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Metabolic engineering has been developed over the past 20 years to
become an important tool for the rational engineering of industrial
microorganisms. This book has a particular interest in the methods
and applications of metabolic engineering to improve the production
and yield of a variety of different metabolites. The overall goal
is to achieve a better understanding of the metabolism in different
microorganisms, and provide a rational basis to reprogram
microorganisms for improved biochemical production.
Metabolic engineering has been developed over the past 20 years to
become an important tool for the rational engineering of industrial
microorganisms. This book has a particular interest in the methods
and applications of metabolic engineering to improve the production
and yield of a variety of different metabolites. The overall goal
is to achieve a better understanding of the metabolism in different
microorganisms, and provide a rational basis to reprogram
microorganisms for improved biochemical production.
Endotoxins are potentially toxic compounds produced by
Gram-negative bacteria including some pathogens. Unlike exotoxins,
which are secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, endotoxins are
comprised of structural components of bacteria. Endotoxins can
cause a whole-body inflammatory state, sepsis, leading to low blood
pressure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. This book
brings together contributions from researchers in the forefront of
these subjects. It is divided into two sections. The first deals
with how endotoxins are synthesized and end up on the bacterial
surface. The second discussed how endotoxins activate TLR4 and, in
turn, how TLR4 generates the molecular signals leading to
infectious and inflammatory diseases. The way endotoxins interact
with the host cells is fundamental to understanding the mechanism
of sepsis, and recent research on these aspects of endotoxins has
served to illuminate previously undescribed functions of the innate
immune system. This volume presents a description of endotoxins
according to their genetic constitution, structure, function and
mode of interaction with host cells.
Endotoxins are potentially toxic compounds produced by
Gram-negative bacteria including some pathogens. Unlike exotoxins,
which are secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, endotoxins are
comprised of structural components of bacteria. Endotoxins can
cause a whole-body inflammatory state, sepsis, leading to low blood
pressure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. This book
brings together contributions from researchers in the forefront of
these subjects. It is divided into two sections: the first dealing
with how endotoxins are synthesized and end up on the bacterial
surface. The second discussed how endotoxins activate the Toll-like
receptor TLR4 and, in turn, how TLR4 generates the molecular
signals leading to infectious and inflammatory diseases. The way
endotoxins interact with the host cells is fundamental to
understanding the mechanism of sepsis, and recent research on these
aspects of endotoxins has served to illuminate previously
undescribed functions of the innate immune system. This volume
presents a description of endotoxins according to their genetic
constitution, structure, function and mode of interaction with host
cells.
Lipids are functionally versatile molecules. They have evolved from
relatively simple hydrocarbons that serve as depot storages of
metabolites and barriers to the permeation of solutes into complex
compounds that perform a variety of signalling functions in higher
organisms. This volume is devoted to the polar lipids and their
constituents. We have omitted the neutral lipids like fats and oils
because their function is generally to act as deposits of
metabolizable substrates. The sterols are also outside the scope of
the present volume and the reader is referred to volume 28 of this
series which is the subject of cholesterol. The polar lipids are
comprised of fatty acids attached to either glycerol or
sphingosine. The fatty acids themselves constitute an important
reservoir of substrates for conversion into families of signalling
and modulating molecules including the eicosanoids amongst which
are the prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leucotrienes. The way
fatty acid metabolism is regulated in the liver and how fatty acids
are desaturated are subjects considered in the first part of this
volume. This section also deals with the modulation of protein
function and inflammation by unsaturated fatty acids and their
derivatives. New insights into the role of fatty acid synthesis and
eicosenoid function in tumour progression and metastasis are
presented.
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