This report assesses and maps 184 peer-reviewed, empirical research articles selected for their focus on linkages between water stress and human migration. First and most importantly, this literature asserts that migration is an extremely common social process and is normal in almost every society on earth. Moreover, environment- influenced migration is rarely (if ever) a resource threat to the regions to which people move. The literature does, however, observe that negative social outcomes can result from narratives that stigmatize migrants and/or cast migrants as a security threat - especially when these narratives are used to justify increased surveillance and monitoring of these people.

"In this timely publication, Dr Rott has sourced contributions from scientists working on cane throughout the tropics...Richly referenced, this is both an informed and informative book that is well written. It will appeal to both researchers and cane growers." International Sugar Journal/Agribusiness intelligence Sugarcane is the source of over three quarters of the world's sugar, and is grown widely in the tropics and sub-tropics. Despite rising demand, average yields have not increased significantly, partly because of continued vulnerability to pests and diseases. In addition, cultivation has been seen as damaging biodiversity and soil health with a negative effect on both yields and the environment. This volume summarises the wealth of research addressing these challenges. Volume 1 reviews cultivation techniques and sustainability issues. Part 1 summarises current best practice in sugarcane cultivation across the value chain, from planting through to post-harvest operations. Part 2 looks at ways of measuring the environmental impact of sugarcane cultivation as well as ways of supporting smallholders. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert authors, this will be a standard reference for sugarcane scientists, growers, government and non-governmental agencies responsible for supporting and monitoring the impact of sugarcane cultivation. It is accompanied by a companion volume reviewing breeding, pest and disease management.

"All three volumes of Achieving sustainable production of milk should be considered as a whole...Over more than 1200 pages, the authors review all fields of milk production, beginning with milk composition, genetics and breeding, safety and milk quality, sustainability of milk production as well as dairy herd management, health, welfare and nutrition of dairy. All three volumes could be considered a standard reference for graduate students in the fields of dairy science and veterinary medicine, animal and dairy scientists at universities and other research centres, and also those in governments and companies involved or working in the field of milk production." Animal Feed Science and Technology In meeting rising demand, more intensive dairying systems face a range of challenges such as maintaining high standards of safety in the face of the continuing threat from zoonoses, whilst sustaining nutritional and sensory quality. At the same time farms need to become more efficient and sustainable. Finally, farming must also meet higher standards of animal health and welfare. Smallholder systems in developing countries face problems such as poor cattle nutrition, low productivity and vulnerability to disease which impact on safety, quality, sustainability and animal welfare. Drawing on an international range of expertise, this book reviews research addressing safety, quality and sustainability. Part 1 reviews pathogens affecting milk, their detection and control. The second part of the book discusses the environmental impact of dairy farming and ways it can be better managed, from improved nutrition to ways of protecting biodiversity. The book also reviews ways of supporting smallholders improve dairy farming in the developing world. Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 2: Safety, quality and sustainability will be a standard reference for animal and dairy scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies involved in milk production. It is accompanied by two further volumes which review milk composition, genetics and breeding as well as dairy herd management and welfare.

Agricultural Engineering is the area of engineering concerned with the design, construction and improvement of farming equipment and machinery. Agricultural engineers may perform tasks such as planning, supervising and managing the building of dairy effluent schemes, irrigation, drainage, flood water control systems, performing environmental impact assessments, agricultural product processing and interpret research results and implement relevant practices. Agricultural engineers integrate technology with farming. For example, they design new and improved farming equipment that may work more efficiently, or perform new tasks. They design and build agricultural infrastructure such as dams, water reservoirs, warehouses, and other structures. They may also help engineer solutions for pollution control at large farms. Some agricultural engineers are developing new forms of biofuels from non-food resources like algae and agricultural waste. Such fuels could economically and sustainably replace gasoline without jeopardizing the food supply. For decades, agriculture has been associated with production of essential food crops. At present, agriculture above and beyond farming includes forestry, dairy, fruit cultivation, poultry, bee keeping, mushroom, arbitrary, etc. Today, processing, marketing and distribution of crops and livestock products etc. are all acknowledged as part of current agriculture. Thus, agriculture could be referred to as the production, processing, promotion and distribution agricultural products. Agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a given economy. Agriculture is the backbone of economic system of a given country. In addition to providing food and raw material, agriculture also provides employment opportunities to very large percentage of population. Agricultural engineers must have a wealth of knowledge and skills to function effectively in the multiplicity of the agricultural and agribusiness industries. The agricultural engineer helps to make farming sustainable, safe, and environmentally friendly. They analyze agricultural operations and weigh the use of new technologies and methods to increase yields, improve land use, and conserve resources like seed, water, fertilizers, pesticides and fuel. The engineer recommends strategies to protect the health, safety and security of worker's, animals and agricultural products. Agricultural engineers develop methods and design equipment for land preparation, planting and harvesting. They incorporate automation, precision and smart technologies "intelligence" to new and existing equipment. Sensors (including biosensors) are combined with microcomputers, controllers, artificial intelligence and other software, to optimize efficiency, sustainability, and the reliability of our food, feed, fiber and fuel economy. Agriculture engineers find better ways to reduce crop loss from field damage, during handling, sorting, packing and processing. The warehousing of food and fiber are an important part of the agriculture industry. The agricultural engineer is the person who plans the heating, cooling, ventilation, postharvest handling, logistics and more.

