Kein anderes wirtschaftsrechtliches Thema steht so kontinuierlich im Fokus der OEffentlichkeit wie das Dilemma der rauberischen oder - treffender - erpresserischen Aktionare. Trotz des Bewusstseins um die Brisanz des Problems reagiert der Gesetzgeber bis heute zoegerlich und ineffizient. Das zeigt sich einmal mehr am Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Aktionarsrechterichtlinie (ARUG), das die Inkonsistenz des tradierten Beschlussmangelrechts weiter verstarkt. Die Autorin fordert eine Grundsatzreform und verweist nach Abschaffung von Registersperre und Freigabeverfahren in Umkehrung der Darlegungs- und Beweislast auf den einstweiligen Rechtsschutz der Zivilprozessordnung. Die Schwachstellen des durch das ARUG novellierten Freigabeverfahrens werden berucksichtigt und sein legislativer Grundgedanke auf das neugestaltete Beschlussmangelrechtssystem ubertragen. Dabei ist der Schutz der Minderheitsaktionare entsprechend dem gewandelten Aktionarsverstandnis weg vom Verbandsmitglied hin zum Kapitalanleger vermoegensrechtlich gepragt.

Der Verein "Fundare e. V., Gemeinnutziger Verein zur Foerderung des Stiftungswesens" hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, zu einer aufbluhenden Stiftungskultur in Deutschland beizutragen. Dazu sollen insbesondere die wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Grundlagen des Stiftens erforscht werden. Der Erfullung dieser Aufgabe dient die Zeitschrift "Die Stiftung - Jahreshefte zum Stiftungswesen". Sie beinhaltet in ihrer sechsten Ausgabe vor allem die Vortrage, die auf dem von Fundare e.V. veranstalteten "6. Stiftungsrechtstag an der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum" gehalten wurden. Daruber hinaus haben noch weitere Beitrage Aufnahme gefunden. Es werden nicht nur eingehend zivilrechtliche, sondern auch verwaltungs- und steuerrechtliche Problematiken des Stiftungsrechts beleuchtet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf den Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten mit Hilfe von Stiftungen.

The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention is the first comprehensive review of the contributions of this important institution to understanding arbitrary detention today. The Working Group is a body of five independent human rights experts that considers individual complaints of arbitrary detention, adopting legal opinions as to whether a detention is compatible with states' obligations under international law. Since its establishment in 1991, it has adopted more than 1,200 case opinions and conducted more than fifty country missions. But much more than a jurisprudential review, these cases are presented in the book in the style of a treatise, where the widest array of issues on arbitrary detention are placed in the context of the requirements of multilateral treaties and other relevant international standards. Written for both practitioners and serious scholars alike, this book includes five case studies and a foreword by Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu.

Historically, critics of interracial, interfaith, and most recently same-sex marriage have invoked conscience and religious liberty to defend their objections, and often they have been accused of bigotry. Although denouncing and preventing bigotry is a shared political value with a long history, people disagree over who is a bigot and what makes a belief, attitude, or action bigoted. This is evident from the rejoinder that calling out bigotry is intolerant political correctness, even bigotry itself. In Who's the Bigot?, the eminent legal scholar Linda C. McClain traces the rhetoric of bigotry and conscience across a range of debates relating to marriage and antidiscrimination law. Is "bigotry" simply the term society gives to repudiated beliefs that now are beyond the pale? She argues that the differing views people hold about bigotry reflect competing understandings of what it means to be "on the wrong side of history" and the ways present forms of discrimination resemble or differ from past forms. Furthermore, McClain shows that bigotry has both a backward- and forward-looking dimension. We not only learn the meaning of bigotry by looking to the past, but we also use examples of bigotry, on which there is now consensus, as the basis for making new judgments about what does or does not constitute bigotry and coming to new understandings of both injustice and justice. By examining charges of bigotry and defenses based on conscience and religious belief in these debates, Who's the Bigot? makes a novel and timely contribution to our understanding of the relationship between religious liberty and discrimination in American life.

