Starting from first principles, this book introduces the closely related phenomena of Bose condensation and Cooper pairing, in which a very large number of single particles or pairs of particles are forced to behave in exactly the same way, and explores their consequences in condensed matter systems. Eschewing advanced formal methods, the author uses simple concepts and arguments to account for the various qualitatively new phenomena which occur in Bose-condensed and Cooper-paired systems, including but not limited to the spectacular macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. The physical systems discussed include liquid 4-He, the BEC alkali gases, "classical" superconductors, superfluid 3-He, "exotic" superconductors and the recently stabilized Fermi alkali gases. The book should be accessible to beginning graduate students in physics or advanced undergraduates.

This volume summarises recent developments and highlights new techniques which will define possible future directions for small molecule X-ray crystallography. It provides an insight into how specific aspects of crystallography are developing and shows how they may interact or integrate with other areas of science. The development of more sophisticated equipment and the massive rise in computing power has made it possible to solve the three-dimensional structure of an organic molecule within hours if not minutes. This successful trajectory has resulted in the ability to study ever more complex molecules and use smaller and smaller crystals. The structural parameters for over a million organic and organometallic compounds are now archived in the most commonly used database and this wealth of information creates a new set of problems for future generations of scientists. The volume provides some insight into how users of crystallographic structural data banks can navigate their way through a world where "big data" has become the norm. The coupling of crystallography to quantum chemical calculations provides detailed information about electron distributions in crystals affording a much more detailed analysis of bonding than has been possible previously. In quantum crystallography, quantum mechanical wavefunctions are used to extract information about bonding and properties from the measured X-ray structure factors. The advent of quantum crystallography has resulted in form and structure factors derived from quantum mechanics which have been used in advanced refinement and wavefunction fitting. This volume describes how quantum mechanically derived atomic form factors and structure factors are constructed to allow the improved description of the diffraction experiment. It further discusses recent developments in this field and illustrates their applications with a wide range of examples. This volume will be of interest to chemists and crystallographers with an interest in the synthesis, characterisation and physical and catalytic properties of solid-state materials. It will also be relevant for the community of computational chemists who study chemical systems. Postgraduate students entering the field will benefit from a historical introduction to the way in which scientists have used the data derived from crystallography to develop new structural and bonding models.

This volume summarises recent developments and possible future directions for small molecule X-ray crystallography. It reviews specific areas of crystallography which are rapidly developing and places them in a historical context. The interdisciplinary nature of the technique is emphasised throughout. It introduces and describes the chemical crystallographic and synchrotron facilities which have been at the cutting edge of the subject in recent decades. The introduction of new computer-based algorithms has proved to be very influential and stimulated and accelerated the growth of new areas of science. The challenges which will arise from the acquisition of ever larger databases are considered and the potential impact of artificial intelligence techniques stressed. Recent advances in the refinement and analysis of X-ray crystal structures are highlighted. In addition the recent developments in time resolved single crystal X-ray crystallography are discussed. Recent years have demonstrated how this technique has provided important mechanistic information on solid-state reactions and complements information from traditional spectroscopic measurements. The volume highlights how the prospect of being able to routinely "watch" chemical processes as they occur provides an exciting possibility for the future. Recent advances in X-ray sources and detectors that have also contributed to the possibility of dynamic single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods are presented. The coupling of crystallography and quantum chemical calculations provides detailed information about electron distributions in crystals and has resulted in a more detailed understanding of chemical bonding. The volume will be of interest to chemists and crystallographers with an interest in the synthesis, characterisation and physical and catalytic properties of solid-state materials. Postgraduate students entering the field will benefit from a historical introduction to the subject and a description of those techniques which are currently used. Since X-ray crystallography is used so widely in modern chemistry it will serve to alert senior chemists to those developments which will become routine in coming decades. It will also be of interest to the broad community of computational chemists who study chemical systems.

This book provides the basis for understanding the elastic properties of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), the methods used to manipulate them (e.g. optical, magnetic and acoustic tweezers and traps), and how to observe their interactions with proteins (e.g. fluorescence microscopy, FCS, FRET, etc.). It then exemplifies the use of these various methods in the study of three families of DNA enzymes: polymerases, helicases and topoisomerases. The book aims not to be exhaustive, but rather to stimulate the imagination of readers in the application of these single molecule approaches to the study of DNA/RNA and their interactions.

This is the second edition of a very popular 1991 book describing the physics and technology of semiconductor electronic devices exploiting the Hall effect. These are magnetic field sensitive devices such as Hall elements, magnetoresistors, and magnetotransistors. Hall effect devices are commonly used as magnetic field sensors and as means for characterizing semiconductors.
The book provides a clear analysis of the relationship between the basic physical phenomena in solids, the appropriate materials characteristics, and the characteristics of Hall effect devices. Particular emphasis is placed on important developments inspired and made possible by recent advances in microelectronics.
A special feature of the book is its broad scope. The book provides physical basics of Hall effect devices, clear guidelines for the design of practical Hall elements, detailed descriptions of the best interface electronic circuits, examples of the most successful industrial products in the field, and interesting examples of their applications.

