Designed for students, travelers, photographers, and videographers, the 4TB Rugged Mini USB 3.0 External Hard Drive from LaCie features shock, drop, and pressure resistance, as well as a rubber sleeve for added protection. It can also withstand up to one ton of crush resistance, including being driven over by a car. Aside from its tough exterior, the Rugged Mini provides a storage capacity of 4TB and data transfers of up to 130 MB/s. It connects to your host Windows or Mac system using its USB 3.0 interface and includes both USB Type-C and USB Type-A cables.

General Features
Shock-, rain-, and pressure-resistant
Password protection
The USB 3.0 interface, which is also known as USB 3.1 Gen 1 and USB 3.2 Gen 1, delivers speeds of up to 130 MB/s
Use Cases
Students
Store music, video, and confidential school documents on a secure device that fits in a backpack
Travelers
Protect valuable data from loss, theft, or accident while on the road
Photographers
Its small form factor and toughness make this product good for use in the field or to safely deliver large files to customers and partners, and encryption adds an extra layer of intellectual property protection
Videographers
Good for shuttling dailies or other footage to the studio and transferring files quickly, thanks to USB 3.0

High speed: the SureFire gaming HDD impresses with a read and write speed of up to 140 MB/s – shorter charging times ensure a better gaming experience
High capacity: with the 1 TB hard drive, you have plenty of space to store your games and files – in addition, you can store all games comfortably in one place with the external hard drive.
Connection and compatibility: thanks to the combination connection with USB-C the hard drive is also compatible with the latest devices – high transfer speed thanks to USB 3.2 Gen 1 technology.
Special features: the changing multi-colour RGB LED accent lighting ensures an optimal gaming look – in addition, the Nero backup software (for Windows) protects your files
SureFire by Verbatim – Whatever game you play, you need the right kit to win. Built to last, user-friendly, lightning fast – SureFire keeps your back free.

Seagate Expansion portable drive, add-on storage for your PC The Seagate® Expansion portable drive is compact and perfect for taking with you on the go. Add more storage space to your computer instantly and take large files with you when you travel. Set-up is straightforward: simply connect a single USB cable and you are ready to go. The drive is powered from the USB cable, so there is no need for an external power supply. Also, it is automatically recognised by the Windows® operating system, so there is no software to install and nothing to configure. Saving files is easy — simply drag and drop. Take advantage of the fast data transfer speeds with the USB 3.0 interface by connecting to a SuperSpeed USB 3.0 port. USB 3.0 is backward compatible with USB 2.0 for additional system compatibility. Installs in seconds Seagate® Expansion™ portable hard drive features make it incredibly easy to use this drive right from the box. - Simply plug the included USB cable into your computer – no external power supply is needed. - The drive is automatically recognised by the Windows operating system – no software to install and nothing to configure. - Drag and drop to save files to the Expansion portable drive. - Built-in power management automatically ensures energy-efficient operation

My Passport™ for Mac is trusted, portable storage that perfectly complements your on-the-go lifestyle. Compatible with USB-C and USB-A devices, My Passport for Mac comes equipped to connect with today's latest technology. Designed to fit in the palm of your hand, there’s plenty of space to store a massive amount of photos, videos, music and documents. Perfectly paired with Apple’s Time Machine backup software and password protection, the My Passport for Mac drive helps keep your files safe.

Designed for Mac

My Passport for Mac portable storage works straight out of the box with Mac devices which makes it easy to get going quickly – drag and drop files to and from, or setup a backup routine with Apple’s Time Machine software to help protect your photos, videos, music and documents.

USB-C Ready, USB-A Compatible

My Passport for Mac includes USB-C and USB-A cables for universal compatibility with Mac computers of yesterday and today.

Password Protection with Hardware Encryption

The My Passport for Mac drive’s built-in 256-bit AES hardware encryption with WD Security™ software helps keep your content private and safe. Just activate password protection and set your own personalized password.

The LaCie Rugged USB-C portable drive marries rugged durability with cutting-edge USB-C. The result is a vault for your data that’s compatible with next-gen computers like the Apple Macbook, as well as USB computers.

Featuring the market’s highest storage capacity for its size, the LaCie Rugged USB-C gives you enough space to store your digital present— and future. Massive capacity lets you use the LaCie Rugged as a shuttle drive to transport footage from set to post-production or to store a huge Lightroom library.

