Religious beliefs and practices, which permeated all aspects of life in antiquity, traveled well-worn routes throughout the Mediterranean: itinerant charismatic practitioners journeying from place to place peddled their skills as healers, purifiers, cursers, and initiators; and vessels decorated with illustrations of myths traveled with them. New gods encountered in foreign lands by merchants and conquerors were sometimes taken home to be adapted and adopted. This collection of essays by a distinguished international group of scholars, drawn from the groundbreaking reference work "Religion in the Ancient World," offers an expansive, comparative perspective on this complex spiritual world.

This leading textbook for world religions is now available in a more concise version. Many of the features of Introduction to World Religions are retained in this volume but with focus on the religious traditions themselves. The section on religions of antiquity has been removed and key content in each chapter streamlined to increase accessibility for students in their study and research of the world's religious traditions. Known and valued for its balanced approach, this book offers an arresting layout with rich illustrations. It continues to provide broad coverage of diverse religions, including indigenous religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Chinese, Korean, and Japanese religions.The user-friendly content is enhanced by charts of religious festivals, historic timelines, updated maps of the world's religions, and a useful glossary. Both historical overviews and modern perspectives for each religion are included.This edition includes several updates made to the new third edition, including a new design, a new section on women and religion, and a newly revised section on religions in today's world.

How can we, as people and communities with different religions and cultures, live together with integrity? Does tolerance require us to deny our deep differences or give up all claims to truth, to trade our received traditions for skepticism or relativism? Cultural philosopher Lenn E. Goodman argues that we can respect one another and learn from one another's ways without either sharing them or relinquishing our own. He argues that our commitments to our own ideals and norms need not mean dogmatism or intolerance. In this study, Goodman offers a trenchant critique of John Rawls's pervasive claim that religious and metaphysical voices must be silenced in the core political deliberations of a democracy. Inquiry, dialogue, and open debate remain the safeguards of public and personal sanity, and any of us, Goodman illustrates, can learn from one another's traditions and explorations without abandoning our own.

And the companion (Consort) was Mary of Magdala (Mary Magdalene). The Lord loved Mary more than all the other disciples and he kissed her often on her mouth (the text is missing here and the word mouth is assumed). The others saw his love for Mary and asked him: Why do you love her more than all of us? The Savior replied, Why do I not love you in the same way I love her? - (The Gospel of Philip) - Peter said to Mary; Sister we know that the Savior loved you more than all other women. Tell us the words of the Savior that you remember and know, but we have not heard and do not know. Mary answered him and said; I will tell you what He hid from you. - (The Gospel of Mary Magdalene) - Seizing on the texts above, writers of both fiction and non-fiction allowed their pens to run freely amidst conjecture and postulation of marriage and children between Jesus and Mary Magdalene. The writers of The Da Vinci Code and Holy Blood, Holy Grail took these passages and expanded them into storylines that have held readers captive with anticipation. Did Jesus take Mary to be his wife? Could the couple have produced children? Gnostic theology leaves open the possibility.

Most people have heard of the Celts-the elusive, ancient tribal people who resided in present-day England, Ireland, Scotland and France. Paradoxically characterized as both barbaric and innocent, the Celts appeal to the modern world as a symbol of a bygone era, a world destroyed by the ambition of empire and the spread of Christianity throughout Western Europe. Despite the pervasive cultural and literary influence of the Celts, shockingly little is known of their way of life and beliefs, because very few records of their stories exist. In this book, for the first time, Philip Freeman brings together the best stories of Celtic mythology. Everyone today knows about the gods and heroes of the ancient Greeks, such as Zeus, Hera, and Hercules, but how many people have heard of the Gaulish god Lugus or the magical Welsh queen Rhiannon or the great Irish warrior Cu Chulainn? We still thrill to the story of the Trojan War, but the epic battles of the Irish Tain Bo Cuailgne are known only to a few. And yet those who have read the stories of Celtic myth and legend-among them writers like J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis-have been deeply moved and influenced by these amazing tales, for there is nothing in the world quite like them. In these stories a mysterious and invisible realm of gods and spirits exists alongside and sometimes crosses over into our own human world; fierce women warriors battle with kings and heroes, and even the rules of time and space can be suspended. Captured in vivid prose these shadowy figures-gods, goddesses, and heroes-come to life for the modern reader.

