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One ofthe major drivers in biological research is the establishment
ofstructures and functions of the 50,000 or so proteins in our
bodies. Each has a characteristic- dimensional structure, highly
"ordered" yet "disordered"! This structure is essential for a
protein's function and, significantly, it must be sustained in the
competitive and complex environment of the living cell. It is now
being recognised that when a cell loses control, proteins can se-
assemble into more complex supermolecular structures such as the
amyloid fibres and plaques associated with the pathogenesis of
prion (CJD) or age-related (Alzheimer's) diseases. This is a
pointer to the wider significance of the self-assembling properties
of polypeptides. It has been long known that, in silk, polypeptides
are assembled into- sheet structures which impart on the material
its highly exploitable properties of flexibility combined with high
tensile strength. But only now emerging is the recognition that
peptides can Self-assemble into a wide variety of non-protein-like
structures, including fibrils, fibres, tubules, sheets and
monolayers. These are exciting observations and, more so, the
potential for materials and medical exploitations is so wide
ranging that over 80 scientists from Europe, USA, Japan and Israel.
met 1-6 July 1999 in Crete, to discuss the wide-ranging
implications of these novel developments. There was a spirit of
excitement about the workshop indicative of an important new
endeavor. The emerging perception is that of a new class of
materials set to become commercially viable early in the 21st
century.
One ofthe major drivers in biological research is the establishment
ofstructures and functions of the 50,000 or so proteins in our
bodies. Each has a characteristic- dimensional structure, highly
"ordered" yet "disordered"! This structure is essential for a
protein's function and, significantly, it must be sustained in the
competitive and complex environment of the living cell. It is now
being recognised that when a cell loses control, proteins can se-
assemble into more complex supermolecular structures such as the
amyloid fibres and plaques associated with the pathogenesis of
prion (CJD) or age-related (Alzheimer's) diseases. This is a
pointer to the wider significance of the self-assembling properties
of polypeptides. It has been long known that, in silk, polypeptides
are assembled into- sheet structures which impart on the material
its highly exploitable properties of flexibility combined with high
tensile strength. But only now emerging is the recognition that
peptides can Self-assemble into a wide variety of non-protein-like
structures, including fibrils, fibres, tubules, sheets and
monolayers. These are exciting observations and, more so, the
potential for materials and medical exploitations is so wide
ranging that over 80 scientists from Europe, USA, Japan and Israel.
met 1-6 July 1999 in Crete, to discuss the wide-ranging
implications of these novel developments. There was a spirit of
excitement about the workshop indicative of an important new
endeavor. The emerging perception is that of a new class of
materials set to become commercially viable early in the 21st
century.
China was steeped in the concepts and ideology of a planned economy
for 30 years until reforms began in 1978. Although the country is
now well on its way to becoming a market economy, its trading
system remains shackled by its centrally planned past. Measuring
the Costs of Protection in China analyzes some of the costs of
trade protection and the corresponding benefits of liberalization
for 25 highly protected sectors in China. The book begins with a
description of the development of China's trade administration
system, sketching the obstacles to and prospects for further
liberalization. The authors analyze the structure of Chinese trade
protection and present their estimates of its static costs. They
then offer an in-depth analysis of the country's trade regime and
of the administrative barriers to rationalization and
liberalization.The final chapter presents the authors'
recommendations for improving China's trade system. They conclude
that the short-term costs of trade liberalization for goods
examined in the study will be substantial in terms of lost domestic
output and lost jobs. The long-term benefits, however, would
provide some $35 billion worth of consumer benefits. Five
appendices provide greater technical detail on the modeling and
methodology applied in this study, as well as a brief description
of some peculiarities of the Chinese trade regime-including copious
levels of smuggling and monopolistic market structures. The study
was conducted by a team of Chinese economists at the independent
Unirule Institute in Beijing, whose president is the prominent
reformer, Mao Yushi. It is part of the Institute's series on the
costs of protection in several major countries, which has
previously produced publications on the United States, Japan, and
Korea.
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