Many governments face similar pressures surrounding the hotly debated topic of immigration. Yet, the disparate ways in which policy makers respond is striking. The Comparative Politics of Immigration explains why democratic governments adopt the immigration policies they do. Through an in-depth study of immigration politics in Germany, Canada, Switzerland, and the United States, Antje Ellermann examines the development of immigration policy from the postwar era to the present. The book presents a new theory of immigration policymaking grounded in the political insulation of policy makers. Three types of insulation shape the translation of immigration preference into policy: popular insulation from demands of the unorganized public, interest group insulation from the claims of organized lobbies, and diplomatic insulation from the lobbying of immigrant-sending states. Addressing the nuances in immigration reforms, Ellermann analyzes both institutional factors and policy actors' strategic decisions to account for cross-national and temporal variation.

The term 'civil rights' has such a familiar presence in discussions about American politics and law that we tend to use it reflexively and intuitively, but rarely do we stop to think about what exactly we mean when we use the term and why certain uses strike us as right or wrong. In this book, Professor Christopher W. Schmidt tells the story of how Americans have fought over the meaning of civil rights from the Civil War through today. Through their struggles over what it means to live in a nation dedicated to protecting civil rights, each generation has given the label new life and new meaning. Civil Rights in America shows how the words we use to understand our world become objects of contestation and points of leverage for social, political, and legal action.

With the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty, the profile of human rights issues has greatly risen in relation to EU policies, whether internal or external. The EU has thereby made the commitment to ensure that all its actions are compliant with human rights, and seek to promote them. Yet, the EU's commitment has come under scrutiny, not only for its ground-breaking character, but also because recent events have put it to the test. This volume has been designed to take stock of these developments, to comprehensively discuss the conceptualization and operationalization of the EU's commitment to human rights throughout the EU's relationships, policies, actions and legislative activity, and to critically assess its outcome. This title is divided into four parts: 'Framework' presents the issues related to human rights promotion by the EU; 'Actors' delves into the relationships that play a part, at home or abroad, in regards to human rights policies and judgements; 'Policies' takes a case-study approach and systematically reviews a range of EU internal and external policies to assess their human rights impact and implementation; and finally, 'Strategies' provides an integrated assessment of the design and implementation of the EU's commitment to human rights. This book brings together essays from around the world, each discussing different aspects of EU commitment, and evaluating the extent to which the EU is delivering on it. Each chapter provides an introduction to the state of affairs, discusses opportunities and challenges, and provides recommendations. As such, it is an essential reference book on human rights policies throughout the EU and their impact throughout the world.

Das Buch untersucht das Reformwerk ebenso wie die Person des oesterreichischen Reformers Leo Thun-Hohenstein und widmet sich auch den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen der Epoche. Noch wahrend der Revolution von 1848 erkannte das oesterreichische Kaiserhaus, dass nur eine fundamentale Reform des Bildungssystems die revolutionare Stimmung an den Universitaten befrieden koennte. Leo von Thun-Hohenstein setzte die ihm vom Kaiser gestellte Aufgabe als Unterrichtsminister von 1849-1860 trotz teils heftiger Widerstande um. Bis heute beeinflusst die Reform des Leo Thun-Hohenstein das oesterreichische Bildungswesen.

Die Verfasserin arbeitet die Mangel der gegenwartigen Schmerzensgeldbemessung deutscher Gerichte heraus, indem sie neben ihrer Vereinbarkeit mit der Grundsatzentscheidung des Grossen Zivilsenats des Bundesgerichtshofes aus dem Jahr 1955 ihre rechtstatsachlichen Auswirkungen und ihre verfassungsrechtliche Vereinbarkeit untersucht. Sodann stellt sie das System der taggenauen Bemessung des Schmerzensgeldes als alternatives Bemessungssystem vor und untersucht die Eignung seiner methodischen Kernelemente zur Beseitigung der gegenwartigen Bemessungsmangel. Die erste Bemessungsstufe des Systems (Stufe I) wird in die schadensrechtliche Systematik der 249 ff. BGB eingeordnet, bevor es mithilfe eines Vergleichs mit den Bemessungssystemen Frankreichs, Italiens und Spaniens erneut uberpruft wird.

