The credit and banking crisis which hit the western world in 2007/2008 has and will continue to have far-reaching after-effects. At their core are Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) and Credit Default Swaos (CDSs), the main themes of this book.

This research review selects fifty influential articles published over the past four decades on the regulation and governance of financial institutions. Some contribute by making theoretical advances that enhance the conceptual framework through which economists view financial institutions, and others contribute by assembling data and evaluating the predictions of these different models. The papers provide a foundation for understanding and conducting additional research into the regulation and governance of financial institutions.

Discussing the turbulent 1980s and 1990s, which have seen important developments in the area of money and banking, this book focuses on the ones that will shape issues in this area as the 21st century approaches. These are: financial innovations; the EMS and international monetary systems; certain issues in monetary policy arising from recent developments in monetry economics, such as monetary policy in an interdependent world; liquidity constraints and monetary policy; and monetary problems of developing countries which emanate from attempts to introduce financial liberalization types of policies in these countries.

This first volume in a series assessing international banking and finance focuses on the 'revolution' in international financial markets. Individual chapters deal with the impact of the Persian Gulf Crisis on national equity markets and foreign transmissions effects in Sweden.

From a period of growth and considerably high levels of profitability, Greek banks recently found themselves battling a major decrease in demand in the local market, and an increase in non-performing loans. How is the Greek banking system able to survive the crisis? This is discussed by looking at the last 15 years of the Greek banking system.

In light of Turkey's EU bid and the successful IMF-led disinflation program, this book explores the evolution and performance of the Turkish banking sector. Analyzing the repercussions of overall economic structure, financial crises and political instability on its financial sector, it scrutinizes the prospects for the future of banking sectors.

The U.S. payment system is in the midst of a significant transition. Some of the changes to our payment system, involving its efficiency, the risks inherent in the payment process, and the role of the private and public sectors in the payment mechanism, are the subject of considerable debate and controversy. In recent years, the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond has played an active part in the development and implementation of policies to improve the payment process. The Bank's operations staff has represented the Federal Reserve System in work with the banking industry to help shape and implement programs to increase efficiency and reduce payment risk. Further, our Research Department has made payment system research an important part of its agenda. The mix of practical experience and research has resulted in a unique perspective on payment system issues that led us to organize a symposium on the U.S. payment system, held on May 25-26, 1988, in Williamsburg, Virginia. Reflecting our belief in the importance of combining both practical experience and theory in addressing payment issues, we invited practi tioners, scholars, and policymakers to share their ideas. The symposium provided an opportunity for those researchers who are studying p- xi PREFACE xii ment issues to present their ideas and to have these ideas evaluated by experienced practitioners."

Over the past 20 years, the increased dominance in banking of the shareholder ownership model, whose main purpose is to maximize financial returns for shareholders, has proved to be a toxic combination with the financial deregulation the sector has undergone, the creation of new financial instruments and the concomitant rising levels of debt. Despite the growing role of private limited-liability banks around the world, co-operative banking still offers a compelling alternative, especially in Europe where the roots of co-operative institutions date back to the nineteenth century. This book studies the characteristics of different co-operative banking models of networks across several European countries to assess their impact on the profitability and resilience of the networks and their co-operative components. To date, empirical studies have neglected to examine the features of the networks to which co-operative banks belong. Surprisingly, there is little evidence on the extent to which the diverse organizational network structures determine differences in the profits and stability of individual banks and their networks across different countries. The principal objective of this book is to fill this gap in the literature. The European countries considered are Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. In these countries, co-operative banks constitute a significant presence although the organizational forms their networks take are quite different. Focusing on this sample of European countries therefore affords insights and reveals policy implications about the role that network organizations play in driving the performances of co-operative banks, which will be of interest to academics, researchers, and students of banking and financial institutions.