Why does Islam play a larger role in contemporary politics than other religions? Is there something about the Islamic heritage that makes Muslims more likely than adherents of other faiths to invoke it in their political life? If so, what is it? Ancient Religions, Modern Politics seeks to answer these questions by examining the roles of Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity in modern political life, placing special emphasis on the relevance--or irrelevance--of their heritages to today's social and political concerns. Michael Cook takes an in-depth, comparative look at political identity, social values, attitudes to warfare, views about the role of religion in various cultural domains, and conceptions of the polity. In all these fields he finds that the Islamic heritage offers richer resources for those engaged in current politics than either the Hindu or the Christian heritages. He uses this finding to explain the fact that, despite the existence of Hindu and Christian counterparts to some aspects of Islamism, the phenomenon as a whole is unique in the world today. The book also shows that fundamentalism--in the sense of a determination to return to the original sources of the religion--is politically more adaptive for Muslims than it is for Hindus or Christians. A sweeping comparative analysis by one of the world's leading scholars of premodern Islam, Ancient Religions, Modern Politics sheds important light on the relationship between the foundational texts of these three great religious traditions and the politics of their followers today.

F. E. Peters, a scholar without peer in the comparative study of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, revisits his pioneering work. Peters has rethought and thoroughly rewritten his classic The Children of Abraham for a new generation of readers-at a time when the understanding of these three religious traditions has taken on a new and critical urgency. He began writing about all three faiths in the 1970s, long before it was fashionable to treat Islam in the context of Judaism and Christianity, or to align all three for a family portrait. In this updated edition, he lays out the similarities and differences of the three religious siblings with great clarity and succinctness and with that same remarkable objectivity that is the hallmark of all the author's work. Peters traces the three faiths from the sixth century B.C., when the Jews returned to Palestine from exile in Babylonia, to the time in the Middle Ages when they approached their present form. He points out that all three faith groups, whom the Muslims themselves refer to as "People of the Book," share much common ground. Most notably, each embraces the practice of worshipping a God who intervenes in history on behalf of His people. The book's text is direct and accessible with thorough and nuanced discussions of each of the three religions. Footnotes provide the reader with expert guidance into the highly complex issues that lie between every line of this stunning edition of The Children of Abraham. Complete with a new preface by the author, this Princeton Classics edition presents this landmark study to a new generation of readers.

In Hell and Damnation , bestselling author Marq de Villiers takes readers on a journey into the strange richness of the human imaginings of hell, deep into time and across many faiths, back into early Egypt and the 5,000-year-old Mesopotamian epic of Gilgamesh. This urbane, funny, and deeply researched guide ventures well beyond the Nine Circles of Dante's Hell and the many medieval Christian visions into the hellish descriptions in Islam, Buddhism, Jewish legend, Japanese traditions, and more.

The Symbolism of the Cross is a major doctrinal study of the central symbol of Christianity from the standpoint of the universal metaphysical tradition, the 'perennial philosophy' as it is called in the West. As Gunon points out, the cross is one of the most universal of all symbols and is far from belonging to Christianity alone. Indeed, Christians have sometimes tended to lose sight of its symbolical significance and to regard it as no more than the sign of a historical event. By restoring to the cross its full spiritual value as a symbol, but without in any way detracting from its historical importance for Christianity, Gunon has performed a task of inestimable importance which perhaps only he, with his unrivalled knowledge of the symbolic languages of both East and West, was qualified to perform. Although The Symbolism of the Cross is one of Gunon's core texts on traditional metaphysics, written in precise, nearly 'geometrical' language, vivid symbols are necessarily pressed into service as reference points-how else could the mind ascend the ladder of analogy to pure intellection? Gunon applies these doctrines more concretely elsewhere in critiquing modernity in such works as The Crisis of the Modern World and The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times, and invokes them also to help explain the nature of initiation and of initiatic organizations in such works as Perspectives on Initiation and Initiation and Spiritual Realization.