Creative pros have been depending on LaCie Rugged drives for over a decade because they are the most reliable way to transport and capture data in the field. With resistance to drops, crush, rain and unauthorized access, the LaCie Rugged USB-C is tough enough for extreme
conditions—from a sudden rainstorm to a crush of suitcases in an airplane cargo hold.

- Drop resistance: 4-ft (1.2m)
- Crush resistance: 1-ton car
- Water resistance: rain
- Unauthorized access resistance: encryption available
- 2-year limited warranty

Compact and portable
The Seagate Expansion portable drive is compact and perfect for on the-go. Instantly add more storage space to your PC or Mac and take large files with you when you travel.

The Easy Way to Store and Go
Seagate Basic pairs delivers simple drag-and-drop backup in a lightweight, compact design. The result, extra storage for your computer in a portable hard drive that’s perfect for life on the go.

Give Your Computer Extra Portable Hard Drive Space
Whether you want to free up hard drive space on your Windows computer or simply back up files so that you’ve got a second copy, Seagate Basic makes it ridiculously easy — just drag and drop!

Take Your Backup Hard Drive Anywhere
Lightweight, compact, and totally portable, Seagate Basic is designed so that you can bring loads of files wherever you go. Just slip the USB 3.0 external hard drive in your bag, head out, and connect to your computer via the included cable.

No Software. No Fuss.
When it comes to backup for Windows, Seagate Basic gets straight to the point. You don’t need to worry about installing software or anything else — it’s ready to go out of the box. To use with Macs, simply reformat.

Welcome to simple, on-the-go storage for your digital world.

The Smallest Member of the Rugged Family

With its iconic orange design and data security, the Rugged has been one of our most popular hard drives. With the Rugged Mini drive, we've reduced the size and added tons of new features, making it perfect for on-the-go data transport.

Maximum Reliability

The LaCie Rugged Mini shares features with our popular Rugged drive, like shock resistance, drop resistance, and a rubber sleeve for added protection. But with the Rugged Mini drive, we've gone a step further: not only is it rain resistant, it’s also pressure resistant, so if you accidentally drive over it with a 1-ton car, your files remain accessible*.

The Speed of USB 3.0

With the Rugged Mini, you've got the speed of USB 3.0, and full backward compatibility with USB 2.0**, meaning that you can use it on almost any computer. You can transfer a 800 MB video file in around 6 seconds with USB 3.0, compared to 25 seconds with USB 2.0***.

User-friendly Software Suite Included

Automatic Backup

Easy setup and automatic worry-free backup for both PC and Mac® computers.

Password Protection

LaCie Private-Public software▲ ensures your files remain completely confidential.

40% Energy Savings

Automatic Eco Mode lowers the power consumption by up to 40%▲▲ when not in use, increasing the battery life of your notebook or laptop.

* Determined by a test that approximates a real-world scenario in which the hard drive remained functional, despite aesthetic damage, after the product was driven over by an approximately 1-ton car (1000 kg / 2205 lbs).
** To achieve full interface bandwidth, connect the product to a USB 3.0 port on a computer or device.
*** Actual data rates may vary depending on operating environment and other factors. Quantitative usage examples for various applications are for illustrative purposes. Actual quantities will vary based on various factors, including file size, file format, features, and application software.
▲ Encryption software is only available via download and is not available in Russia.
▲▲ Up to 40% energy savings (1 W vs. 1.7 W) with automatic standby. May vary depending on capacity and from one drive to another. When referring to drive capacity, one gigabyte, or GB, equals one billion bytes and one terabyte, or TB, equals one thousand billion bytes. Your computer’s operating system may use a different standard of measurement and report a lower capacity. In addition, some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions and will not be available for data storage.