The Federal Reserve System-the central bank of the United States, better known as The Fed-has never been more controversial. Criticism has reached such levels that Congressman Ron Paul, contender for the Republican presidential nomination in 2012, published End the Fed, with blurbs from musician Arlo Guthrie and actor Vince Vaughn. And yet, amid a slow economy and partisan gridlock, the Fed has never been more important. Stephen H. Axilrod explains this influential agency-its powers, operations, how it sets policy-in The Federal Reserve, a timely addition to Oxford's acclaimed series What Everyone Needs to Know. Of the two major governmental tools for shaping the economy, Congress controls fiscal policy-taxation and spending-and the Fed makes monetary policy-influencing how much money circulates in the economy, and how quickly. Traditionally the Fed has relied on three instruments: open-market operations (buying and selling U.S. bonds), lending to banks, and setting reserve requirements on bank deposits. It also helps to regulate the financial system. Drawing on years of experience inside the Federal Reserve System, Axilrod shows how these tools actually work, and answers a series of increasingly detailed questions in the series format. He asks, for instance, if the system of regional Fed banks needs modification for today's technological landscape; if there is corruption in the Fed's governance; what happens to profits from its operations; the impact of political pressure; the extent of Congressional oversight; and just how independent it truly is. Whether discussing the Fed's balance sheet through the financial crisis of 2008 and beyond, the federal funds rate, or the international context, Axilrod displays a mastery of his subject Coming in time for the Fed's 100th anniversary in 2013, this book deftly explains an institution that every American needs to understand.

This Pivot proposes an integrated approach to facilitate competency development in a more comprehensive way. It examines this approach in the important but seldom studied context of risk management in banks. Risk management weaknesses in banks have persisted in spite of regulatory changes. This Pivot takes inspiration from three unlikely sports heroes to create the proposed integrated approach to risk management competency development, bringing together three competency development concepts hitherto studied in isolation that are more comprehensive and more effective when combined. The author studies the integrated approach under three specific objectives. The concepts are first operationalized into 23 actionable indicators through literature reviews and experts' reaffirmation. Then, the t-test and discriminant analysis are used to identify how banks across different demographic groups place different emphases on these indicators. Lastly, these indicators are summarized into key themes via factor analysis.

The Florida land boom was an outgrowth of the industrialization of America, the onset of World War I, and the special natural environment of the state. A place for forts and ports since the days of the Spanish Empire, the presence of military aviation in Florida served to bring attention to the state. Florida came to attract tourists, winter residents, as well as promoters, developers, and speculators. Rich in documentation and illustrated with photographs, this work is an effort to give serious theoretical and factual treatment to one of the great speculation booms in history.

This book offers the first original study on banking crises management in Italy from 2014 to 2020 with a comprehensive overview of the resolution tools used. In Italy, the issue of banking crises is now the focus of attention, not only as a result of the cycle of crises that occurred in the years 2014-2020 but also because of the banking reform carried out in Europe with the directives on bank recovery and resolution and the implementation of the Single Resolution Mechanism and the Single Resolution Fund within the framework of the Banking Union. The Italian banking crises have been managed by applying the new European regulatory framework; in this sense they constitute a significant test to assess its effectiveness and coherence. This book, divided into two parts, makes an initial assessment of the crisis situations and the application of the new rules, and offers an initial evaluation of their functioning. In the first part, an in-depth examination is made of the various cases of crisis, following a methodology of classification by type of solution and instruments adopted. The second part is dedicated to lessons learned and open issues. In detail, the most sensitive issues of the current debate are addressed, relating to the improvement of the institutional set-up and the rules for crisis management, the harmonization of insolvency rules in Europe, the funding of resolution, public intervention and, finally, the role of deposit guarantee systems. An articulated and complex picture emerges with various areas for improvement and policy indications, offering a framework that will be of interest to scholars, researchers, professors, students and practitioners of banking and banking regulation.

Alliances and Co-Evolution provides alliance managers, consultants and academics with a detailed analysis covering 23 years of the growth and decline of three lifecycles of alliances. This analysis links structural change in the European macro-environment with corporate alliance strategies. It differentiates between strategic alliances and infrastructure alliances with their differing strategic drivers, and proposes a Co-Evolution model to explain, monitor and manage the development of alliances over time.