The United States has a long history of religious pluralism, and yet Americans have often thought that people's faith determines their eternal destinies. The result is that Americans switch religions more often than any other nation. The Chance of Salvation traces the history of the distinctively American idea that religion is a matter of individual choice. Lincoln Mullen shows how the willingness of Americans to change faiths, recorded in narratives that describe a wide variety of conversion experiences, created a shared assumption that religious identity is a decision. In the nineteenth century, as Americans confronted a growing array of religious options, pressures to convert altered the basis of American religion. Evangelical Protestants emphasized conversion as a personal choice, while Protestant missionaries brought Christianity to Native American nations such as the Cherokee, who adopted Christianity on their own terms. Enslaved and freed African Americans similarly created a distinctive form of Christian conversion based on ideas of divine justice and redemption. Mormons proselytized for a new tradition that stressed individual free will. American Jews largely resisted evangelism while at the same time winning converts to Judaism. Converts to Catholicism chose to opt out of the system of religious choice by turning to the authority of the Church. By the early twentieth century, religion in the United States was a system of competing options that created an obligation for more and more Americans to choose their own faith. Religion had changed from a family inheritance to a consciously adopted identity.

This important work explains how to use visualizations, meditations and affirmations for self-transformation. Mark L. Prophet and Elizabeth Clare Prophet are world-renowned authors and pioneers of modern spirituality. They have conducted seminars and workshops throughout the world on spiritual topics, including angels, the aura, soul mates, prophecy, spiritual psychology, reincarnation, practical spirituality and the mystical paths of the world's religions. They have also published a number of popular books on these topics. Mark passed on in 1973 and Elizabeth has carried on their work.

The word Atrahasis means "extra wise" and refers to the earliest known version of Noah, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction. This is that story, from ancient Sumeria, which many scholars believe was the original from which all known flood stories came from. This was the most popular story in the ancient world and has survived for over five thousand years. It is the only one that all cultures, worldwide, seem to share. Why? Was there really a great flood? And why do we not explore the oldest known version carefully for clues? That is the purpose of this book, which also includes a number of other interesting flood story fragments and documents.

Presenting numerous interconnected insights into life in Greater Syria in the twelfth century, this book covers a wide range of themes relating to Crusader-Muslim relations. Some chapters deal with various literary sources, including little-known Crusader chronicles, a jihad treatise, a lost Muslim history of the Franks, biographies, letters and poems. Other chapters look at material culture, from coins to urban development, internal relations between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims and between Crusader and Oriental Christians, and the role of the Turkmen. New insights into the career of Saladin are revealed, for example through the work of a little-known propagandist at his court, and Saladin's use of gift-giving for political purposes, as well as neglected aspects of the rule of his family dynasty, the Ayyubids, which succeeded him. Special attention is paid to the Christians residing in the Middle East, from Italians to Melkites and Armenians.