Every journey needs a passport. The My Passport drive is trusted, portable storage that gives you the confidence and freedom to drive forward in life. With a new, stylish design that fits in the palm of your hand, there’s space to store, organize, and share your photos, videos, music, and documents. Perfectly paired with WD Backup™ software and password protection, the My Passport drive helps keep your digital life's contents safe. Slim style. Make the most of your journey with style that suits you. The new My Passport has been redesigned to feature a convenient, slim form factor and is available in a range of vibrant colors. Backed up. Make sure everything you create while on your own life journey - photos, videos, music, and documents - doesn’t get lost. The My Passport drive comes equipped with WD Backup™ software that can be set to run automatically to your schedule. Just pick the time and frequency to back up important files from your system onto your My Passport drive. Locked down. Keep your digital life's contents secure with My Passport password protection and built-in 256-bit AES hardware encryption. Just activate password protection and set your own personalized password using WD Discovery™. Super easy. My Passport portable storage is ready right out of the box including all necessary cables. And with SuperSpeed USB, you can quickly start backing up everything in your life and keep driving forward. Social friendly. Included WD Discovery™ software1 lets you connect to popular social media and cloud storage services like Facebook, Dropbox, and Google Drive™. Seamlessly import, organize, and share your photos, videos, and docs to the My Passport drive to backup your online social life.2 WD Discovery can also manage your drive through WD Drive Utilities™. Ongoing confidence. There's no telling what's ahead in your own journey. That's why WD builds drives to demanding requirements for durability and long-term reliability. On top of that, it comes with a 3-year limited warranty.

Incredible Ultra High Speeds
The StoreJet 25H3B USB 3.0 portable hard drive is equipped with the next-generation SuperSpeed USB 3.0 interface that provides transfer speeds at least 3X faster than USB 2.0 models. Thanks to the improved bandwidth of USB 3.0, the StoreJet 25H3B makes file sharing easier and quicker than ever with real-world transfer speeds of up to 90MB/s.

Military-Grade Shock Resistance
Compact, durable and reliable, the StoreJet 25H3B rugged external hard drive is shielded by an advanced three-stage shock protection system to withstand even the toughest user environment. The royal blue outer shell is made of a slip-resistant silicone material, reinforced by a hard casing and an internal hard drive suspension damper – all designed to reduce forces of impact and provide maximum shock-absorption.

Simple File Management
Using the StoreJet 25H3B on your computer couldn’t be easier. Simply connect the drive to a SuperSpeed USB 3.0 port and drag and drop desired files to and from the device. The StoreJet 25H3B supports Microsoft Windows 8/7/Vista/XP, Mac OS X, and Linux systems, and is backwards compatible with USB 2.0 ports.

One Touch Auto Backup Button
The StoreJet 25H3B is equipped with an extremely convenient One Touch auto-backup button for instant data backup and synchronization when used with Transcend Elite software.

Every journey needs a passport. The My Passport drive is trusted, portable storage that gives you the confidence and freedom to drive forward in life. With a new, stylish design that fits in the palm of your hand, there’s space to store, organize, and share your photos, videos, music, and documents. Perfectly paired with WD Backup™ software and password protection, the My Passport drive helps keep your digital life's contents safe. Slim style. Make the most of your journey with style that suits you. The new My Passport has been redesigned to feature a convenient, slim form factor and is available in a range of vibrant colors. Backed up. Make sure everything you create while on your own life journey - photos, videos, music, and documents - doesn’t get lost. The My Passport drive comes equipped with WD Backup™ software that can be set to run automatically to your schedule. Just pick the time and frequency to back up important files from your system onto your My Passport drive. Locked down. Keep your digital life's contents secure with My Passport password protection and built-in 256-bit AES hardware encryption. Just activate password protection and set your own personalized password using WD Discovery™. Super easy. My Passport portable storage is ready right out of the box including all necessary cables. And with SuperSpeed USB, you can quickly start backing up everything in your life and keep driving forward. Social friendly. Included WD Discovery™ software1 lets you connect to popular social media and cloud storage services like Facebook, Dropbox, and Google Drive™. Seamlessly import, organize, and share your photos, videos, and docs to the My Passport drive to backup your online social life.2 WD Discovery can also manage your drive through WD Drive Utilities™. Ongoing confidence. There's no telling what's ahead in your own journey. That's why WD builds drives to demanding requirements for durability and long-term reliability. On top of that, it comes with a 3-year limited warranty.

The AData HD720 ultra-durable external hard drive has arrived, providing mobile, rapid, and dependable data access in a rugged and sporty design . It features a large storage capacity, and also undergoes stringent tests for waterproofing, dustproofing and shock resistance to provide excellent protection of data. The housing of the HD720 is comprised of a triple-layer construction that incorporates exceptionally elastic silicone material to provide great shock absorption from all angles.The Ultra –Durable AData HD720 has passed the stringent IP68 test, offering excellent water and dust resistant protection.