Analytical measurements at the single molecule level under ambient conditions have become almost routine in the past few years. The application of this technology to fundamental studies of heterogeneity in biomolecular structure and dynamics, chemical and biological reaction kinetics and photophysics provides a rich playground for molecular scientists. The potential use of single molecule detection for nanotechnology and quantum information processing is a new and almost unexplored area. This handbook is intended for those interested in a practical introduction to single molecule investigations using fluorescence techniques and places special emphasis on the practicalities of achieving single molecule resolution, analyzing the resulting data and exploration of the applications in biophysics. It is ideal for graduate research students and others embarking on work in this exciting field.

The magnetocaloric effect describes the change in temperature of a magnetic material under adiabatic conditions through the application or removal of an external magnetic field. This effect is particularly pronounced at temperatures and fields corresponding to magnetic phase transitions, and it is a powerful and widely used tool for investigating the magnetic state and mechanisms of these transitions. Recently, there has been significant interest in its possible exploitation in magnetic refrigeration and cryocooling systems.
The Magnetocaloric Effect and its Applications presents a complete overview of theoretical and experimental research results surrounding the magnetocaloric effect, and a comprehensive discussion of current and potential applications of the phenomenon. The book reviews those materials with magnetic moment both of band and localized nature and various types of magnetic ordering. It also considers materials with more exotic magnetic structures, and gives a detailed discussion on experimental and theoretical studies of a great number of rare earth magnetic materials, with emphasis on the physical interpretation of observed phenomena.

This new text approaches the problem of the electronic structure of solid matter in terms of multiple scattering theory. It includes a short review of local density functional theories, taking the reader step-by-step through the properties of Schrodinger and Dirac Hamiltonians for a central field, and resolvents and Green functions. Ordered and disordered systems are considered, along with non-relativistic and relativistic schemes. Also discussed are the direct applications of multiple scattering to important aspects of materials science such as band structure spectography, Fermi energy related properties, and the present understanding of magnetic systems. An ideal resource for solid state physicists and materials scientists, this work may also serve as a text for graduate-level students.

The contents of this book stems from three different objectives. First, it is an introduction to the basic principles and techniques of Landau's theory, which is intended for teaching purposes. A second purpose of the book provides the practical methods for applying Landau's theory to complex systems. The last objective of the book is to incorporate the developments which have arisen in the last fifteen years from the extensive application of the theory to a variety of physical systems.

This book presents a detailed look at experimental and computational techniques for accurate structure determination of free molecules. The most fundamental property of a molecule is its structure - it is a prerequisite for determining and understanding most other important properties of molecules. The determination of accurate structures is hampered by a myriad of factors, subjecting the collected data to non-negligible systematic errors. This book explains the origin of these errors and how to mitigate and even avoid them altogether. It features a detailed comparison of the different experimental and computation methods, explaining their interplay and the advantages of their combined use. Armed with this information, the reader will be able to choose the appropriate methods to determine - to a great degree of accuracy - the relevant molecular structure.

This book is an introductory work on the broad topics included in Materials Science. It encompasses a number of different materials classes and properties with a focus on the structure-property relationships between them. Each class of materials will include and discuss recycling techniques and other green methods of production. Materials Chemistry: For Scientists and Engineers is ideal for all newcomers to the fi eld as well as for those seeking a knowledge of solid state chemistry.

High temperature superconducting theory drew controversy after the discovery of superconductors at close to room temperatures. However, a consistent microscopic theory of HT superconductivity based on bipolaron mechanism leads to a better understanding of microscopic and macroscopic description. By presenting aspects of superconductivity now joined in a strict theory rather than separate models this work is especially useful for graduate students.

This book highlights a novel and holistic approach to multiscaled PVA bionanocomposite films used for electrical sensing, medical and packaging applications. With a combination of material characterization and modeling to understand the effect of nanoparticle size and shape, as well as 3D interphase properties and features such as interphase modulus and nanoscale dimensions, this book substantiates how excellent mechanical and thermal properties of these materials are achieved. Also it addresses the importance of using economical and ecofriendly bionanocomposites as potential green materials to support the goal of environmental sustainability with multifunctional properties.

This book takes an interface science approach to describe and understand the behavior of the dispersions we call emulsions, microemulsions and foams. The one thing all these dispersions have in common is the presence of surface-active species (surfactants) adsorbed at the interfaces between the two fluid phases that make up the emulsions, microemulsions or foams. The interfacial layers formed by the surfactants control most of the properties of the dispersions. The book describes the properties of interfacial layers, thin films and bulk fluids used in the elaboration of the various dispersions and it explains how such properties relate to the dispersion properties of these soft matter systems: structure, rheology and stability. These dispersion properties are far from being fully understood, in particular foam and emulsion stability. In discussing the state of the art of the current knowledge, the author draws interesting parallels between emulsions, microemulsions and foams that enlighten the interpretation of previous observations and point to a deeper understanding of the behavior of these materials in the future.