Limited legal protections for privacy leave minority communities vulnerable to concrete injuries and violence when their information is exposed. In Privacy at the Margins, Scott Skinner-Thompson highlights why privacy is of acute importance for marginalized groups. He explains how privacy can serve as a form of expressive resistance to government and corporate surveillance regimes - furthering equality goals - and demonstrates why efforts undertaken by vulnerable groups (queer folks, women, and racial and religious minorities) to protect their privacy should be entitled to constitutional protection under the First Amendment and related equality provisions. By examining the ways even limited privacy can enrich and enhance our lives at the margins in material ways, this work shows how privacy can be transformed from a liberal affectation to a legal tool of liberation from oppression.

With the decline of public funding and new strategies pursued by interest groups, foreign private foundations and donors have become growing contributors to the European human rights justice system. These groups have created their own litigation teams, have increasingly funded NGOs litigating the European Courts, and have contributed to the content and supervision of the European judgements, which all have direct effects on the growth and procedure of human rights. European Human Rights Justice and Privatisation analyses the impacts of this private influence and the resultant effects on international relations between states, including the orientation of European jurisprudence towards Eastern countries and the promotion of private and neo-liberal interests. This book looks at the direct and indirect threat of this private influence on the independency of the European justice and on the protection of human rights in Europe.

Advocates within the growing field of children's rights have designed dynamic campaigns to protect and promote children's rights. This expanding body of international law and jurisprudence, however, lacks a core text that provides an up-to-date look at current children's rights issues, the evolution of children's rights law, and the efficacy of efforts to protect children. Campaigning for Children focuses on contemporary children's rights, identifying the range of abuses that affect children today, including early marriage, female genital mutilation, child labor, child sex tourism, corporal punishment, the impact of armed conflict, and access to education. Jo Becker traces the last 25 years of the children's rights movement, including the evolution of international laws and standards to protect children from abuse and exploitation. From a practitioner's perspective, Becker provides readers with careful case studies of the organizations and campaigns that are making a difference in the lives of children, and the relevant strategies that have been successful-or not. By presenting a variety of approaches to deal with each issue, this book carefully teases out broader lessons for effective social change in the field of children's rights.

'Devastating and urgent, this book could not be more timely' Caroline Criado Perez, award-winning and bestselling author of Invisible Women Danielle Citron takes the conversation about technology and privacy out of the boardrooms and op-eds to reach readers where we are - in our bathrooms and bedrooms; with our families and our lovers; in all the parts of our lives we assume are untouchable - and shows us that privacy, as we think we know it, is largely already gone. The boundary that once protected our intimate lives from outside interests is an artefact of the twentieth century. In the twenty-first, we have embraced a vast array of technology that enables constant access and surveillance of the most private aspects of our lives. From non-consensual pornography, to online extortion, to the sale of our data for profit, we are vulnerable to abuse -- and our laws have failed miserably to keep up. With vivid examples drawn from interviews with victims, activists and lawmakers from around the world, The Fight for Privacy reveals the threat we face and argues urgently and forcefully for a reassessment of privacy as a human right. As a legal scholar and expert, Danielle Citron is the perfect person to show us the way to a happier, better protected future.

In recent years, the UN Human Rights Council has approved the 'Respect, Protect, and Remedy' Framework and endorsed the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. These developments have been welcomed widely, but do they adequately address the challenges concerning the human rights obligations of business? This volume of essays engages critically with these important developments. The chapters revolve around four key issues: the process and methodology adopted in arriving at these documents; the source and justification of corporate human rights obligations; the nature and extent of such obligations; and the implementation and enforcement thereof. In addition to highlighting several critical deficits in these documents, the contributing authors also outline a vision for the twenty-first century in which companies have obligations to society that go beyond the responsibility to respect human rights.

The term 'civil rights' has such a familiar presence in discussions about American politics and law that we tend to use it reflexively and intuitively, but rarely do we stop to think about what exactly we mean when we use the term and why certain uses strike us as right or wrong. In this book, Professor Christopher W. Schmidt tells the story of how Americans have fought over the meaning of civil rights from the Civil War through today. Through their struggles over what it means to live in a nation dedicated to protecting civil rights, each generation has given the label new life and new meaning. Civil Rights in America shows how the words we use to understand our world become objects of contestation and points of leverage for social, political, and legal action.

