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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Philosophy & theory of psychology > Cognitive theory
Consciousness is perhaps one of the greatest mysteries in the universe. This ambitious book begins with a philosophical approach to consciousness, examining some key questions such as what is meant by the term "conscious," and how this applies to vision. The book then explores major visual phenomena related to attention and conscious experience-including filling-in processes, aftereffects, multi-stability, forms of divided attention, models of visual attention, priming effects, types of attentional blindness and various visual disorders. For each phenomenon, the biological and cognitive level research is reviewed. Themes touched upon throughout are the relation between consciousness and attention, automatic vs. willful processes, singularity vs. multiplicity, and looking without seeing. The book concludes with an evolutionary approach, describing possible functions that visual consciousness may serve and how those may affect the way we see. The systematic review of key topics and the multitude of perspectives make this book an ideal primary or ancillary text for graduate courses in perception, vision, consciousness, or philosophy of mind.
Intractability is a growing concern across the cognitive sciences: while many models of cognition can describe and predict human behavior in the lab, it remains unclear how these models can scale to situations of real-world complexity. Cognition and Intractability is the first book to provide an accessible introduction to computational complexity analysis and its application to questions of intractability in cognitive science. Covering both classical and parameterized complexity analysis, it introduces the mathematical concepts and proof techniques that can be used to test one's intuition of (in)tractability. It also describes how these tools can be applied to cognitive modeling to deal with intractability, and its ramifications, in a systematic way. Aimed at students and researchers in philosophy, cognitive neuroscience, psychology, artificial intelligence, and linguistics who want to build a firm understanding of intractability and its implications in their modeling work, it is an ideal resource for teaching or self-study.
The chapters in Human Spatial Memory: Remembering Where present a fascinating picture of an everyday aspect of mental life that is as intriguing to people outside of academia as it is to scientists studying human cognition and behavior. The questions are as old as the study of mind itself: How do we remember where objects are located? How do we remember where we are in relation to other places? What is the origin and developmental course of spatial memory? What neural structures are involved in remembering where? How do we come to understand scaled-down versions of places as symbolic representations of actual places? Although the questions are old, some of the answers-in-progress are new, thanks to some innovative theorizing, solid experimental work, and revealing applications of new technologies, such as virtual environments and brain imaging techniques. This volume includes a variety of theoretical, empirical, and methodological advances that invite readers to make their own novel connections between theory and research. Scholars who study spatial cognition can benefit from examining the latest from well-established experts, as well as milestone contributions from early-career researchers. This combination provides the reader with a sense of past, present, and future in terms of spatial memory research. Just as important, however, is the value of the volume as a touchstone resource for researchers who study perception, memory, or cognition but who are not concerned primarily with the spatial domain. All readers may find the fact that this volume violates the trend toward an ever-narrowing specialization refreshing. Chapters from cognitive psychologists are alongside chapters by developmentalists and neuroscientists; results from field studies are just pages away from those based on fMRI during observation of virtual displays. Thus, the book invites integrative examination across disciplines, research areas, and methodological approaches.
Appropriate as a textbook for graduate courses, "The Evolution and
Function of Cognition" provides a systematic and progressively
inclusive integration of the facts and principles of cognitive
psychology. It includes contributions of information processing and
reaction, and emphasizes historical continuity. In addition, the
book shows how evolutionary psychology fits in with the mainstream
of thought in psychological theory.
This book is a condensation of a large body of work concerning
human learning carried out over a period of more than five years by
Dr. Sun and his collaborators. In a nutshell, this work is
concerned with a broad framework for studying human cognition based
on a new approach that is characterized by its focus on the
dichotomy of, and the interaction between, explicit and implicit
cognition and a computational model that implements this framework.
By enhancing your ability to identify connections, you can enhance your creativity. This exercise book strengthens your ability to recognise connections. The exercises are based on the theory of the book The Secret of the Highly Creative Thinker, as well as observations in neuroscience, and seventy years of creativity studies. This exercise book is based on a dynamic balance of theory, technique, and exercises, it's a practical hands-on workbook. It's the perfect outlet to get your hands dirty and dive into exercises that strengthen one's ability to see and make connections. This book is for those seeking to enhance their creativity. It can be used to: - Develop one's creative capacity - Train underlying mechanisms in creative thinking - Enrich educational purposes - Increase idea production Creative Thinker's Exercise Book is for everyone that's eager to indulge in exercises to enhance their innate creativity by identifying connections.