Die Bildung offener Rucklagen in Personenhandelsgesellschaften, insbesondere durch mehrheitlich getroffene Thesaurierungsbeschlusse, war und ist in Rechtsprechung und rechtswissenschaftlicher Literatur Gegenstand einer kontroversen Diskussion. Die Autorin skizziert die Entwicklung dieser Diskussion und analysiert die Voraussetzungen fur die Wirksamkeit mehrheitlich getroffener Thesaurierungsbeschlusse insbesondere anhand der sogenannten Kernbereichslehre. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelt sie einen kautelarjuristischen Loesungsvorschlag. Die Autorin untersucht die Problematik ubertragen auf einen Konzern mit einer Personengesellschaft an der Spitze und entwirft abschliessend ein Modell fur eine konzerndimensionale Anwendung gesellschaftsvertraglicher Thesaurierungsklauseln.

That Every Man Be Armed, the first scholarly book on the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, has played a significant role in constitutional debate and litigation since it was first published in 1984. Halbrook traces the right to bear arms from ancient Greece and Rome to the English republicans, then to the American Revolution and Constitution, through the Reconstruction period extending the right to African Americans, and onward to today's controversies. With reviews of recent literature and court decisions, this new edition ensures that Halbrook's study remains the most comprehensive general work on the right to keep and bear arms.

'Health and human rights' is an important dimension of international and European human rights and health law. It is multi-disciplinary, engaging scholars and practitioners of public health and medicine, as well as legal scholars and human rights lawyers. Taking a 'health and human rights approach' means applying international, regional and domestic human rights law to a wide range of health-related issues. Human rights law informs other areas of law that engage with health issues, including international and domestic health law, biolaw and bioethics, patients' rights, and environmental law. It brings a new, and often more international, as well as a moral dimension to existing legal analyses of health issues. This is essential in an increasingly interconnected and globalised world, where health concerns are omnipresent and can no longer be addressed solely at a domestic level. This book focuses on the legal interfaces between 'health' and 'human rights', taking both a global as well as a European approach. Globally, there are tremendous challenges when it comes to the protection of collective and individual health. Such challenges include weak (primary) healthcare systems, the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and the increase of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as well as the health effects of air pollution and climate change. In such settings, human rights can, potentially, play an important role in protecting the rights of vulnerable individuals. It is a compelling framework for assessing these and other questions in the health field, as it couples health-related problems with a legal and moral dimension. The international recognition and definition of the 'right to health' is at the centre of this, but there are many other relevant human rights standards, including the right to life, the right to respect for privacy and family life, and the right to have access to information. International case law in the health field has made its mark when it comes to matters like access to health services, abortion, and inhuman and degrading treatment in health settings. Increasingly, links are being sought between human rights and other international standards protecting health, in particular the standards adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). The European context is, to some extent, a region sui generis, not only in terms of health issues and health outcomes, but also from a political and legal perspective. The authoritative case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) of the Council of Europe has increasingly touched upon health-related issues. Health and Human Rights brings together contributions from human rights and health law experts from three different countries in Northern Europe. Together, the chapters give a rich account of the legal and interdisciplinary aspects and perspectives related to 'health and human rights'. This book is of interest to lecturers, students, practitioners and law- and policymakers and offers up-to-date analyses of crucial human rights issues in modern healthcare, practices and regulations in Europe and beyond.