For academics, regulators and policymakers alike, it is crucial to measure financial sector competition by means of reliable, well-established methods. However, this is easier said than done. This comprehensive Handbook provides a collection of state-of-the-art chapters to address this issue. Using the latest empirical results from around the world, expert contributors offer a thorough assessment of the quality and reliability of the prevalent measures of competition in banking and finance. The Handbook consists of four parts, the first of which discusses the characteristics of various measures of financial sector competition. The second part includes several empirical studies on the level of, and trends in, competition across countries. The third part deals with the spillovers of market power to other sectors and the economy as a whole. Finally, the fourth part considers competition in banking submarkets and subsectors. This Handbook is an essential resource for students and researchers interested in competition, regulation, banking and finance. Politicians, policymakers and regulators will also benefit from the thorough explanation of the need for anti-trust regulation and identification of the most reliable competition measures. Contributors include: A.N. Berger, J.A. Bikker, W. Bolt, J. Bos, Y.L. Chan, P. Coccorese, M.D. Delis, J. Fernandez de Guevara, Z. Fungacova, R. Gropp, I. Hasan, J.P. Hughes, D. Humphrey, L.F. Klapper, S. Kleimeier, C. Kok, S. Kokas, J.W. Kolari, M. Lamers, L. Liu, J. Maudos, L.J. Mester, C.-G. Moon, N. Mylonidis, S. Ongena, B. Overvest, V. Purice, R.J. Rosen, H. Sander, S. Shaffer, L. Spierdijk, D. Titotto, R. Turk-Ariss, G.F. Udell, L. Weill, J. Yuan, M. Zaouras

The ramifications of the Global Financial Crisis, which erupted in 2007, continue to surprise not only the general public but also finance professionals, economists, and journalists. Faced with this challenge, Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis goes back to basics. The authors ask: what do theory and empirical observations tell us about the causes and the consequences of financial crisis and instability? In what has become an increasingly complex financial world, what lessons can we learn from economic policies, which have been implemented, and research, which has developed extremely rapidly in recent years, so as not to repeat past mistakes? In this comprehensive review of the literature, which is both complete and balanced, the authors highlight the points of consensus among economists and policymakers. They assess the capacity of economic policies and institutions in limiting the cost of financial instability. In conclusion, they ask if the financial system has become safer, in the light especially of the Covid-19 Global Crisis. Ten years after the GFC crisis, this is a timely review of the reform agenda, the progress made, and the areas where further changes need to be made to address new risks and challenges.

"The financial crisis focused unprecedented attention on ethics in investment banking. This book develops an ethical framework to assess and manage investment banking ethics and provides a guide to high profile concerns as well as day to day ethical challenges"--

Has the economic and financial crisis changed the way we conduct monetary policy? Is quantitative easing consistent with the endogeneity of money? These are but two of the questions this new book explores. The various contributors offer interesting and new perspectives on the conduct of monetary policy during the crisis, and provide sharp criticism of central bank policies in the US and Europe. Divided into two parts, this book presents a detailed, multi-faceted analysis of banking and monetary policy. The first part examines the role of central banks within an endogenous money framework. These chapters address post-Keynesian interest rate policy, monetary mercantilism, financial market organization and developing economies. In the second part of the book, the focus switches to the analysis of the financial crisis that began in 2007. The chapters in this section discuss the role of central banks in times of crisis. Monetary Policy and Central Banking is a must read for all those interested in the critical analysis of monetary policy. Students and scholars of post-Keynesian economics, banking, and financial crises will find this book of particular relevance. Contributors: A. Asensio, J. Bibow, R. Dimand, R. Guttmann, E. Kam, R. Koehn, M. Lavoie, E. Le Heron, N. Levy-Orlik, W. Mosler, S. Olawoye, L.-P. Rochon, M. Seccareccia, M. Setterfield, J. Smithin, D. Tropeano, K. von Seekamm

Shariah governance assumes the primary instrument through which Islamic Banking Institutions (IBIs) ensure the Islamicity of their products, services, operations, and internal environments. It is considered to be one the fundamental elements that differentiates IBIs from their traditional counterparts. This book provides a critical overview of the key aspects pertaining to Shariah governance within Islamic financial institutions and presents a detailed analysis of its conceptual background. The authors have identified the unique issues, which have emerged as a result of the integration of Shariah, namely the involvement of the Shariah supervisory board (SSB), in the corporate governance arrangements of Islamic banks. These issues relate to disclosure, transparency, independency, consistency, confidentiality, competency, and reputation. The book details the doctrines of Shariah pronouncements in Islamic banks, the importance of having a central advisory board at a regulatory level in the standardization of Islamic banking practices, as well as the competence required for Shariah supervisory board members. It provides a critical analysis of the Shariah governance framework in Pakistan and introduces the authors' vision of an ideal Shariah governance framework. Furthermore, the chapters offer guidance in promoting effective policies for improving Shariah governance. This is one of the core challenges facing Islamic banks, namely, to ensure compliance with the faith and provide legitimacy to the business of Islamic Banking Institutions and as such, the book will appeal to both the research and professional community.

