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This book investigates first language (L1) and second language (L2)
use in Chinese university classrooms, focusing on the experiences
of four Chinese EFL teachers who were teaching non-English major
students at four different proficiency levels. It examines these
four teachers' actual use of L1 and L2, including the distribution
of their L1 and L2 use; the circumstances, functions and
grammatical patterns of their language use; and their language use
across different frames of classroom discourse. It also explores
their attitudes and beliefs regarding this issue in depth, as well
as their own perceptions of and reasons for their language use and
possible influencing factors. Through its detailed analysis of the
teachers' language use, as well as their respective beliefs and
decision-making techniques, this book contributes to L2 teachers'
professional development and L2 teaching in general, especially
with regard to establishing a pedagogically principled approach to
L1 and L2 use.
This book develops a framework that shows how uncertainty in
Artificial Intelligence (AI) expands and generalizes traditional
AI. It explores the uncertainties of knowledge and intelligence.
The authors focus on the importance of natural language - the
carrier of knowledge and intelligence, and introduce efficient
physical methods for data mining amd control. In this new edition,
we have more in-depth description of the models and methods, of
which the mathematical properties are proved strictly which make
these theories and methods more complete. The authors also
highlight their latest research results.
This book investigates first language (L1) and second language (L2)
use in Chinese university classrooms, focusing on the experiences
of four Chinese EFL teachers who were teaching non-English major
students at four different proficiency levels. It examines these
four teachers' actual use of L1 and L2, including the distribution
of their L1 and L2 use; the circumstances, functions and
grammatical patterns of their language use; and their language use
across different frames of classroom discourse. It also explores
their attitudes and beliefs regarding this issue in depth, as well
as their own perceptions of and reasons for their language use and
possible influencing factors. Through its detailed analysis of the
teachers' language use, as well as their respective beliefs and
decision-making techniques, this book contributes to L2 teachers'
professional development and L2 teaching in general, especially
with regard to establishing a pedagogically principled approach to
L1 and L2 use.
This book develops a framework that shows how uncertainty in
Artificial Intelligence (AI) expands and generalizes traditional
AI. It explores the uncertainties of knowledge and intelligence.
The authors focus on the importance of natural language - the
carrier of knowledge and intelligence, and introduce efficient
physical methods for data mining amd control. In this new edition,
we have more in-depth description of the models and methods, of
which the mathematical properties are proved strictly which make
these theories and methods more complete. The authors also
highlight their latest research results.
The information deluge currently assaulting us in the 21st century
is having a profound impact on our lifestyles and how we work. We
must constantly separate trustworthy and required information from
the massive amount of data we encounter each day. Through
mathematical theories, models, and experimental computations,
Artificial Intelligence with Uncertainty explores the uncertainties
of knowledge and intelligence that occur during the cognitive
processes of human beings. The authors focus on the importance of
natural language-the carrier of knowledge and intelligence-for
artificial intelligence (AI) study. This book develops a framework
that shows how uncertainty in AI expands and generalizes
traditional AI. It describes the cloud model, its uncertainties of
randomness and fuzziness, and the correlation between them. The
book also centers on other physical methods for data mining, such
as the data field and knowledge discovery state space. In addition,
it presents an inverted pendulum example to discuss reasoning and
control with uncertain knowledge as well as provides a cognitive
physics model to visualize human thinking with hierarchy. With
in-depth discussions on the fundamentals, methodologies, and
uncertainties in AI, this book explains and simulates human
thinking, leading to a better understanding of cognitive processes.
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