The "scientific field" of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began in the
1950s but the "concept" of artificial intelligence, the idea of
something with mind-like attributes, predates it by centuries. This
historically rich concept has served as a blueprint for the
research into intelligent machines. But it also has staggering
implications for our notions of who we are: our psychology,
biology, philosophy, technology and society. This reference work
provides scholars in both the humanities and the sciences with the
material essential for charting the development of this
concept.
Although cognitive engineering has gained widespread acceptance as
one of the most promising approaches to addressing and preventing
difficulties with human-machine coordination and collaboration, it
still meets with considerable skepticism and resistance in some of
the industries that could benefit from its insights and
recommendations. The challenge for cognitive engineers is to better
understand the reasons underlying these reservations and to
overcome them by demonstrating and communicating more effectively
their concepts, approaches, and proposed solutions. To contribute
to this goal, the current volume presents concrete examples of
cognitive engineering research and design. It is an attempt to
complement the already existing excellent literature on cognitive
engineering in domains other than aviation and to introduce
professionals and students in a variety of domains to this rather
young discipline.
Investigators have moved back and forth between design efforts and
basic studies in cognition to improve both application and
fundamental knowledge. This volume's theme is this interaction
between practice and science with the opportunity for reflecting on
findings in order to understand them and suggesting improved forms
of application and their underlying explanation. This is seen in
various arenas including theory-based computer-assisted instruction
for teaching mathematics, the design of communities of learning in
elementary schools, teaching in the context of problem-solving
situations and reasoning with models, self-explanation as a highly
effective learning activity, conceptual change in medical training
and health education, and workplace training in electronic
troubleshooting. The results of extensive long-term experience and
analysis in each of these areas are insightfully reported by the
well-known contributors to this volume.
The field of the learning sciences is concerned with educational
research from the dual perspectives of human cognition and
computing technologies, and the application of this research in
three integrated areas:
What is the meaning of reason in our postmodern society today? Is reason a weapon of domination, or can it also serve as a means for emancipation? Is it possible for reason to understand its "other"--what it is not? Confronting such questions, "Bounds of Reason" is a compelling discussion of the limits and meaning of rationality as a tool for understanding the ideas of truth, justice and freedom. Emilia Steuerman explores the modernist and postmodernist controversy between Habermas and Lyotard to highlight the problems encountered both by a defense of reason and by the lack of meaning that haunts a world without it. Using Kleinian theory to examine the debate as it is manifested in the main philosophical themes of this century, Steuerman argues that a rational and ethical theory of justice must take into account that which is not rational, symmetrical or transparent--namely a primitive world of love and hatred which colors and shapes our perceptions.
Shaping the Future of Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Towards Technological Advances and Service Innovations coincides with the 25th International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP) Congress in Dubai from December 5-9, 2022. There are three overarching themes of this book. Firstly, the impact of the Internet and digital technologies on the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents, including computerized therapies, and the fundamental role of technologies to advance knowledge in the field. Secondly, a theme on harnessing the expansion of knowledge on psychiatric disorders and their treatment for children and adolescents, exemplified by chapters on different kinds of adversity in child and adolescent mental health and a chapter on precision therapeutics. Given the location of the IACAPAP Congress, the third theme focuses on aspects of child and adolescent mental health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Chapters provide insights into a broad range of contemporary technology- and service innovation-related topics in child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health. These include growing up in the digital age, cyberbullying, clinical applications of big data and machine learning, computerized cognitive behavioral therapy, technology- enhanced learning, lessons from COVID-19, new understanding of the consequences of psychological trauma, autoimmune encephalitis, and precision therapeutics in depression. Acknowledging the global challenge of child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, readers will find an emphasis on contextual challenges in the field, including innovations for scaling up of mental health intervention in low- and middle-income countries, and research and training in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