This is a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey which analyzes institutions, policies and issues of central banking in developing countries including interest-free Islamic and transition economies. It discusses objectives and functions; monetary, exchange, supervisory and developmental roles; financial liberalization; informal finance; causes and implications of central bank losses. It critically evaluates currency boards, central bank independence, ceilings on government credit and suggests radical organizational reforms, divestiture of quasi-fiscal activities and partial privatization of central banks.

Predicting foreign exchange rates has presented a long-standing challenge for economists. However, the recent advances in computational techniques, statistical methods, newer datasets on emerging market currencies, etc., offer some hope. While we are still unable to beat a driftless random walk model, there has been serious progress in the field. This book provides an in-depth assessment of the use of novel statistical approaches and machine learning tools in predicting foreign exchange rate movement. First, it offers a historical account of how exchange rate regimes have evolved over time, which is critical to understanding turning points in a historical time series. It then presents an overview of the previous attempts at modeling exchange rates, and how different methods fared during this process. At the core sections of the book, the author examines the time series characteristics of exchange rates and how contemporary statistics and machine learning can be useful in improving predictive power, compared to previous methods used. Exchange rate determination is an active research area, and this book will appeal to graduate-level students of international economics, international finance, open economy macroeconomics, and management. The book is written in a clear, engaging, and straightforward way, and will greatly improve access to this much-needed knowledge in the field.

This book addresses the causes and consequences of the international financial crisis of 2008. A range of esteemed contributors explore developments in the United States, where the crisis of 2008 originated, as well as the smallest country affected, Iceland, by evaluating developments since 2008. Currently, many countries are facing similar problems as Iceland did in 2008: this book is of interest to economists and policy makers in these countries to study what happened in Iceland, and why the recovery of that economy was strong and swift. The chapters in this book originate from panel discussions and conferences and explore areas including regulation, state projects and inflation.

The aim of this book is twofold: Firstly to focus on the development of new instruments and topics in the financial industry. Secondly to analyze the development of "old" themes applied to different international contexts, such as cross-border banking and the role of government financial resources in China. With these goals in mind, the book explores the investigation of new instruments for the financing of SMEs and new ventures, such as mini bonds and equity crowdfunding. Additionally, it covers the field of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility including financial inclusion, gender roles, disclosure, social media roles and litigation. The book also investigates the choices followed by the Royal Swedish Academy in the selection of Nobel laureates in economics science to analyze their influence on the financial industry. Geared to banking academics, researchers and students, this book uncovers the most prominent issues within the banking industry today.

This book deals directly with the risk/return multiple trade-offs coming out of the closely intertwined relationship between banking and real estate. The authors explore how banks could embrace a more proactive approach to make the most of their, mostly ‘long only’, exposure to real estate, and create positive spillover effects on their real estate counterparts and the sector as a whole. It provides a "state of the art" representation and analysis of the strategies that best practices in banking are adopting to manage these issues and plan for a new set of interrelations, driving a "virtuous circle" as opposed to the current one. Banking, Lending and Real Estate is built on the academic knowhow and professional expertise of the authors, who have been researching, writing and working on this joint topic for over a decade. With its pragmatic approach, it allows the reader to capture which leading hedge active and holistic approaches are available today and proven to treat, for example, the banks’ overexposure to this asset class; to manage "unlikely to pay" and sub-performing positions; and to optimize the recovery value coming from the work out of real estate related NPL (and underlying assets). Case studies and relevant examples are provided, leveraging on the authors’ experience in consulting projects in the EMEA region and from working with global, regional and domestic banks and the real estate players acting across its value chain. This book will appeal to both academics and business practitioners within the banking, financial services and real estate sectors, as well as professionals from financial and strategic/industrial advisory working in those fields.