The idea of placebo-controlled drug trials and the advent of test statistics during the first part of this century were the major milestones in the establishment of a convincing methodology for demonstrating the efficacy of treatments. The first tricyclic and neuroleptic drugs were tested for their efficacy in psychiatric disorders along the lines of these methodological developments, but subsequent trials with psychotropic drugs did not adhere to these principles to the same extent because it became difficult to justify placebo-controlled trials once effective treatments had been established. Consequently, the second generation of an tidepressants and neuroleptics (since the early 1960s) were mainly tested, in Europe at least, in samples of patients using trials controlled by standard treatment only, and the methodological basis of these second generation trials became fragile, as will be demonstrated by several papers in this book. This development did not provoke much discussion until recently, when scientific and administrative interest in the methodology of the evaluation of psychotropic drugs increased substantially. A series of factors contribute to the growing interest in the standards of psychotropic drug trials: 1. The proportion of psychiatric patients resistant to treatment is growing; the efficacy of well-established forms of treatment therefore seems to be limited. 2. A series of psychotropic drugs were withdrawn from the market, mainly because they caused serious side effects. The efficacy and safety ofthese drugs had previously been demonstrated in drug trials, which raised the question whether the drug trials carried out were well-designed."

Combines healing crystal therapy with the "organ clock" circadian rhythm of each organ system, based on traditional Chinese medicine
- Examines 12 organ systems and the gemstones best suited for addressing their health
- Provides the key to understanding the organ clock's function and its ability to enhance both diagnosis and treatment
One of the chief tools in the traditional Chinese doctor's toolbox is an understanding of the circadian rhythms that govern all the organ systems of the body. In addition to facilitating early and accurate diagnosis, this "organ clock" lets the practitioner apply therapies to the organ's meridians when they are at their peak functioning point, thereby eliciting the greatest benefit.
In this book authors Michael Gienger and Wolfgang Maier have created a simple, yet highly effective self-care treatment system for addressing common health ailments using gemstones and the organ clock. They detail the healing benefits of 83 crystals, indicating the physical as well as emotional, psychic, and spiritual aspects they support in each of 12 major organ systems. For example, the stomach not only receives nourishment for the body, it also fosters the ability to engage in new things in life. Agate and calcite assist this function by giving confidence for new experiences, while aiding in digestion (and processing hard to digest thoughts). Treatments for the stomach should be done between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m., the time we typically take in new nourishment after a night of sleep, to receive maximum results. With each body system in turn, the authors explain how to select the stones best suited to address your current health concerns, the times of day they should be used, and how long treatment should last in order to restore optimum health and prevent the onset of future illness.

Der vorliegende Band beinhaltet klinisch relevante Beitr{ge wie etwa die Beziehung der Prim{rpers-nlichkeit zur Melancholie, Manie, Schizophrenie, Migr{ne, pr{menstruellen Syndrom sowie die therapeutischen Implikationen einer solchen Beziehung. Dar}ber hinaus finden sich theoretische Beitr{ge, die sich mit Grundsatzfragen der Pers-nlichkeit, ihrer Bedeutung und ihrer Wandlungen besch{ftigen. Methodische Wege und die damit verbundenen Schwierigkeiten zur Erfassung von Pers-nlichkeitsstrukturen sind exemplarisch dargestellt. Konzepte der Pers-nlichkeitsst-rung und ihre m-gliche Beeinflussbarkeit geh-ren auch zum Inhalt dieses Buches. Die Selektion der Themen aus einem breiten Spektrum zielt auf eine paradigmatische Umschreibung der vielf{ltigen Beziehungen zwischen Pers-nlichkeit und psychischer Erkrankung.

Das Konzept affektiver Storungen und ihrer Diagnostik hat in den vergangenen Jahren einen durchgreifenden Wandel erfahren. Gemeinsamkeiten in der Phanomenologie sind zugunsten von Differenzierungen nach psychogenen, somatogenen und endogenen Entstehungsbedingungen in den Vordergrund getreten; die an klinischen Idealtypen orientierte Diagnostik ist operationalisierten Diagnosen gewichen. Die hier gesammelten Arbeiten vergleichen die Reproduzierbarkeit (Reliabilitat) und die Gultigkeit (Validitat) verschiedener Konzepte und Definitionen von depressiven Storungen und deren Subtypen im Rahmen des polydiagnostischen Konzeptes; es werden Studien zum Therapieansprechen, prospektive Verlaufsstudien und Familienstudien vorgestellt, und der Nutzen strukturierter diagnostischer Interviews im Vergleich zu nicht standardisierter klinischer Exploration wird evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse rechtfertigen die Zusammenfassung aller Formen depressiver Syndrome unter der ubergreifenden Kategorie affektiver Storungen und die Relativierung der Differenzierung zwischen endogenen und psychogenen/neurotischen Depressionen.