'A terrific book - essential reading for everyone seeking to make sense of Artificial Intelligence' Professor Sir Adrian Smith, Director and Chief Executive of the Alan Turing Institute In this myth-busting guide to AI past and present, one of the world's leading researchers shows why our fears for the future are misplaced. The ultimate dream of AI is to build machines that are like us: conscious and self-aware. While this remains a remote possibility, rapid progress in AI is already transforming our world. Yet the public debate is still largely centred on unlikely prospects, from sentient machines to dystopian robot takeovers. In this lively and clear-headed guide, Michael Wooldridge challenges the prevailing narrative, revealing how the hype distracts us from both the more immediate risks that this technology poses - from algorithmic bias to fake news - and the true life-changing potential of the field. The Road to Conscious Machines elucidates the discoveries of AI's greatest pioneers from Alan Turing to Demis Hassabis, and what today's researchers actually think and do. 'Nobody understands the past, the present, the promise and the peril of this new technology better than Michael Wooldridge. The definitive account' Matt Ridley, author of The Rational Optimist 'Effortlessly readable. The perfect guide to the history and future of AI' Tom Chivers, author of The AI Does Not Hate You
Reveals the mind boggling neuroscience connecting brain, body, mind, and society, by examining a range of brain disorders, in the tradition of Oliver Sacks. Identifying what makes up the nature of the human mind has long been neuroscience's greatest challenge - a mystery perhaps never to be fully understood. Award-winning author and master of science journalism Anil Ananthaswamy smartly explores the concept of self by way of several mental conditions that alter patients' identities, showing how we learn a lot about being human from people with a fragmented or altered sense of self. He travels the world to meet those who suffer from "maladies of the self" interviewing patients, psychiatrists, philosophers and neuroscientists along the way. He charts how the self is affected by Asperger's, autism, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, schizophrenia, among many other mental conditions, revealing how the brain constructs our sense of self. Each chapter is anchored with stories of people who experience themselves differently from the norm. The Man Who Wasn't There is a magical mystery tour of scientific analysis and philosophical pondering, now utterly transformed by recent advances in cutting-edge neuroscience. ***PRAISE FOR THE MAN WHO WASN'T THERE*** 'Ananthaswamy excels at making theoretical concepts and experimental procedures both comprehensible and compelling.' Science 'If you simply want to read a great science book, I can't recommend any more highly than this one.' Forbes 'A compelling and entertaining look at the last untapped mystery, the true final frontier: the nature of our selves. Science journalism at its best.' Daniel J. Levitin, author of The Organized Mind 'An agreeably written travelogue through this mysterious landscape at the frontiers of knowledge.' The Wall Street Journal 'You'll never see yourself-or others-the same way again.' People 'Ananthaswamy's remarkable achievement is to make sense of these unhappy individuals' otherness, while holding on to their human sameness. You'll come away enlightened and chastened, asking searching questions about who you are.' Nicholas Humphrey, author of A History of the Mind 'It is an astonishing journey and an ambitious book, bringing together cutting-edge science and philosophy from West and East. You will not be quite the same self after reading it.' New Scientist
The ways we know, think and believe about a whole variety of key areas - different forms of discourse, psychotherapy as well as religion - have much more in common than is usually perceived. In preference to Freud's idea that illusions are the expression of wish-fulfilment, the author of this study uses Winnicott's concept of illusion, as a life-long, ever-changing way of coping with the anxiety of gaps and space. Through a series of parallels running across different disciplines, Michael Jacobs demonstrates the possible analysis of modes of thinking and belief, from intuitive pre-thinking, through authority-driven thinking and belief, and personal and polymathic knowledge, to un-knowing, the last concept being one that is shared by Bion, Winnicott and a major mystical tradition. Using this theoretical model the book provides a map to how clients (and indeed therapists) might think and believe, suggesting ways in which they may be supported as they shift through different modes, with all the anxiety that disillusionment brings.
Professional Development, Training, and Supervision in Human Services Organizations provides the latest research on Human Service Organizations (HSO) groups, both public and private, and their use of the Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) model for effective designing, implementing and maintaining services within HSOs. Each volume in this series highlights key concepts and applications pertinent to each division of HSOs, with this release providing program directors and supervisors with the tools they need to develop an efficient and effective training program for onboarding, performance evaluation and professional development for their staff.
