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This chapter briefly describes the general goals of the book,
introduces the most fundamental features of the methodology that is
employed to achieve these goals, and gives an outline of the
structure of the book. A more detailed account of the goals and
methodology is presented in chapters 2 and 3, respectively. What
the Book Is About The main objective of this study is to attempt to
answer the question: How do people understand their emotions? As we
shall see in the next chapter, a large number of scholars have
tried to provide answers to this question. The interest in the way
people understand their emotions has led scholars to the issue of
the nature of emotion concepts and emotional meaning. Since the
notion of understanding involves or presupposes the notions of
concept and meaning, it was only natural for scholars with an
interest in the way people understand their emotions to tum their
attention to emo tion concepts and the meaning associated with
emotion terms. So the broader issue has often become more specific.
For example, Davitz in his The Language of Emotion formulated the
central question in the following way: "What does a person mean
when he says someone is happy or angry or sad?" (Davitz 1969: 1)."
The phenomenon known as metaphor is an extremely complex mental
event - we cannot capture its complexity if we tie ourselves to
existing standard views on metaphor. This book offers fresh insight
into metaphor, updating an established theory, conceptual metaphor
theory (CMT), in the context of current cognitive linguistic
theory, and clarifying many of the issues that researchers in the
study of metaphor have raised against conceptual metaphor theory.
Starting with an introduction to CMT, the subsequent chapters set
out propositions for Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory, including
a discussion on whether literal language exists at all, whether
conceptual metaphors are both conceptual and contextual, and
whether they are both offline and online. Providing a fresh take on
a constantly developing field, this study will enrich the work of
researchers in areas ranging from metaphorical cognition to
literary studies.
The phenomenon known as metaphor is an extremely complex mental
event - we cannot capture its complexity if we tie ourselves to
existing standard views on metaphor. This book offers fresh insight
into metaphor, updating an established theory, conceptual metaphor
theory (CMT), in the context of current cognitive linguistic
theory, and clarifying many of the issues that researchers in the
study of metaphor have raised against conceptual metaphor theory.
Starting with an introduction to CMT, the subsequent chapters set
out propositions for Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory, including
a discussion on whether literal language exists at all, whether
conceptual metaphors are both conceptual and contextual, and
whether they are both offline and online. Providing a fresh take on
a constantly developing field, this study will enrich the work of
researchers in areas ranging from metaphorical cognition to
literary studies.
How do we make sense of our experience? In order to understand how
we construct meaning, the varied and complex relationships among
language, mind, and culture need to be understood. While cognitive
linguists typically study the cognitive aspects of language, and
linguistic anthropologists typically study language and culture,
Language, Mind, and Culture is the first book to combine all three
and provide an account of meaning-making in language and culture by
examining the many cognitive operations in this process.
In addition to providing a comprehensive theory of how we can
account for meaning making, Language, Mind, and Culture is a
textbook for anyone interested in the fascinating issues
surrounding the relationship between language, mind, and culture.
Further, the book is also a "practical" introduction: most of the
chapters include exercises that help the student understand the
theoretical issues. No prior knowledge of linguistics is assumed,
and the material is accessible and useful to students in a variety
of other disciplines, such as anthropology, English, sociology,
philosophy, psychology, communication, rhetoric, and others.
Language, Mind, and Culture helps us make sense of not only
linguistic meaning but also of some of the important personal and
social issues we encounter in our lives as members of particular
cultures and as human beings.
In Where Metaphors Come From, Zoltan Koevecses proposes a
metaphorical grounding that augments and refines conceptual
metaphor theory according to which conceptual metaphors are based
on our bodily experience. While this is certainly true in many
cases of metaphor, the role of the body in metaphor creation can
and should be reinterpreted, and, consequently, the body can be
seen as just one of the several contexts from which metaphors can
emerge (including the situational, discourse, and
conceptual-cognitive contexts) - although perhaps the dominant or
crucial one. Koevecses is a leader in CMT, and his argument in this
book is more in line with what has been discovered about the nature
of human cognition in recent years; namely, that human cognition is
grounded in experience in multiple ways - embodiment, in a strict
sense, being just one of them (see Barsalou, 2008; Gibbs, 2006;
Pecher and Zwaan, 2005). In light of the present work, this is
because cognition, including metaphorical cognition, is grounded in
not only the body, but also in the situations in which people act
and lead their lives, the discourses in which they are engaged at
any time in communicating and interacting with each other, and the
conceptual knowledge they have accumulated about the world in the
course of their experience of it.