Agriculture is a major user of water resources and also contributes to water pollution from excess nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants. But the competition for water is increasing and the costs of water pollution can be high. Farming accounts for around 70% of water used in the world today. Climate change could affect water supply and agriculture through changes in the seasonal timing of rainfall and snow pack melt, as well as higher incidence and severity of floods and droughts. Sustainable management of water in agriculture is critical to increase agricultural production, ensure water can be shared with other users and maintain the environmental and social benefits of water systems. Agriculture needs therefore to use water in a more efficient way. Irrigation Management is important since it helps determine future Irrigation expectations. The goal of irrigation management is to use water in the most profitable way at sustainable production levels. For production agriculture this generally means supplementing precipitation with irrigation. The main challenge confronting water management in agriculture is to improve water use efficiency and its sustainability. This can be achieved through; an increase in crop water through irrigation, a decrease in water losses through soil evaporation that could otherwise be used by plants for their growth, and an increase in soil water storage within the plant rooting zone through better soil and water management practices at farm and area-wide (catchment) scales. Tracking and quantifying water fluxes at different spatial and temporal scales within the plant rooting zone remains a formidable challenge because of the interactions between water sources from rainfall, irrigation and subsurface water on plant uptake, soil evaporation, plant transpiration (water transpired by plants) and runoff or drainage losses from crop-growing areas. The use of isotopic and nuclear techniques to investigate the relative importance of soil and irrigation management factors that influence these interactions will greatly assist in the development of water management packages that involve the consideration of soil nutrient status, type of crops grown, growth stages and the overall agro-ecosystems to minimize not only water but also nutrient losses from the farmlands and enhance water and nutrient use efficiencies in agro-ecosystems under both rainfed and irrigated conditions.

The countries that make up the MENA region display wide diversity. One of the poorest countries in the world sits alongside two of the wealthiest, whilst the region's natural resources range from immeasurable oil and gas reserves to some of the scantiest natural endowments anywhere in the world. Yet through this diversity runs a common thread: water scarcity. Now, through the impact of human development and climate change, the water resource itself is changing,bringing new risks and increasing the vulnerability of all those dependent on water. Chris Ward and Sandra Ruckstuhl assess the increased challenges now facing the countries of the region, placing particular emphasis on water scarcity and the resultant risks to livelihoods, food security and the environment. They evaluate the risks and reality of climate change in the region, and offer an assessment of the vulnerability of agriculture and livelihoods. In a final section, they explore the options for responding to the new challenges, including policy, institutional, economic and technical measures.

This book comprises of six sections giving the state of the art information in the following topics: Functional foods: Scope, Market Opportunities and Recent trends, Functional food products: Ingredients and Functionality, Functional food products: Formulation and Processing Technology, Functional food products: Packaging and Storage Stability, Functional food products: Prevention, Disease Control and bioavailability, Future prospects of functional food. The book is exclusively targeted for food scientists and technologists, and scientists working in related fields. The book also presents practical information for use in functional food product development. It is also intended for use by practitioners in functional food companies and food technology centres and will also be of interest to researchers and students of food science and technology. With recent scientific studies, this book provides readers with a comprehensive and up-to-date scientific knowledge about the functional food science and technology. The book presents a most updated knowledge on the regulatory status of functional food in different countries. This information, which is seldom available, is essential for the commercial aspect of functional food. Also, core discussion on the reliable and economical scale up of laboratory-based extraction and purification techniques for different functional ingredients is also presented in the detailed manner in the book. A critical issue in the development of functional foods is health aspects and its role in disease control. In section V, Functional food products: Prevention, Disease Control and bioavailability, a variety of examples are discussed indicating the role and action of functional ingredients in preventing disease. The present book also addresses the key issue of processing and its effects on the bioavailability of bioactives. With the advent of the latest scientific technique in the latter half of the 20th century, area of functional food has evolved to the current state of the art.