'Everyone should read this important book' Josh Glancy, Sunday Times 'One of the most important living philosophers' Bryan Appleyard, Spectator In the coming decades, the technology that enables virtual and augmented reality will improve beyond recognition. Within a century, world-renowned philosopher David J. Chalmers predicts, we will have virtual worlds that are impossible to distinguish from non-virtual worlds. But is virtual reality just escapism? In a highly original work of 'technophilosophy', Chalmers argues categorically, no: virtual reality is genuine reality. Virtual worlds are not second-class worlds. We can live a meaningful life in virtual reality - and increasingly, we will. What is reality, anyway? How can we lead a good life? Is there a god? How do we know there's an external world - and how do we know we're not living in a computer simulation? In Reality+, Chalmers conducts a grand tour of philosophy, using cutting-edge technology to provide invigorating new answers to age-old questions. Drawing on examples from pop culture, literature and film that help bring philosophical issues to life, Reality+ is a mind-bending journey through virtual worlds, illuminating the nature of reality and our place within it.
Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Research and Applications presents current theories, fundamentals, techniques and diverse applications of human-centered AI. Sections address the question, "are AI models explainable, interpretable and understandable?, introduce readers to the design and development process, including mind perception and human interfaces, explore various applications of human-centered AI, including human-robot interaction, healthcare and decision-making, and more. As human-centered AI aims to push the boundaries of previously limited AI solutions to bridge the gap between machine and human, this book is an ideal update on the latest advances.
How collective intelligence can transform business, government, and our everyday lives A new field of collective intelligence has emerged in recent years, prompted by digital technologies that make it possible to think at large scale. This "bigger mind"-human and machine capabilities working together-could potentially solve the great challenges of our time. Gathering insights from the latest work on data, web platforms, and artificial intelligence, Big Mind reveals how the power of collective intelligence could help organizations and societies to survive and thrive.
Why people are not as gullible as we think Not Born Yesterday explains how we decide who we can trust and what we should believe-and argues that we're pretty good at making these decisions. In this lively and provocative book, Hugo Mercier demonstrates how virtually all attempts at mass persuasion-whether by religious leaders, politicians, or advertisers-fail miserably. Drawing on recent findings from political science and other fields ranging from history to anthropology, Mercier shows that the narrative of widespread gullibility, in which a credulous public is easily misled by demagogues and charlatans, is simply wrong. Why is mass persuasion so difficult? Mercier uses the latest findings from experimental psychology to show how each of us is endowed with sophisticated cognitive mechanisms of open vigilance. Computing a variety of cues, these mechanisms enable us to be on guard against harmful beliefs, while being open enough to change our minds when presented with the right evidence. Even failures-when we accept false confessions, spread wild rumors, or fall for quack medicine-are better explained as bugs in otherwise well-functioning cognitive mechanisms than as symptoms of general gullibility. Not Born Yesterday shows how we filter the flow of information that surrounds us, argues that we do it well, and explains how we can do it better still.
Human Performance in Complex Systems introduces readers to the theory of complex systems, examining the role of humans within larger systems and the factors that affect human performance. Sections review the history of one particularly fruitful approach to complexity, providing an overview of complexity science that also discusses our current understanding of complex systems in a variety of domains, including physical, biological, mechanical and organizational. The author also introduces the idea that there are similarities between the successful architecture and control of both biological and organizational systems. Case studies concerning failures and successes within complex systems are also included. The book concludes by using the preceding material to develop principles that can be applied for successful design and control of complex systems.
The cognitive foundations of geometry have puzzled academics for a long time, and even today are mostly unknown to many scholars, including mathematical cognition researchers. Foundations of Geometric Cognition shows that basic geometric skills are deeply hardwired in the visuospatial cognitive capacities of our brains, namely spatial navigation and object recognition. These capacities, shared with non-human animals and appearing in early stages of the human ontogeny, cannot, however, fully explain a uniquely human form of geometric cognition. In the book, Hohol argues that Euclidean geometry would not be possible without the human capacity to create and use abstract concepts, demonstrating how language and diagrams provide cognitive scaffolding for abstract geometric thinking, within a context of a Euclidean system of thought. Taking an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on research from diverse fields including psychology, cognitive science, and mathematics, this book is a must-read for cognitive psychologists and cognitive scientists of mathematics, alongside anyone interested in mathematical education or the philosophical and historical aspects of geometry. |
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