Thanks to its durable design, the AData HD720 works normally even in a dusty environment or after being submerged in its storage state in 2 meter-deep water for up to 120 minutes. This USB 3.0 drive is capable of handling the toughest conditions, and still delivers your data at the blazing fast speeds you’ve come to expect. The HD720 is the most rugged data backup for your next adventure!

IP68 Water and Dust Resistant Qualified
The AData HD720 has passed the stringent IP68 test, offering excellent water and dust resistant protection. Thanks to its durable design, the HD720 works normally even in a dusty environment or after being submerged in its storage state in 2 meter-deep water for up to 120 minutes.

Tougher Shock Test Qualified
The AData HD720 has passed a stricter 1.8m drop test than the standard military-grade (MIL-STD-810G 516.6) requirement. It is capable of handling the sudden crash.

Triple-Layer Protection
The triple-layer construction of the HD720 incorporates exceptionally elastic silicone material to provide great shock absorption from all angles.

G Shock Sensor Protection helps protect your data.
If your AData HD720 External 2.5” 1TB USB 3.0 Portable Drive suffers a severe shock from being struck, G Shock Sensor Protection automatically starts up and displays a flashing red light. When the shock has passed, a solid or flashing blue light displays indicating normal operation has resumed.

Wrap-around USB Cable
The USB cable tucks into a wrap-around exterior groove in the drive casing, providing an elegant storage solution that matches the highly practical characteristics of the device.

The Capacity You Need
Did you run out of space to save the videos and photos when you went for your last adventure? The HD720 provides large storage capacities, allowing you to record every wonderful moment.

Every journey needs a passport. The My Passport drive is trusted, portable storage that gives you the confidence and freedom to drive forward in life. With a new, stylish design that fits in the palm of your hand, there’s space to store, organize, and share your photos, videos, music, and documents. Perfectly paired with WD Backup™ software and password protection, the My Passport drive helps keep your digital life's contents safe. Slim style. Make the most of your journey with style that suits you. The new My Passport has been redesigned to feature a convenient, slim form factor and is available in a range of vibrant colors. Backed up. Make sure everything you create while on your own life journey - photos, videos, music, and documents - doesn’t get lost. The My Passport drive comes equipped with WD Backup™ software that can be set to run automatically to your schedule. Just pick the time and frequency to back up important files from your system onto your My Passport drive. Locked down. Keep your digital life's contents secure with My Passport password protection and built-in 256-bit AES hardware encryption. Just activate password protection and set your own personalized password using WD Discovery™. Super easy. My Passport portable storage is ready right out of the box including all necessary cables. And with SuperSpeed USB, you can quickly start backing up everything in your life and keep driving forward. Social friendly. Included WD Discovery™ software1 lets you connect to popular social media and cloud storage services like Facebook, Dropbox, and Google Drive™. Seamlessly import, organize, and share your photos, videos, and docs to the My Passport drive to backup your online social life.2 WD Discovery can also manage your drive through WD Drive Utilities™. Ongoing confidence. There's no telling what's ahead in your own journey. That's why WD builds drives to demanding requirements for durability and long-term reliability. On top of that, it comes with a 3-year limited warranty.

The LaCie® Rugged® USB-C portable drive marries rugged durability with cutting-edge USB-C. The result is a vault for your data that’s compatible with next-gen computers like the Apple Macbook, as well as USB computers.

Featuring the market’s highest storage capacity for its size, the LaCie Rugged USB-C gives you enough space to store your digital present— and future. Massive capacity lets you use the LaCie Rugged as a shuttle drive to transport footage from set to post-production or to store a huge Lightroom® library.

Creative pros have been depending on LaCie Rugged drives for over a decade because they are the most reliable way to transport and capture data in the field. With resistance to drops, crush, rain and unauthorized access, the LaCie Rugged USB-C is tough enough for extreme
conditions—from a sudden rainstorm to a crush of suitcases in an airplane cargo hold.