Dieses Buch versucht, mit Hilfe internationaler anerkannter Ratinskalen und standardisierten Beurteilungsverfahren deut- lich operationelle Definitionenf}r die vier klassischen Konzepte in der nichtorganischen oder funktionellenPsycha- trie (Angst, Depression, Manie und Schizophrenie) anzubie- ten.

Auch ber vierzig Jahre nach seiner Entwicklung ist das Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) noch immer das Standardmodell zur Bestimmung risikoad quater Kapitalkosten. Das Modell wurde in zahlreichen empirischen Untersuchungen immer wieder best tigt, oftmals aber auch widerlegt. Mehrfach wurden Erweiterungen und Alternativen zum CAPM entwickelt, von denen allerdings keine auch nur ann hernd denselben Verbreitungsgrad wie das CAPM erreichen konnte. Die Vielzahl der Arbeiten, die das Modell kritisieren, und die vielen Erg nzungen, die zum CAPM entwickelt wurden, zeigen jedoch, dass der Wunsch nach einer Alternative besteht. Erst k rzlich wurde deshalb das Market Derived Capital Pricing Model (MCPM ) entwickelt, das bei der Kapitalkostenbestimmung die Renditen von Staats- und Unternehmensanleihen sowie die B rsenpreise von Aktienoptionen heranzieht. Seine Begr nder behaupten, dass das Modell die Schw chen des CAPM vermeidet und eine realistischere Sch tzung der Kapitalkosten eines Unternehmens erm glicht. Diese empirische Studie untersucht, ob das MCPM tats chlich zu einem verl sslicheren Ergebnis f hrt und damit als alternatives Kapitalkostenmodell langfristig in Frage kommen kann.

In this volume, Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues provide a coherent and broadly elaborated description of Critical Psychology--a theory of the evolution of the social constitution of human consciousness and forms of mental activity--which has been in development in Germany for more than twenty years and constitutes a radical critique and reconstruction of scientific psychology from a dialectical and historical- materialistic point of view. Its aim is to provide a firmer foundation than presently exists for a psychology that is methodologically sound, practically relevant, and theoretically determinate. In this volume, Tolman and Maiers coordinate the contributions of several German psychologists led by Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues. Infused with theoretical sophistication, the papers detail the implications of Critical Psychology on several fronts: a theory of emotions, forms of psychotherapy, the impact of automation in the workplace, and a theory of learning. Chapters build upon each other, going from general issues of methodology to more specific issues. Critical Psychology: Contributions to an Historical Science of the Subject is the first book to make Critical Psychology accessible to an English-speaking audience. As a central force in the exploration of activity theory, this work will be of interest to cognitive psychologists, developmental psychologists, social anthropologists, and educators.

In this volume, Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues provide a coherent and broadly elaborated description of Critical Psychology--a theory of the evolution of the social constitution of human consciousness and forms of mental activity--which has been in development in Germany for more than twenty years and constitutes a radical critique and reconstruction of scientific psychology from a dialectical and historical- materialistic point of view. Its aim is to provide a firmer foundation than presently exists for a psychology that is methodologically sound, practically relevant, and theoretically determinate. In this volume, Tolman and Maiers coordinate the contributions of several German psychologists led by Klaus Holzkamp and his colleagues. Infused with theoretical sophistication, the papers detail the implications of Critical Psychology on several fronts: a theory of emotions, forms of psychotherapy, the impact of automation in the workplace, and a theory of learning. Chapters build upon each other, going from general issues of methodology to more specific issues. Critical Psychology: Contributions to an Historical Science of the Subject is the first book to make Critical Psychology accessible to an English-speaking audience. As a central force in the exploration of activity theory, this work will be of interest to cognitive psychologists, developmental psychologists, social anthropologists, and educators.