Die Arbeit beschaftigt sich mit der Frage, unter welchen Voraussetzungen ein Bieter, der die UEbernahme eines anderen Unternehmens angekundigt oder gar schon ein konkretes UEbernahmeangebot abgegeben hat, sich von den dadurch ausgeloesten Rechtsfolgen wieder befreien kann, etwa mittels Widerrufs, Anfechtung oder Rucktritts. Das WpUEG beantwortet diese Frage nur dahingehend, dass der Bieter das Angebot jedenfalls nicht unter eine Bedingung stellen darf, deren Eintritt er selbst herbeifuhren kann. Ob sich der Bieter von etwaigen, durch die blosse Ankundigung des Angebots ausgeloesten Rechtsfolgen wieder befreien kann, lasst das Gesetz sogar ganzlich offen. Neben der aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht notwendigen dogmatischen Analyse hat die Klarung der aufgeworfenen Fragestellungen auch eine erhebliche Relevanz fur die Praxis. Denn mangels eindeutiger Rechtslage und hoechstrichterlicher Rechtsprechung besteht insoweit eine kaum zumutbare Rechtsunsicherheit, die vor allem fur den Bieter auch erhebliche finanzielle Risiken in sich birgt.

Das Buch befasst sich mit der Frage nach der Grundlage von Sportrechten im deutschen und englischen Recht und bietet eine detaillierte Untersuchung der kartellrechtlichen Zulassigkeit der Einkaufsgemeinschaft der EBU. Public Viewing, Live-Ticker und Spielplane werden auf ihre Lizenzpflichtigkeit hin uberpruft. Eine ausfuhrliche Marktabgrenzung berucksichtigt aktuelle Entwicklungen in Technologie und Nutzerverhalten. Vor dem Hintergrund des More Economic Approach sowie der besonderen Beziehung zwischen exklusiver Verwertung und Kartellrecht zeigt sich, unter welchen Umstanden Einkaufskooperationen auf den Markten fur attraktive Sportveranstaltungen zu verbotenen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen und zum Missbrauch marktbeherrschender Stellungen fuhren koennen. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Dissertationspreis der Dr. Feldbausch-Stiftung des Jahres 2015 ausgezeichnet.

Die erbrechtliche Ausgleichung bezweckt die Gleichbehandlung von Abkoemmlingen hinsichtlich der Beteiligung am elterlichen Vermoegen. Die Auseinandersetzung des elterlichen Nachlasses erfolgt daher unter Berucksichtigung lebzeitiger Zuwendungen. Fur Kindesunterhaltsleistungen als obligatorische Leistungen kann die Ausgleichung grundsatzlich nicht angeordnet werden. Die Autorin zeigt, dass beim behinderungsbedingten Mehrbedarf eine Ausnahme zu machen ist. Dessen Ausgleichung kann genutzt werden, um den Pflichtteil des behinderten Abkoemmlings zu reduzieren und dadurch die Zugriffsmasse des Sozialleistungstragers zu verringern. Das Gestaltungsziel ist dabei dasselbe wie beim Behindertentestament.

High hopes were placed in the ability of the European Convention and the Court of Human Rights to help realise fundamental freedoms and civil and political rights in the post-communist countries. This book explores the effects of the Strasbourg human rights system on the domestic law, politics and reality of the new member states. With contributions by past and present judges of the European Court of Human Rights and assorted constitutional courts, this book provides an insider view of the relationship between Central and Eastern European states and the ECHR, and examines the fundamental role played by the ECHR in the process of democratisation, particularly the areas of the right to liberty, the right to propriety, freedom of expression, and minorities' rights.

Der Entwurf eines Gemeinsamen Europaischen Kaufrechts (GEKR) will fur Unternehmer und Verbraucher einen einheitlichen Rechtsrahmen fur grenzuberschreitende Vertrage innerhalb der EU schaffen. Es soll hierdurch moeglich werden, fur alle Vertrage innerhalb der EU nur ein vorformuliertes Vertragswerk zu nutzen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Regelungen des Verordnungsentwurfs zur Kontrolle nicht individuell ausgehandelter Vertragsbestimmungen in Verbrauchervertragen untersucht und mit denen des deutschen Rechts verglichen. Hierbei werden die Vor- und Nachteile der Inhaltskontrolle nach dem Gemeinsamen Europaischen Kaufrecht fur Verbraucher und Unternehmer im Vergleich zum deutschen Recht herausgearbeitet.