This book uses resource economics costing approaches incorporating externalities to estimate the returns for the country's irrigation and demonstrates how underestimating the cost of water leads farmers to overestimate profits. The importance of the subject can be judged in light of the fact that India is the largest user of groundwater both for irrigation and for drinking purposes, pumping twice as much as the United States and six times as much as Europe. Despite water's vital role in ensuring economic security for the nation and farmers alike by supporting more than 70% of food production, water resource economists are yet to impress upon farmers and policymakers the true value of water and the urgent need for its sustainable extraction, recharge and use. In an endeavor to promote more awareness, the book further delineates the roles of the demand side and supply side in the economics of irrigation, and explains how the cost of water varies with the efforts to recharge it, crop patterns, degrees of initial and premature well failure and degrees of externalities. It also discusses the importance of micro-irrigation in the economics of saving water for irrigation, estimating the marginal productivity of water and how it improves with drip irrigation, the economics of water sharing and water markets, optimal control theory in sustainable extraction of water, payment of ecosystem services for water and how India can effectively recover. In closing, the book highlights the role of socioeconomic and hydrogeological factors in the economics of irrigation, which vary considerably across hard rock areas and the resulting limitations on generalizing.

The 2nd edition of book entitled "Principles of Meat Technology" has been designed and modified as per the recent requirement of the Veterinary Professionals and is entirely based on recent course-curriculum of Veterinary Council of India. All the topics included in VCI syllabus for Meat Science subject have been illustrated and discussed in detail with the supplementation of previous edition. The reference material and current scientific information on the subject has been updated which will be of immense value for meat processing industry and persons having some stakes in this subject. This book is broadly covering fresh meat and aquatic foods, their processing, preservation, packaging, standards and biotechnological applications in this specialized field with recent innovations. In this edition book will serve the purpose of impartation of knowledge, skill and update material to acquaint the students of Veterinary Science. It is also due to upgradation of each and every of the book with recent knowledge and innovations. The themes mentioned in the syllabus of VCI is very well covered particularly meat structure, product's quality, handling and processing is very well documented. So authors believe that efforts put in this edition of book in form of material, scientific facts and language will help in understanding the meat science to the students of veterinary science, food science and technology, fish technology, meat technologists, academicians of this field, technicians engaged and the processors of animals and fish products.

The book contains 15 s on production technologies of horticulture crops as: The book contains 15 s on Processing and Post Harvest Technologies. The first Processing and post harvest technologies, provides a comprehensive introduction to Indian processing industry as well as status of horticultural crops, prospects for growth of processing industry are also highlighted. 2 Biology of horticulture crops, focuses on bio-chemical and physiological changes associated with horticultural commodities. 3 Maturity indices and Harvesting practices for horticulture crops deals with concepts related to life of a horticultural produce, Maturity indices of fruits, vegetables and floral crops and harvesting practices. In s 4, 5, 6 and 7 Preparation for market and transportation of horticulture produce, grading and packing of horticulture produce, post-harvest problems and, common disorders of horticultural crops have been highlighted respectively. 8 have been written on quality evaluation criteria for horticultural crops, 9 focuses on browning reactions. In s 10, 11 and 12 carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils topics have been described in context to food, 13 is exclusively based, on post harvest handling, storage and processing of vegetables, 14, describes evaluation of food and 15 focuses on practical chemistry applications in postharvest technology. No book can claim to be perfect. The authors shall gratefully acknowledge comments and suggestions for further improvement from readers.

The book contains 19 chapters on production technologies of horticulture crops as: 1. Horticulture 2. Orchard Designing & Planting Systems 3. Orchard Floor Management 4. Description of Fruit Crops 5. Description of Vegetable Crops 6. Nursery Raising Techniques in Fruit Crops 7. Nursery Raising Techniques in Vegetable Crops 8. Propagation Techniques for Horticulture Crops 9. Canopy Management Techniques 10. Leaf and Soil Sampling Techniques 11. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in Vegetable Crops 12. Field Preparation, Layout of Experimental Plot and Calculation of Fertilizer Doses for Vegetable Crops 13. Exotic Vegetables 14. Hydroponics in Vegetable Cultivation 15. Weed Management in Horticultural Crops 16. Cultural Practices for Medicinal Plants 17. Annuals and Their Management 18. Flower Arrangements 19. Architectural Landscaping

This book has been written for the under-graduate students of Dairy Technology course being offered by different Dairy Science Colleges and various Agricultural and Deemed Universities across the country.