Das Kundigungsschutzrecht enthalt in 9, 10 KSchG Normen, die eine gerichtliche Aufloesung des Arbeitsverhaltnisses im Rahmen des Kundigungsschutzprozesses bei einer Zerruttung der Vertrauensbeziehung der Arbeitsvertragsparteien gegen Zahlung einer Abfindung an den Arbeitnehmer ermoeglichen. Die Verfasserin untersucht, ob das System des Kundigungsschutzrechts den verfassungsrechtlichen Anforderungen genugt. Im Fokus steht die Frage, ob die Arbeitsvertragsparteien immer dann, wenn ihnen die Fortfuhrung des Arbeitsverhaltnisses unzumutbar ist, die Moeglichkeit haben, dieses aufzuloesen. Insofern wird eroertert, ob eine analoge Anwendung der 9, 10 KSchG im ungek10 KSchG im ungekundigten Arbeitsverhaltnis bzw. uber den vorgesehenen Anwendungsrahmen hinaus geboten ist.

Terrorismus ist nicht nur eine sicherheitspolitische Fragestellung, sondern hat auch eine privatrechtliche Dimension, der dieses Werk nachgeht. Bei einem terroristischen Anschlag ruckt eine Haftung der Attentater und ihres unterstutzenden Umfeldes, aber des Weiteren auch die Verantwortung fahrlassiger Mitverursacher, wie beispielsweise Flugunternehmen und Sicherheitsfirmen in den Blick. Eine oekonomische Analyse des Haftungsregimes sowie konkurrierender Loesungen zur Schadensabnahme und -verteilung zeigt: Jenseits des berechtigten Interesses, katastrophale Schaden durch eine Entschadigung nach Art des September 11th Victim Compensation Fund zu vergemeinschaften, ist es wichtig, die verhaltenssteuernde Wirkung des Deliktsrechts zu erhalten, um terroristische Anschlage zu vermeiden.

On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decision in Shelby County v. Holder, invalidating a key provision of voting rights law. The decision - the culmination of an eight-year battle over the power of Congress to regulate state conduct of elections - marked the closing of a chapter in American politics. That chapter had opened a century earlier in the case of Guinn v. United States, which ushered in national efforts to knock down racial barriers to the ballot. A detailed and timely history, The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act analyzes changing legislation and the future of voting rights in the United States. In tracing the development of the Voting Rights Act from its inception, Charles S. Bullock III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Justin J. Wert begin by exploring the political and legal aspects of the Jim Crow electoral regime. Detailing both the subsequent struggle to enact the law and its impact, they explain why the Voting Rights Act was necessary. The authors draw on court cases and election data to bring their discussion to the present with an examination of the 2006 revision and renewal of the act, and its role in shaping the southern political environment in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, when Barack Obama was chosen. Bullock, Gaddie, and Wert go on to closely evaluate the 2013 Shelby County decision, describing how the ideological makeup of the Supreme Court created an appellate environment that made the act ripe for a challenge. Rigorous in its scholarship and thoroughly readable, this book goes beyond history and analysis to provide compelling and much-needed insight into the ways voting rights legislation has shaped the United States. The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act illuminates the historical roots - and the human consequences - of a critical chapter in U.S. legal history.

Das Buch untersucht den Erwerb streitbefangener Gegenstande durch einen redlichen Dritten. Hierzu trifft 325 Abs. 2 ZPO eine Grundaussage, wobei jedoch sein Anwendungsbereich und der Anknupfungspunkt vorausgesetzter Redlichkeit unklar bleiben. Bei der Auslegung der Norm legt der Autor den Fokus insbesondere auf ihre Entstehungsgeschichte, welche die historische Praxis einiger in Deutschland geltender Partikularrechte einschliesst (gemeines, preussisches, franzoesisches und badisches Recht). Ebenso geht der Autor auf die Entwurfe der Reichszivilprozessordnung ein. Er zeigt auf, dass die Norm bei einem Erwerb vom Berechtigten keine Anwendung findet und ferner die Kenntnis des Erwerbers von der Rechtshangigkeit nicht entscheidend ist.