The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention is the first comprehensive review of the contributions of this important institution to understanding arbitrary detention today. The Working Group is a body of five independent human rights experts that considers individual complaints of arbitrary detention, adopting legal opinions as to whether a detention is compatible with states' obligations under international law. Since its establishment in 1991, it has adopted more than 1,200 case opinions and conducted more than fifty country missions. But much more than a jurisprudential review, these cases are presented in the book in the style of a treatise, where the widest array of issues on arbitrary detention are placed in the context of the requirements of multilateral treaties and other relevant international standards. Written for both practitioners and serious scholars alike, this book includes five case studies and a foreword by Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu.

Confusion about the differences between the Council of Europe (the parent body of the European Court of Human Rights) and the European Union is commonplace amongst the general public. It even affects some lawyers, jurists, social scientists and students. This book will enable the reader to distinguish clearly between those human rights norms which originate in the Council of Europe and those which derive from the EU, vital for anyone interested in human rights in Europe and in the UK as it prepares to leave the EU. The main achievements of relevant institutions include securing minimum standards across the continent as they deal with increasing expansion, complexity, multidimensionality, and interpenetration of their human rights activities. The authors also identify the central challenges, particularly for the UK in the post-Brexit era, where the components of each system need to be carefully distinguished and disentangled.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der quotalen Haftung der Gesellschafter einer Publikumspersonengesellschaft, insbesondere einer Fonds-GbR. Im Fall einer betragsmassigen Begrenzung der Haftung sind die Anleger besser gestellt als bei einer nur prozentualen Haftungsbeschrankung. Die Haftungsquoten sind stets an dem durch Tilgungsleistungen der Gesellschaft und Verwertungserloese gesunkenen aktuellen Stand der Gesellschaftsverbindlichkeit zu bemessen. Die Glaubiger koennen wahlen, ob sie als erstes Gesellschafter persoenlich in Anspruch nehmen oder die Zwangsvollstreckung in das Fondsgrundstuck betreiben. Befriedigt ein Gesellschafter den Glaubiger im Umfang seiner Haftungsquote an der aktuellen Verbindlichkeit, geht die Glaubigerforderung gemass 774 Abs. 1 S. 1 BGB analog in entsprechendem Umfang auf den Gesellschafter uber. Da die quotal beschrankte Haftung der Anleger bewirkt, dass sie nur als Teilschuldner fur die Gesellschaftsverbindlichkeiten haften, bestehen ahnlich wie bei der Partenreederei und der Wohnungseigentumergemeinschaft grundsatzlich keine Freistellungs- und Ruckgriffsanspruche der Anleger untereinander.

Human Rights, Democracy, and Legitimacy in a World of Disorder brings together respected scholars from diverse disciplines to examine a trio of key concepts that help to stabilize states and the international order. While used pervasively by philosophers, legal scholars, and politicians, the precise content of these concepts is disputed, and they face new challenges in the conditions of disorder brought by the twenty-first century. This volume will explore the interrelationships and possible tensions between human rights, democracy, and legitimacy, from the philosophical, legal, and political perspectives; as well as the role of these concepts in addressing particular problems such as economic inequality, catastrophic risks posed by new technologies, access to health care, regional governance, and responses to mass migration. Comprising essays arising from an interdisciplinary symposium convened at Harvard Law School in 2016, this volume will examine how these trusted concepts may bring order to the global community.

Capital cases involving foreigners as defendants are a serious source of contention between the United States and foreign governments. By treaty, foreigner defendants must be informed upon arrest that they may contact a consul of their home country for assistance, yet police and judges in the United States are lax in complying. Foreigners on America's Death Row investigates the arbitrary way United States police departments, courts, and the Department of State implement well-established rights of foreigners arrested in the US. Foreign governments have taken the United States into international courts, which have ruled that the US must enforce the treaty. The United States has ignored these rulings. As a result, foreigners continue to be executed after a legal process that their home governments justifiably find to be flawed. When one country ignores the treaty rights of another as well as the decisions of international courts, the established order of international relations is threatened.