In Where Metaphors Come From, Zoltan Koevecses proposes a
metaphorical grounding that augments and refines conceptual
metaphor theory according to which conceptual metaphors are based
on our bodily experience. While this is certainly true in many
cases of metaphor, the role of the body in metaphor creation can
and should be reinterpreted, and, consequently, the body can be
seen as just one of the several contexts from which metaphors can
emerge (including the situational, discourse, and
conceptual-cognitive contexts) - although perhaps the dominant or
crucial one. Koevecses is a leader in CMT, and his argument in this
book is more in line with what has been discovered about the nature
of human cognition in recent years; namely, that human cognition is
grounded in experience in multiple ways - embodiment, in a strict
sense, being just one of them (see Barsalou, 2008; Gibbs, 2006;
Pecher and Zwaan, 2005). In light of the present work, this is
because cognition, including metaphorical cognition, is grounded in
not only the body, but also in the situations in which people act
and lead their lives, the discourses in which they are engaged at
any time in communicating and interacting with each other, and the
conceptual knowledge they have accumulated about the world in the
course of their experience of it.
This volume presents selected contributions to an annual symposium
on metaphor and metonymy held at the English Department of
Heidelberg University. It brings together papers by lecturers, PhD
students and graduates from three universities - Heidelberg
University, Eoetvoes Lorand University in Budapest, and the
University of East Anglia in Norwich. The contributions illustrate
the plurality of perspectives and methods in current
cognitive-linguistic research on metaphor and metonymy and
exemplify some of the ways in which they can be combined. The
papers also attest to the wide range of domains and topics to which
metaphor- and metonymy-based research can be applied, including
emotion terms, political and scientific discourse, morphology,
cross-cultural variation and internet communication.
To what extent and in what ways is metaphorical thought relevant to
an understanding of culture and society? More specifically: can the
cognitive linguistic view of metaphor simultaneously explain both
universality and diversity in metaphorical thought? Cognitive
linguists have done important work on universal aspects of
metaphor, but they have paid much less attention to why metaphors
vary both interculturally and intraculturally as extensively as
they do. In this book, Zoltan Kovecses proposes a new theory of
metaphor variation. First, he identifies the major dimension of
metaphor variation, that is, those social and cultural boundaries
that signal discontinuities in human experience. Second, he
describes which components, or aspects of conceptual metaphor are
involved in metaphor variation, and how they are involved. Third,
he isolates the main causes of metaphor variation. Fourth Professor
Kovecses addresses the issue to the degree of cultural coherence in
the interplay among conceptual metaphors, embodiment, and causes of
metaphor variation.
To what extent and in what ways is metaphorical thought relevant to
an understanding of culture and society? More specifically: can the
cognitive linguistic view of metaphor simultaneously explain both
universality and diversity in metaphorical thought? Cognitive
linguists have done important work on universal aspects of
metaphor, but they have paid much less attention to why metaphors
vary both interculturally and intraculturally as extensively as
they do. In this book, Zoltan Kovecses proposes a new theory of
metaphor variation. First, he identifies the major dimension of
metaphor variation, that is, those social and cultural boundaries
that signal discontinuities in human experience. Second, he
describes which components, or aspects of conceptual metaphor are
involved in metaphor variation, and how they are involved. Third,
he isolates the main causes of metaphor variation. Fourth Professor
Kovecses addresses the issue to the degree of cultural coherence in
the interplay among conceptual metaphors, embodiment, and causes of
metaphor variation.
Are human emotions best characterized as biological, psychological, or cultural entities? Many researchers claim that emotions arise either from human biology (i.e. biological reductionism) or as products of culture (i.e. social constructionism). This book challenges this simplistic division between the body and culture by showing how human emotions are to a large extent "constructed" from individuals' embodied experiences in different cultural settings. The view proposed here demonstrates how cultural aspects of emotions, metaphorical language about the emotions, and human physiology in emotion are all part of an intergrated system. It shows how this system points to the reconciliation of the seemingly contradictory views of biological reductionism and social constructionism in contemporary debates about human emotion.
Are human emotions best characterized as biological, psychological, or cultural entities? Many researchers claim that emotions arise either from human biology (i.e. biological reductionism) or as products of culture (i.e. social constructionism). This book challenges this simplistic division between the body and culture by showing how human emotions are to a large extent "constructed" from individuals' embodied experiences in different cultural settings. The view proposed here demonstrates how cultural aspects of emotions, metaphorical language about the emotions, and human physiology in emotion are all part of an intergrated system. It shows how this system points to the reconciliation of the seemingly contradictory views of biological reductionism and social constructionism in contemporary debates about human emotion.
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