This fully revised and updated second edition contains updated information on working of different sub-assemblies that make a tractor. Uses of tractor for various agricultural and non agricultural operations are vividly described. Besides, updates are also incorporated on various implements, equipment and machinery developed in India for different agricultural operations, viz., land preparation, sowing/planting, weeding, plant protection, harvest, threshing, post harvest and agro-processing. Information on agriculture related sections like special tools and equipment used in horticulture, water lifting devices, calibration of seed drills has also been given.The first edition was widely used as a standard reference book for graduate students in agricultural engineering and regular engineering colleges. The present edition would also serve the same purpose and can be used as a ready reference for the teaching staff in educational institutions and testing institutions, extension workers, scientists and farmers.

The application of machines and better power sources to enhance agricultural production has been one of the most significant developments in agriculture. Mechanization of agriculture is needed for development and optimal utilization of natural resources leading to higher productivity and reduced cost of production for greater profitability, economic competitiveness and sustainability. Mechanization also imparts capacity to the farmers to carry out farm operations with dignity, comfort and freedom from drudgery, making the farming agreeable vocation for educated youth as well. It helps the farmers to achieve timeliness in farm operations and apply costly input with reduced quantity for better efficacy and efficiency. Small and marginal farmers can now make use of high capacity agricultural machines on custom hire basis. The results of this development can be seen in many aspects such as increase in productivity and production per worker, precision in application of crop inputs, increase in cropping intensity due to timeliness of operations, increase in the quality of produce, reduction in grain losses and increase in farm employment. Mechanization is particularly advantageous when it can minimize a high peak labour demand that occurs over a relatively short period of time each year. Mechanization also encourages better management of farm inputs, improvement in working conditions and performance of jobs that would otherwise be difficult by hand. It also helps in reducing the cost of production. This book 'Mechanization of Cultivated Crops' covers the farm tools and equipment used in different operations such as land development, tillage, seeding/planting, interculture, fertilizer application, plant protection, harvesting and threshing and residue management. The book can be referred as a textbook for the under graduate students of agriculture and under graduate and post graduate students of agricultural engineering.

The book Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation is intended as a text book of micro irrigation design and practices for the students of the agricultural sciences and the professionals and workers in the field of micro irrigation. The book discusses the type and components, hydraulics and design, installation and maintenance of micro irrigation system. It contains good number of numerical as example and task to get the students familiar to the requirements, complicacies, and possible remedies in actual working condition. In addition to conventional broad and short questions in every of the book there are multiple choice questions to assist the students in preparing the competitive examinations.

The papers included in this book have a broad coverage of the topics related to new technologies in functional foods and nutraceuticals, fruits and vegetables and their by-products as valuable ingredients for functional foods and nutraceuticals, potential bioactive components from various food sources, trends and development of nutraceuticals and functional foods as well as functional food and nutraceuticals as ingredients in the value addition for health promotion, standardization and quality control. This compilation helps to overcome the problems faced in exploring the potential of nutraceuticals in naturopathy and device strategies to encounter such problems.

The world is on the verge of receiving new life forms that will profoundly and irrevocably change the global economy: the "gene hunters" who first cloned the gene in 1973 are now not only modifying existing species but also creating new plants and animals. Ready or not for such awesome power, the human race has put itself in a position to govern evolution. What will we do with the abilities we now command? asks this broad and stimulating book on the role of plant material in economic development. Writing in a style that is easily understandable even to those with no background in biotechnology, Calestous Juma begins by showing how the importation of plants strengthened the British Empire and brought the United States to global agricultural superiority. He goes on to explore the current international competition for genetic material and the potential impact of biotechnology on the relationship of the developed and developing world. Juma points out that biotechnology poses real dangers to the third world. Often one of the few exportable resources that a developing country possesses is an unusual or rare crop, but biotechnological techniques make possible the cultivation of many such crops outside their natural habitats, potentially eliminating the need to import the crops from the countries in which they grow indigenously. After discussing the threat of biotechnology, Juma comes full circle and points out that it does not have to be a threat. Actually, tremendous benefits could accrue to the third world from biotechnology--if and only if that new technology is adapted to its needs.

Originally published in 1989.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Dairy Technology is the industrial, non-farm phase of the tremendously large, dynamic and complex dairy industry. This phase represents a combination of science, engineering, business, and art as applied to all dairy and dairy-type foods and their industries. Dairy and dairy-type foods represent a major segment of the vast and varied food industry. This comprehensive book has been written encompassing entire gamuts of manufacture of dairy products, functional foods, utilization of dairy byproducts, cleaning and sanitization and quality assurance. The main objective of the book is to provide the latest information in a consolidated form at one point to meet the requirements of not only undergraduate and postgraduates students but also teachers and dairy professionals.