- New USB-C connector for next-generation computers
- Included USB 3.0 adapter works with PC or Mac®
- Bus powered for mobile workflows
- Drop-, crush- and rain-resistant for all-terrain use design by neil poulton

Take your data with you while on the go with the LaCie 1TB USB 3.2 Gen 1 Type-C Mobile Drive. Connect via USB 3.2 Gen 1 Type-C, allowing for up to 130 MB/s file transfers, backups, and image browsing. One-click or automatic backups make file storage easy. A USB Type-C cable is included. Constructed using post-consumer recycled aluminum, plastic, and packing materials, this external hard drive still features a sleek, portable design by Neil Poulton. Please note that this drive is preformatted exFAT.

Looking for an external portable hard drive that’s small enough for a loaded laptop bag, spacious enough for loads of content, and offers massive capacity?


Meet Seagate One Touch portable storage this portable HDD is compatible with USB 3.2 Gen1 (USB 3.0) and both Windows and Mac computers.


Topping it off — on-demand and customisable backup options that make file protection practically effortless and the peace of mind of having Rescue Data Recovery Services.

Every journey needs a passport. The My Passport drive is trusted, portable storage that gives you the confidence and freedom to drive forward in life. With a new, stylish design that fits in the palm of your hand, there’s space to store, organize, and share your photos, videos, music, and documents. Perfectly paired with WD Backup™ software and password protection, the My Passport drive helps keep your digital life's contents safe. Slim style. Make the most of your journey with style that suits you. The new My Passport has been redesigned to feature a convenient, slim form factor and is available in a range of vibrant colors. Backed up. Make sure everything you create while on your own life journey - photos, videos, music, and documents - doesn’t get lost. The My Passport drive comes equipped with WD Backup™ software that can be set to run automatically to your schedule. Just pick the time and frequency to back up important files from your system onto your My Passport drive. Locked down. Keep your digital life's contents secure with My Passport password protection and built-in 256-bit AES hardware encryption. Just activate password protection and set your own personalized password using WD Discovery™. Super easy. My Passport portable storage is ready right out of the box including all necessary cables. And with SuperSpeed USB, you can quickly start backing up everything in your life and keep driving forward. Social friendly. Included WD Discovery™ software1 lets you connect to popular social media and cloud storage services like Facebook, Dropbox, and Google Drive™. Seamlessly import, organize, and share your photos, videos, and docs to the My Passport drive to backup your online social life.2 WD Discovery can also manage your drive through WD Drive Utilities™. Ongoing confidence. There's no telling what's ahead in your own journey. That's why WD builds drives to demanding requirements for durability and long-term reliability. On top of that, it comes with a 3-year limited warranty.

Laptop Free. Carefree.
Copy files via SD card slot. Or, plug directly into your USB devices. Status screen alerts you once file transfer is complete.

View, Organise, and Manage from Your Phone
At the airport? On the train? Jump start post production using the Copilot BOSS app. Connect Copilot to your phone or tablet via USB and launch the app — no internet required.

Play back video
Rename files
Delete what you don’t want

Prepare for the Inevitable
It’s hard to prepare for everything that might happen on set or out in mother nature. But with DJI Copilot’s extreme durability and data rescue, you’ll be more ready than ever.

Enjoy Serious Compatibility:
iOS and Android phones and tablets
Mac and Windows computers
Most Drones, DSLR cameras, action cams, and card readers.
Works with iPad Pro Learn More

Edit with Adobe Creative Cloud
Make stunning videos for film, TV, and web with a one-month membership to Creative Cloud. Explore the entire collection of desktop and mobile apps — ranging from essentials like Adobe Photoshop CC and Premiere Pro CC to innovative new tools like Adobe XD.

What’s In the Box
DJI Copilot drive
MicroSD adaptor

USB-C drive-to-laptop cables
- USB-C (USB 3.1)
- USB-C to USB-A

Phone and tablet connectors
- Lightning cable for iOS devices
- Micro USB cable for Android
- USB-C cable for Android

Wall charger

Special Edition FireCuda External Hard Drive

Collect the officially licensed Grogu Drive and look upon the galaxy with wonder.

Themed from the world of The Mandalorian, this Special Edition FireCuda External Hard Drive is designed with the joyful look of The Child. And blue LED lighting gives your collection a force-inspired glow.

This small collectible drive contains a big capacity — perfect for all your games, media and files.