The emergence of international human rights law and the end of the White Australia immigration policy were events of great historical moment. Yet, they were not harbingers of a new dawn in migration law. This book argues that this is because migration law in Australia is best understood as part of a longer jurisprudential tradition in which certain political-economic interests have shaped the relationship between the foreigner and the sovereign. Eve Lester explores how this relationship has been wrought by a political-economic desire to regulate race and labour; a desire that has produced the claim that there exists an absolute sovereign right to exclude or condition the entry and stay of foreigners. Lester calls this putative right a discourse of 'absolute sovereignty'. She argues that 'absolute sovereignty' talk continues to be a driver of migration lawmaking, shaping the foreigner-sovereign relation and making thinkable some of the world's harshest asylum policies.

About this Publication: Human Dignity: Lodestar for Equality in South Africa provides an in-depth analysis of human dignity and its relationship to equality in South African law. The author argues that human dignity is the attributive key that unlocks the constitutional meaning of equality and unfair discrimination. Equality cannot be usefully debated without first asking the vital question 'Equality of what?' The answer, it is contended, must be 'human dignity'. The philosophical and Abrahamic religious roots of these constitutional concepts of dignity and equality are investigated, then further explored and illustrated in the comparative context of South African, German and Canadian constitutional jurisprudence. Clashes and tensions between rights inevitably occur when the equality and non-discrimination rights of a Bill of Rights are applied horizontally, that is between subjects of the state themselves. The human dignity of the contestants plays a vital role in resolving such tensions and conflicts. Human dignity moreover has a determining function when applying constitutionally mandated restitutionary (compensatory) equality and when determining what the legitimate extent and duration of such restitution is. These issues are also considered in a comparative constitutional context. Peer Reviews: 'Retired Justice Laurie Ackermann was one of the giants of the "Mandela Constitutional Court" appointed in 1994. His new book on human dignity matches the weight and the profundity of his judicial writing on the subject. It is an authoritative, lawyerly and commanding exposition of the value that is the key to South Africa's constitutional future-the dignity of all its peoples.' Justice Edwin Cameron, Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa 'In this work, the claim that it is the inherent dignity and worth of every human person that must inform the interpretation and enforcement of the constitutional right to equality is backed up, inter alia, by a useful exposition of the Kantian concept of dignity and an illuminating and context-sensitive engagement with comparative constitutional law. The author's argument is systematically developed within a range of contexts, including anti-discrimination law, disputes over the scope and limits of measures designed to remedy past injustices, and conflicts over the appropriate balance between equality and freedom in cases involving the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights. Throughout, the author presents a well-argued and robust defence of a constitutional vision which places the dignity of the individual at the heart of the Constitution's transformative project. This is an important contribution which is certain to stimulate further analysis and debate.' - Prof Henk Botha, University of Stellenbosch Law Faculty 'The most systematic, theoretically rich, and intellectually provocative treatment in the academic literature to date on the subject of human dignity in South Africa's evolving equality jurisprudence.' Prof Sandra Liebenberg, HF Oppenheimer Professor of Human Rights Law, University of Stellenbosch Law Faculty