Limited legal protections for privacy leave minority communities vulnerable to concrete injuries and violence when their information is exposed. In Privacy at the Margins, Scott Skinner-Thompson highlights why privacy is of acute importance for marginalized groups. He explains how privacy can serve as a form of expressive resistance to government and corporate surveillance regimes - furthering equality goals - and demonstrates why efforts undertaken by vulnerable groups (queer folks, women, and racial and religious minorities) to protect their privacy should be entitled to constitutional protection under the First Amendment and related equality provisions. By examining the ways even limited privacy can enrich and enhance our lives at the margins in material ways, this work shows how privacy can be transformed from a liberal affectation to a legal tool of liberation from oppression.

Das Buch setzt sich mit der Rechtsfigur des Anwartschaftsrechts aus Eigentumsvorbehaltskauf auseinander. Dabei werden Grundprinzipien zivilrechtlicher Vermoegenszuordnung aufgezeigt, sowie die Dogmatik der dieser Zuordnung zugrunde liegenden Verfugungen - insbesondere bei zueinander im Widerspruch stehenden Verfugungen - dargestellt. So wird belegt, dass die Behandlung dieser Rechtsfigur in ganz unterschiedlichen Fallkonstellationen immer wieder gegen die dargestellten Prinzipien verstoesst, und deren Konstruktion letztlich mit der Dogmatik des geltenden Vermoegensrechts nicht in Einklang zu bringen ist.

Police Misconduct is a comprehensive yet highly practical guide for practitioners and advisers covering the two major routes to remedying police misconduct: police complaints and civil actions in the courts. It equips the reader with the essentials for advising on the full range of procedures, strategies and tactics available and provides thorough procedural advice and step-by-step guidance from pre-issue considerations through to jury trial and appeal. There is detailed guidance on the most common torts - false imprisonment, malicious prosecution and misfeasance and clear analysis of developing causes of actions against the police such as negligence, privacy, discrimination and claims under the Human Rights Act 1998. Contents include: *The constitutional and organisational position of the police *Police complaints: overview, structure, initial stages, investigation and outcomes *Police disciplinary system *False imprisonment and deprivation of liberty *Personal injury, trespass to the person, and failure to protect from harm *Malicious prosecution and misuse of power *Land and property *Protest and freedom of speech *Information *Discrimination and vulnerable groups *Prosecutorial decisions *Bringing a claim against the police *Issue of proceedings to exchange of witness statements *The trial and appeals *Damages

Das Buch befasst sich mit einem Teilbereich der Rechtsnachfolge in Familienunternehmen. Das Bestimmungsvermachtnis gibt dem Erblasser die Moeglichkeit, in seinem Testament einen Kreis von Vermachtnisnehmern zu benennen und die endgultige Bestimmung des Vermachtnisnehmers und Unternehmensnachfolgers nach seinem Tod auf einen Dritten zu ubertragen. Auf diese Weise erlangt der Erblasser die Moeglichkeit, dass auch nach dem Erbfall eintretende Umstande bei der Rechtsnachfolge in das Unternehmen Berucksichtigung finden koennen. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht die Frage, welche Rechte das Bestimmungsvermachtnis den beteiligten Personen vermittelt und wie der Erblasser durch eine gezielte Testamentsgestaltung Einfluss auf die jeweiligen Rechtspositionen nehmen kann, um eine moeglichst sachgerechte Nachfolgeplanung sicher zu stellen.

Domestic law has long been recognised as a source of international law, an inspiration for legal developments, or the benchmark against which a legal system is to be assessed. Academic commentary normally re-traces these well-trodden paths, leaving one with the impression that the interaction between domestic and international law is unworthy of further enquiry. However, a different - and surprisingly pervasive - nexus between the two spheres has been largely overlooked: the use of domestic law in the interpretation of international law. This book examines the practice of five international courts and tribunals to demonstrate that domestic law is invoked to interpret international law, often outside the framework of Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It assesses the appropriateness of such recourse to domestic law as well as situating the practice within broader debates regarding interpretation and the interaction between domestic and international legal systems.