The LaCie Rugged USB-C portable drive marries rugged durability with cutting-edge USB-C. The result is a vault for your data that’s compatible with next-gen computers like the Apple Macbook, as well as USB computers

Featuring the market’s highest storage capacity for its size, the LaCie Rugged USB-C gives you enough space to store your digital present— and future. Massive capacity lets you use the LaCie Rugged as a shuttle drive to transport footage from set to post-production or to store a huge Lightroom library.

Creative pros have been depending on LaCie Rugged drives for over a decade because they are the most reliable way to transport and capture data in the field. With resistance to drops, crush, rain and unauthorized access, the LaCie Rugged USB-C is tough enough for extreme
conditions—from a sudden rainstorm to a crush of suitcases in an airplane cargo hold.

- Drop resistance: 4-ft (1.2m)
- Crush resistance: 1-ton car
- Water resistance: rain
- Unauthorized access resistance: encryption available
- 2-year limited warranty

Simple add-on storage that goes with you The Seagate Expansion Portable hard drive offers an easy-to-use solution when you need to instantly add storage to your computer and take files on the go. Drag and drop file saving, right out of the box USB powered Fast data transfer with USB 3.0 connectivity Expansion Portable Hard Drives The easy-to-use storage solution The Expansion portable hard drive can be installed easily by plugging in a single USB cord. You can start saving your digital files to this external hard drive within seconds of removing it from the box. Expansion Portable Hard Drives Instantly adds storage capacity Digital photos, videos and music files can tax your computer’s storage, causing performance to decline as its internal hard drive fills to capacity. The Expansion portable hard drive features a range of capacities, with the 1TB model offering enough data storage for: Up to 1,000 hours of digital video Up to 250 two-hour DVD films Up to 320,000 digital photos Up to 16,660 hours of digital music ext port expansion portable Overview 3 Installs in seconds Seagate® Expansion™ portable hard drive features make it incredibly easy to use this drive right from the box. Simply plug the included USB cable into your computer – no external power supply is needed. The drive is automatically recognised by the Windows operating system – no software to install and nothing to configure. Drag and drop to save files to the Expansion portable drive. Built-in power management automatically ensures energy-efficient operation What’s In the Box? Expansion Portable hard drive USB 3.0 cable Quick start guide

SIMPLE, FAST AND PORTABLE

Reliable, easy to use high-capacity storage to go.

High-capacity in a Sleek Design

With high capacity in a lightweight design, this drive is the ideal companion for users on the go.

Power up with USB 3.0

USB 3.0 connectivity means you can power up without carrying a bulky power cord and plug.

Plug-and-play Simplicity

Works right out of the box with Windows® PC — just plug into the USB port to instantly add storage.

WD QUALITY INSIDE AND OUT

For years, millions of people worldwide have trusted their data to WD hard drives, and our first concern is to reliably store that data. So we build the drive to our demanding requirements for durability, shock tolerance and long-term reliability.

USB 3.0 AND USB 2.0 COMPATIBILITY

With this single drive you get compatibility with the latest USB 3.0 devices and backward compatibility with USB 2.0 devices as well.

LaCie Mobile Drive Secure is the nexus of portability, capacity and security. Encased in a sleek Neil Poulton design, this product contains a minimum of 25% recycled materials (recycled plastic and aluminium measured by weight). Works with PC and Mac, with password protection that works with macOS and Windows. One-click or automatic backup makes file storage simple, and up to 5 TB of capacity supplies room for photos, docs and more.

Seagate Expansion portable drive, add-on storage for your PC The Seagate® Expansion portable drive is compact and perfect for taking with you on the go. Add more storage space to your computer instantly and take large files with you when you travel. Set-up is straightforward: simply connect a single USB cable and you are ready to go. The drive is powered from the USB cable, so there is no need for an external power supply. Also, it is automatically recognised by the Windows® operating system, so there is no software to install and nothing to configure. Saving files is easy — simply drag and drop. Take advantage of the fast data transfer speeds with the USB 3.0 interface by connecting to a SuperSpeed USB 3.0 port. USB 3.0 is backward compatible with USB 2.0 for additional system compatibility. Installs in seconds Seagate® Expansion™ portable hard drive features make it incredibly easy to use this drive right from the box. - Simply plug the included USB cable into your computer – no external power supply is needed. - The drive is automatically recognised by the Windows operating system – no software to install and nothing to configure. - Drag and drop to save files to the Expansion portable drive. - Built-in power management automatically ensures energy-efficient operation