurate diagnosis, this "organ clock" lets the practitioner apply
therapies to the organ's meridians when they are at their peak
functioning point, thereby eliciting the greatest benefit.
In this book authors Michael Gienger and Wolfgang Maier have
created a simple, yet highly effective self-care treatment system
for addressing common health ailments using gemstones and the organ
clock. They detail the healing benefits of 83 crystals, indicating
the physical as well as emotional, psychic, and spiritual aspects
they support in each of 12 major organ systems. For example, the
stomach not only receives nourishment for the body, it also fosters
the ability to engage in new things in life. Agate and calcite
assist this function by giving confidence for new experiences,
while aiding in digestion (and processing hard to digest thoughts).
Treatments for the stomach should be done between 7:00 and 9:00
a.m., the time we typically take in new nourishment after a night
of sleep, to receive maximum results. With each body system in
turn, the authors explain how to select the stones best suited to
address your current health concerns, the times of day they should
be used, and how long treatment should last in order to restore
optimum health and prevent the onset of future illness.
Das Konzept affektiver Storungen und ihrer Diagnostik hat in den
vergangenen Jahren einen durchgreifenden Wandel erfahren.
Gemeinsamkeiten in der Phanomenologie sind zugunsten von
Differenzierungen nach psychogenen, somatogenen und endogenen
Entstehungsbedingungen in den Vordergrund getreten; die an
klinischen Idealtypen orientierte Diagnostik ist
operationalisierten Diagnosen gewichen. Die hier gesammelten
Arbeiten vergleichen die Reproduzierbarkeit (Reliabilitat) und die
Gultigkeit (Validitat) verschiedener Konzepte und Definitionen von
depressiven Storungen und deren Subtypen im Rahmen des
polydiagnostischen Konzeptes; es werden Studien zum
Therapieansprechen, prospektive Verlaufsstudien und Familienstudien
vorgestellt, und der Nutzen strukturierter diagnostischer
Interviews im Vergleich zu nicht standardisierter klinischer
Exploration wird evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse rechtfertigen die
Zusammenfassung aller Formen depressiver Syndrome unter der
ubergreifenden Kategorie affektiver Storungen und die Relativierung
der Differenzierung zwischen endogenen und psychogenen/neurotischen
Depressionen.
Der vorliegende Band beinhaltet klinisch relevante Beitr{ge wie
etwa die Beziehung der Prim{rpers-nlichkeit zur Melancholie, Manie,
Schizophrenie, Migr{ne, pr{menstruellen Syndrom sowie die
therapeutischen Implikationen einer solchen Beziehung. Dar}ber
hinaus finden sich theoretische Beitr{ge, die sich mit
Grundsatzfragen der Pers-nlichkeit, ihrer Bedeutung und ihrer
Wandlungen besch{ftigen. Methodische Wege und die damit verbundenen
Schwierigkeiten zur Erfassung von Pers-nlichkeitsstrukturen sind
exemplarisch dargestellt. Konzepte der Pers-nlichkeitsst-rung und
ihre m-gliche Beeinflussbarkeit geh-ren auch zum Inhalt dieses
Buches. Die Selektion der Themen aus einem breiten Spektrum zielt
auf eine paradigmatische Umschreibung der vielf{ltigen Beziehungen
zwischen Pers-nlichkeit und psychischer Erkrankung.
Dieses Buch versucht, mit Hilfe internationaler anerkannter
Ratinskalen und standardisierten Beurteilungsverfahren deut- lich
operationelle Definitionenf}r die vier klassischen Konzepte in der
nichtorganischen oder funktionellenPsycha- trie (Angst, Depression,
Manie und Schizophrenie) anzubie- ten.
Auch ber vierzig Jahre nach seiner Entwicklung ist das Capital
Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) noch immer das Standardmodell zur
Bestimmung risikoad quater Kapitalkosten. Das Modell wurde in
zahlreichen empirischen Untersuchungen immer wieder best tigt,
oftmals aber auch widerlegt. Mehrfach wurden Erweiterungen und
Alternativen zum CAPM entwickelt, von denen allerdings keine auch
nur ann hernd denselben Verbreitungsgrad wie das CAPM erreichen
konnte. Die Vielzahl der Arbeiten, die das Modell kritisieren, und
die vielen Erg nzungen, die zum CAPM entwickelt wurden, zeigen
jedoch, dass der Wunsch nach einer Alternative besteht. Erst k
rzlich wurde deshalb das Market Derived Capital Pricing Model (MCPM
) entwickelt, das bei der Kapitalkostenbestimmung die Renditen von
Staats- und Unternehmensanleihen sowie die B rsenpreise von
Aktienoptionen heranzieht. Seine Begr nder behaupten, dass das
Modell die Schw chen des CAPM vermeidet und eine realistischere Sch
tzung der Kapitalkosten eines Unternehmens erm glicht. Diese
empirische Studie untersucht, ob das MCPM tats chlich zu einem verl
sslicheren Ergebnis f hrt und damit als alternatives
Kapitalkostenmodell langfristig in Frage kommen kann.
In this volume, Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues provide a
coherent and broadly elaborated description of Critical
Psychology--a theory of the evolution of the social constitution of
human consciousness and forms of mental activity--which has been in
development in Germany for more than twenty years and constitutes a
radical critique and reconstruction of scientific psychology from a
dialectical and historical- materialistic point of view. Its aim is
to provide a firmer foundation than presently exists for a
psychology that is methodologically sound, practically relevant,
and theoretically determinate. In this volume, Tolman and Maiers
coordinate the contributions of several German psychologists led by
Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues. Infused with theoretical
sophistication, the papers detail the implications of Critical
Psychology on several fronts: a theory of emotions, forms of
psychotherapy, the impact of automation in the workplace, and a
theory of learning. Chapters build upon each other, going from
general issues of methodology to more specific issues. Critical
Psychology: Contributions to an Historical Science of the Subject
is the first book to make Critical Psychology accessible to an
English-speaking audience. As a central force in the exploration of
activity theory, this work will be of interest to cognitive
psychologists, developmental psychologists, social anthropologists,
and educators.
In this volume, Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues provide a coherent and broadly elaborated description of Critical Psychology--a theory of the evolution of the social constitution of human consciousness and forms of mental activity--which has been in development in Germany for more than twenty years and constitutes a radical critique and reconstruction of scientific psychology from a dialectical and historical- materialistic point of view. Its aim is to provide a firmer foundation than presently exists for a psychology that is methodologically sound, practically relevant, and theoretically determinate. In this volume, Tolman and Maiers coordinate the contributions of several German psychologists led by Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues. Infused with theoretical sophistication, the papers detail the implications of Critical Psychology on several fronts: a theory of emotions, forms of psychotherapy, the impact of automation in the workplace, and a theory of learning. Chapters build upon each other, going from general issues of methodology to more specific issues. Critical Psychology: Contributions to an Historical Science of the Subject is the first book to make Critical Psychology accessible to an English-speaking audience. As a central force in the exploration of activity theory, this work will be of interest to cognitive psychologists, developmental psychologists, social anthropologists, and educators.
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