Natalie Davidson offers an alternative account of Alien Tort Statute litigation by revisiting the field's two seminal cases, Filartiga (filed 1979) and Marcos (filed 1986), lawsuits ostensibly concerned with torture in Paraguay and the Philippines, respectively. Combining legal analysis, archival research and ethnographic methods, this book reveals how these cases operated as transitional justice mechanisms, performing the transition of the United States and its allies out of the Cold War order. It shows that US courts produced a whitewashed history of US involvement in repression in the Western bloc, while in Paraguay and the Philippines the distance from US courts allowed for a more critical narration of the lawsuits and their underlying violence as symptomatic of structural injustice. By exposing the political meanings of these legal landmarks for three societies, Davidson sheds light on the blend of hegemonic and emancipatory implications of international human rights litigation in US courts.

Am 16. August 2012 trat die neue Europaische Erbrechtsverordnung in Kraft. Gerade im Zustandigkeitsbereich weicht die Verordnung von dem seit dem 1. September 2009 in Deutschland geltenden Prinzip ab, dass sich die internationale Zustandigkeit nach der oertlichen Zustandigkeit richtet. Die Verordnung greift vielmehr auf ein ahnlich paralleles Gebilde wie den Gleichlaufgrundsatz zuruck, der bis zum 1. September 2009 in Deutschland galt: Nach der Erbrechtsverordnung bestimmen sich internationale Zustandigkeit und anzuwendendes Recht grundsatzlich nach dem letzten gewoehnlichen Aufenthalt des Erblassers. Die Arbeit untersucht die Vor- und Nachteile der deutschen Regelungen und des europaischen Systems, um Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede aufzudecken.

Die Rechtsprobleme der nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft in Deutschland sowie in Polen stellen sich in den benachbarten Landern gleichermassen. Doch es gibt zum Teil grosse Unterschiede beim historisch entwickelten Eheverstandnis und somit auch dem Verstandnis uber diese "neuere Form" des Zusammenlebens. Greifen in Polen noch starkere konservative Machte, etwa die katholische Kirche, so ist diese neue uberkommene Form des Zusammenlebens in Deutschland bereits salonfahig und keineswegs gesellschaftlich in Frage gestellt. Das Arbeitsthema bot also gerade Anlass dazu sich erstmals mit dieser Fragestellung im Rahmen einer Rechtsvergleichung auseinanderzusetzen, um die Unterschiede und auch Gemeinsamkeiten herauszustellen und im Gesamtkontext der Problemstellung historisch, gesellschaftlich und auch rechtlich zu bewerten, wobei der vorrangige Blick klar der vergleichenden Gesetzesanalyse geschuldet ist.

Wenn es infolge eines Fehlers beim Zustandekommen von Boersengeschaften zu nicht marktgerechten Preisen kommt, spricht man von Mistrades. Die Boersen sehen hierfur in ihren Geschaftsbedingungen regelmassig Aufhebungsmoeglichkeiten vor. Diese Arbeit untersucht oeffentlich-rechtliche und privatrechtliche Aspekte einer Aufhebung. Im oeffentlich-rechtlich ausgestalteten Boersenhandel wird die Vertragsaufhebung als Verwaltungsakt eingeordnet. Dies fuhrt zur Auseinandersetzung mit Fragen der Berufs- und Eigentumsfreiheit. Die AEhnlichkeit eines Mistrades mit den Anfechtungsgrunden des Burgerlichen Gesetzbuches leitet zu einer privatrechtlichen Beurteilung sowie dem Aufsuchen von Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten im Mehrpersonenverhaltnis. Schliesslich werden die einzelnen Mistrade-Regelungen der deutschen Boersen behandelt.

Die Arbeit setzt sich eingehend und kritisch mit der AEnderung des 30 GmbHG durch das MoMiG auseinander. Vorausgegangen war das "November-Urteil" des BGH vom 24.11.2003, das wegen seiner Auswirkungen auf das Cash-Pooling eine uberaus lebhafte Diskussion ausgeloest hatte. Der Autor beleuchtet das Fur und Wider der durch das "Nichtanwendungsgesetz" wiederbelebten bilanziellen Betrachtungsweise und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Gesetzgeber des MoMiG ebenso wie zuvor der BGH - wenn auch in entgegengesetzter Richtung - uber das Ziel hinausgeschossen ist. Er pladiert fur ein neues Verstandnis des Auszahlungsbegriffs bzw. Auszahlungszeitpunkts in konsequenter Anwendung der bilanziellen Betrachtungsweise und in Verbindung mit dem Korrektiv des Drittvergleichs.