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The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial
inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and
ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal
legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and
sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and
Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy
of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social
context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice.
Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization,
and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and
Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on
community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and
criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of
racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve
community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and
severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal
harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will
involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating
local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report
also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national
picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack
of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and
accountability. While the available data points toward trends that
Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented
in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments
compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research
should be explored to better inform decision-making. Table of
Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Racial Disparities
in Victimization, Offending, and Involvement with the Criminal
Justice System 3 Social Drivers of Racial Inequalities in Crime and
Justice 4 Criminal Justice Drivers of Racial Inequalities 5
Introduction to Part II 6 Community-Driven Safety and Reducing Harm
7 Non-Criminal Policy Approaches to Reduce Racial Inequalities in
Crime and Justice 8 Criminal Justice System Reforms to Reduce
Racial Inequality 9 The Federal Role 10 Data and Research
Opportunities References Appendix: Biosketches of Committee Members
and Staff
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Communities in Action - Pathways to Health Equity (Paperback)
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States; Edited by Alina Baciu, …
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In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater
disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not
only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of
the population, but also because of inequities in factors that
impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part
of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and
choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor
education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation,
interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute
to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay
of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these
factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are
intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies
that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action:
Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the
solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report
focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what
actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are
part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and
structural barriers that need to be overcome. Table of Contents
Front Matter Summary 1 The Need to Promote Health Equity 2 The
State of Health Disparities in the United States 3 The Root Causes
of Health Inequity 4 The Role of Communities in Promoting Health
Equity 5 Examples of Communities Tackling Health Inequity 6
Policies to Support Community Solutions 7 Partners in Promoting
Health Equity in Communities 8 Community Tools to Promote Health
Equity 9 Conclusion Appendix A: Native American Health: Historical
and Legal Context Appendix B: Community-Level Indicators and
Interactive Tools for Health Equity Appendix C: Public Meeting
Agendas Appendix D: Committee Biographical Sketches
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