Ein einzigartiges mehrbandiges Nachschlagewerk zur Religionsphilosophie mit massgeblichen Angaben zu allen wesentlichen Konzepten, Persoenlichkeiten und Stroemungen In voellig neuem Umfang und besonderer Detailtiefe vermittelt die Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion ein ausgewogenes Verstandnis des philosophischen Gedankenguts uber das Wesen des Buddhismus, Christentums, Hinduismus, Islams, Judentums und anderer religioeser Traditionen in aller Welt. In vier umfangreichen Banden enthalt das wegweisende Referenzwerk Hunderte von speziell ausgearbeiteten Beitragen zu den wichtigsten Themen, Denkern, Arbeiten und Konzepten in diesem Bereich. Die Enzyklopadie beschaftigt sich in alphabetischer Reihenfolge mit einer unubertroffenen Bandbreite an historischen und aktuellen Themen, in denen zahlreiche unterschiedliche theoretische und kulturelle Perspektiven zum Ausdruck kommen. Die Eintrage spiegeln eine aussergewoehnliche Vielfalt an Themen wider, von Thomas von Aquin und Kierkegaard uber teleologische und ontologische Argumente bis zur Erkenntnistheorie und Religionspsychologie u. v. m. Jeder der von Fachleuten gepruften Beitrage wurde von einem anerkannten Experten zum jeweiligen Thema verfasst und enthalt eine Kurzbibliographie, Hinweise auf weiterfuhrende Literatur und zahlreiche Querverweise. Das wertvolle Nachschlagewerk richtet sich sowohl an Fachleute als auch an Laien und bietet: + Eine ausgewogene Darstellung der abrahamitischen Religionen sowie verschiedener Traditionen aus Asien, Afrika und anderen geografischen Regionen + UEber 450 Beitrage, die von einem redaktionellen Beirat aus weltweit anerkannten Wissenschaftlern sorgfaltig gepruft wurden + Eine Betrachtung von Themen in verschiedenen historischen Kontexten, zum Beispiel die Beitrage des Judentums und des Islams zur mittelalterlichen Philosophie + Eine Diskussion der aktuellen Entwicklungen und neuen Ansatze beim Studium der Religionsphilosophie + Eine Analyse wichtiger Theorien und Konzepte, darunter von Themen wie freier Wille, Busse, moralische Argumentation, Naturgesetz, Prozesstheologie, Evolutionstheorie und Theismus + Eine durchsuchbare Online-Ausgabe mit samtlichen Querverweisen Als erstes Werk dieser Art ist die Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion ein unverzichtbares Nachschlagewerk fur Wissenschaftler und Studierende der hoeheren Semester in den Fachbereichen Philosophie, Theologie, Religionswissenschaft sowie der entsprechenden Fachbereiche der Geistes- und Naturwissenschaften an weltlichen Universitaten sowie theologischen Hochschulen und Seminaren.

"Towards a Jewish-Christian-Muslim Theology delineates the ways that Christianity, Islam, and the Jewish tradition have moved towards each another over the centuries and points to new pathways for contemporary theological work. Explores the development of the three Abrahamic traditions, brilliantly showing the way in which they have struggled with similar issues over the centuries. Shows how the approach of each tradition can be used comparatively by the other traditions to illuminate and develop their own thinking. Written by a renowned writer in philosophical theology, widely acclaimed for his comparative thinking on Jewish and Islamic theology. A very timely book which moves forward the discussion at a period of intense inter-religious dialogue"--

Originally published during the early part of the twentieth century, the Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature were designed to provide concise introductions to a broad range of topics. They were written by experts for the general reader and combined a comprehensive approach to knowledge with an emphasis on accessibility. Published in 1913, F. B. Jevons's volume Comparative Religion offers a broad historical survey of various religious viewpoints ranging from ideas about magic and ancestor-worship to Buddhism and monotheism.

The miracle stories of the founders and saints of the major world religions have much in common. Written by international experts, this Companion provides an authoritative and comparative study of miracles in not only Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and Judaism, but also, indigenous religions. The authors promote a discussion of the problems of miracles in our largely secular culture, and of the value of miracles in religious belief. The miracles of Jesus are also contextualized through chapters on the Hebrew Bible, classical culture to the Romans, Second Temple and early rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity. This book provides students with a scholarly introduction to miracles, which also covers philosophical, medical and historical issues.