Between the 1960s and the 1980s, the human rights movement achieved unprecedented global prominence. Amnesty International attained striking visibility with its Campaign Against Torture; Soviet dissidents attracted a worldwide audience for their heroism in facing down a totalitarian state; the Helsinki Accords were signed, incorporating a "third basket" of human rights principles; and the Carter administration formally gave the United States a human rights policy. The Breakthrough is the first collection to examine this decisive era as a whole, tracing key developments in both Western and non-Western engagement with human rights and placing new emphasis on the role of human rights in the international history of the past century. Bringing together original essays from some of the field's leading scholars, this volume not only explores the transnational histories of international and nongovernmental human rights organizations but also analyzes the complex interplay between gender, sociology, and ideology in the making of human rights politics at the local level. Detailed case studies illuminate how a number of local movements-from the 1975 World Congress of Women in East Berlin, to antiapartheid activism in Britain, to protests in Latin America-affected international human rights discourse in the era as well as the ways these moments continue to influence current understanding of human rights history and advocacy. The global south-an area not usually treated as a scene of human rights politics-is also spotlighted in groundbreaking chapters on Biafran, South American, and Indonesian developments. In recovering the remarkable presence of global human rights talk and practice in the 1970s, The Breakthrough brings this pivotal decade to the forefront of contemporary scholarly debate. Contributors: Carl J. Bon Tempo, Gunter Dehnert, Celia Donert, Lasse Heerten, Patrick William Kelly, Benjamin Nathans, Ned Richardson-Little, Daniel Sargent, Brad Simpson, Lynsay Skiba, Simon Stevens.

This book strikes a balance between international sporting governing bodies' interests and values enshrined in rules regarding sporting nationality on one hand, and athletes' rights under EU law on the other. It argues that some rules governing athletes' eligibility in national teams in their current form, notably certain waiting periods, quotas for naturalised athletes or athletes having previously played for another country, and rules prohibiting the change of sporting nationality, constitute a disproportionate restriction on athletes' rights under EU citizenship, free movement of persons, competition law or fundamental rights. Accordingly, the book subsequently presents concrete recommendations for international sporting governing bodies on how to reconcile their interests and values with the rights that athletes enjoy under EU law. As such, it offers an essential guide for these bodies and their representatives, as well as for athletes, academics and practitioners in the fields of law and sports.

The 1996 South African Constitution was promulgated on 18th December 1996 and came into effect on 4th February 1997. Its aspirational provisions promised to transform South Africa's economy and society along non-racial and egalitarian lines. Following the twentieth anniversary of its enactment, this book, co-edited by Rosalind Dixon and Theunis Roux, examines the triumphs and disappointments of the Constitution. It explains the arguments in favor of the Constitution being replaced with a more authentically African document, untainted by the necessity to compromise with ruling interests predominant at the end of apartheid. Others believe it remains a landmark attempt to create a society based on social, economic, and political rights for all citizens, and that its true implementation has yet to be achieved. This volume considers whether the problems South Africa now faces are of constitutional design or implementation, and analyses the Constitution's external influence on constitutionalism in other parts of the world.

The electoral successes of right-wing populists since 2016 have unsettled world politics. The spread of populism poses dangers for human rights within each country, and also threatens the international system for protecting human rights. Human Rights in a Time of Populism examines causes, consequences, and responses to populism in a global context from a human rights perspective. It combines legal analysis with insights from political science, international relations, and political philosophy. Authors make practical recommendations on how the human rights challenges caused by populism should be confronted. This book, with its global scope, international human rights framing, and inclusion of leading experts, will be of great interest to human rights lawyers, political scientists, international relations scholars, actors in the human rights system, and general readers concerned by recent developments.

Das Grundgesetz erlaubt die allgemeine Wehrpflicht. Gleichwohl leisteten zuletzt nur 15,4 % der deutschen Manner eines Jahrgangs Wehrdienst. Dies veranlasst den Verfasser, die gleichheitsrechtlichen Anforderungen der Wehrpflicht zu untersuchen. Zunachst stellt er die bisherigen Anforderungen fur eine allgemeine Wehrpflicht (sogenannte "Wehrgerechtigkeit") dar. Da es diesen an Klarheit und einer Systematisierung fehlt, entwickelt er ein eigenstandiges Grundrecht auf Wehrgleichheit. Anhand der dabei aufgestellten Anforderungen untersucht der Verfasser die legislativen und administrativen Befreiungen von der Wehrpflicht und vom Wehrdienst. Schliesslich analysiert er zwei Moeglichkeiten zur Kompensation der aufgezeigten Verstoesse - das soziale Pflichtjahr (in seinen verschiedenen Modellen) und die Wehrabgabe.