Indigenous and African Diaspora Religions in the Americas explores spirit-based religious traditions across vast geographical and cultural expanses, including Canada, the United States, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile. Using interdisciplinary research methods, this collection of original perspectives breaks new ground by examining these traditions as typologically and historically related. This curated selection of the traditions allows readers to compare and highlight convergences, while the description and comparison of the traditions challenges colonial erasures and expands knowledge about endangered cultures. The inclusion of spirit-based traditions from a broad geographical area emphasizes the typology of religion over ethnic compartmentalization. The individuals and communities studied in this collection serve spirits through ritual, singing, instruments, initiation, embodiment via possession or trance, veneration of nature, and, among some indigenous people, the consumption of ritual psychoactive entheogens. Indigenous and African diaspora practices focused on service to ancestors and spirits reflect ancient substrates of religiosity. The rationale to separate them on disciplinary, ethnic, linguistic, geographical, or historical grounds evaporates in our interconnected world. Shared cultural, historical, and structural features of American indigenous and African diaspora spirit-based traditions mutually deserve our attention since the analyses and dialogues give way to discoveries about deep commonalities and divergences among religions and philosophies. Still struggling against the effects of colonialism, enslavement, and extinction, the practitioners of these spirit-based religious traditions hold on to important but vulnerable parts of humanity's cultural heritage. These readings make possible journeys of recognition as well as discovery.

Muslims love Jesus. When you meet a Muslim, you meet a person who loves Jesus. Muslims will tell you a true Muslim must love Jesus. Jesus is not the sole property of Christians they say--or is he? This story sets the Jesus of Islam, `Isa ibn am-Maryam (Muhammad's seventh century conception of the first century prophet and Messiah), in direct conversation with the first century, historic Jesus of Nazareth. The reader encounters `Isa and Jesus on a long walk from the little town of Emmaus to Jerusalem, a walk filled with conversation, questions, brief interaction with others, and observations from each man about the other. In the end, it is clear to the reader who Jesus is in both Islam and Christianity.

Twiceborn: My Early Thoughts that Revealed My True Mission chronicles Ryuho Okawa's formative years up to the founding of Happy Science and rise to religious prominence. Comprised of two parts, Part One offers a glimpse into Okawa's early thoughts on profound philosophical themes. Part Two depicts Okawa's first mainstream lecture in Tokyo Dome, where he addressed a grand audience of 50,000 people in July, 1991. Okawa's milestone moments will be featured in the theatrical film, Twiceborn, a dramatized account of Okawa's ascent to greatness, scheduled for international release in the Fall of 2020. Since childhood, Okawa was conscious of an important mission steering his future, and dedicated his youth to assiduous study and training. Part One is comprised of six chapters, where Okawa shares vital lessons and discoveries from his youth that would later stand him in good stead when assuming his mission as a world teacher. Chapter One introduces Okawa's humble beginnings and his awareness of being ordinary. Okawa frames this perception as the impetus governing his aspirations and commitment to diligence. Drawing from experience, Okawa shares key points to consider for those who aspire for greatness. Chapter Two seeds the importance of cultivating a spirit of independence. In this context, independence is the spirit to take responsibility over your life, both mentally and financially, and to live a truly fruitful and meaningful existence. Chapter Three explores the notion of diverse values - why different values, such as people's way of thinking and religious ideas exist, and how we should perceive this diversity. Okawa also shares thoughts on the existence of good and evil and God's purpose behind this duality. Chapter Four focuses objectively on God - from how Okawa came to ponder the existence of God, to his actual experience with the divine - by contemplating his upbringing, environment and the struggles that he encountered throughout adolescence. Okawa accents the importance of controlling and refining one's own mind to encounter God. Chapter Five pertains to time and being. Okawa probes philosophical themes, including why we exist in this world and how we can universally validate the existence of God through love. Chapter Six describes, in detail, the crucial moment when Okawa overcame the Devils' temptation and vowed dedication to a life of religious prominence. Okawa's sincerity conveys his earnest mission to champion peace and deliver salvation to us all. Part Two depicts Okawa's 1991 milestone lecture in Tokyo Dome, "The Victory of Faith," where he made a stunning revelation that forever changed the lives of millions. In this powerful and inspiring lecture, Okawa reveals the spiritual truths governing this world and the reason for our existence. Twiceborn imbues readers with timeless wisdom to further spiritual enrichment and inspire meaningful societal contributions. Find God in your given circumstances and endeavor the mission that you are destined for!