The book explains, in an easy way, the diffi cult to grasp concepts behind 2D exotic material properties for physicists, materials scientists, and engineers. This is a new class of phenomena highlighted in 2D materials with strong implications on physics. Physics, also for complex phenomena, is explained in easy terms that are ideal for newcomers to the fi eld and advanced students alike. Theory and specifi c examples of materials and their intriguing properties are discussed focusing on the structure property relationships that govern materials science. Applications for each phenomenon are evoked and a roadmapping is performed.

Glass ceramics are a special group of materials in which a base glass can be crystallized under carefully controlled conditions, which in turn determine the properties of the material. These materials offer a wide range of physical and mechanical properties combining the distinctive characteristics of sintered ceramics and glasses. This book provides readers with an interest in medical ceramics with the ability to start making their own glasses and glass ceramics, together with an understanding of the various factors that control the final properties of these medical and dental materials. In addition, the authors describe various industrial problems with current, clinically-used medical glass ceramics and discuss appropriate scientific solutions. Glasses and Glass Ceramics for Medical Applications will appeal to a broad audience of biomaterials scientists, ceramists, and bioengineers, particularly those with an interest in orthopedic and dental applications, as well as scientists and engineers involved in the manufacture of glasses, glazes, enamels, and other glass coatings for the medical materials industry. The book will also be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students in materials engineering and dentistry, and is suitable for use in courses on medical and dental materials.

This book introduces the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces and some unique droplet behaviors during condensation and melting phase change on superhydrophobic surfaces, and discusses the relationship between droplet behavior and surface wettability. The contents in this book, which are all research hotspots currently, shall not only bring new insights into the physics of condensation and icing/frosting phenomena, but also provide theoretical support to solve the heat transfer deterioration, the ice/frost accretion and other related engineering problems. This book is for the majority of graduate students and researchers in related scientific areas.

This book describes the history of and recent developments in cobaltite and the spin-crossover (SC) phenomena. It offers readers an overview of essential research conducted on cobaltite and introduces them to the fundamentals of condensed matter physics research. The book consists of two parts. The first part reviews SC phenomena, covering the fundamental physics of SC phenomena and basic material properties of cobaltite. The second part focuses on recent topics in SC cobaltite, including the optical and dynamical features of cobaltite, thin material fabrication, and thermoelectric properties. The comprehensive coverage and clearly structured topics will especially appeal to newcomers to the field of state-of-the-art research on cobaltite and SC physics.

What do atomic nuclei, neutron stars, a domestic power supply, and the stunning colors of stained glass in cathedrals all have in common? The answer lies in the unifying concept of quantum fluids, which allows us to understand the behavior and properties of these different systems in simple terms. This book reveals how quantum mechanics, usually considered as restricted to the invisible microscopic world, in fact plays a crucial role at all scales of the universe. The purpose of the book is to introduce the reader to the fascinating and multifaceted world of quantum fluids, which covers different systems at different scales in the physical world. The first part of the book discusses the notion of phases (solid, liquid, gas), presents basic aspects of the structure of matter and quantum mechanics, and includes some elements of statistical mechanics. The second part provides a description of the major quantum liquids, starting with the paramount case of electron fluids and their many applications in everyday life, followed by liquid helium and atomic nuclei. The authors go on to explore matter at very high densities, covering nuclear matter and compact stars, and the behavior of matter at extremely low temperatures, with the fascinating 'superphases' of superconductivity and superfluidity. The topic of quantum fluids has multidisciplinary applications and this book will appeal to students and researchers in physics, chemistry, astrophysics, engineering and materials science.

Presenting a unified description at an introductory level of ferroic materials, the unifying factor of this book is the occurrence of nondisruptive phase transitions in crystals that alter point-group symmetry. The book also aims at further systematizing the subject of ferroic materials, employing some formal, carefully worded, definitions and classification schemes. Ferroic materials are important, not only because of the improved understanding of condensed matter, but also because of their present and potential device applications. The basic physical principles leading to the wide ranging applications of ferroic materials, laying extra emphasis on the utilitarian role of symmetry in material science are also explained. A student trying to grasp the essentials of the field of ferroic materials has to come to terms with a large amount of jargon, covering a diverse range of topics.

The best way to understand chemical bonding may be to take a view appropriate to each individual system, a view which may be quite different for various systems. Sometimes two very different views are appropriate for the same system, and then the combination may even give the parameters needed to estimate the bonding energy by hand. Density Functional Theory, on the other hand, generally tries to take one view as applicable to all systems, and proceeds computationally.In contrast to the author's two previous well-known textbooks, Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids (1989) and Elementary Electronic Structure (1999), in this book he tries to distill the essence of the representation of electronic structure in a much briefer description. It is shortened by focusing primarily on the bonding energies, the energy gained in assembling atoms as a molecule or a solid, or as a solid with a surface. A central point is that the same description of the electronic structure which gives this cohesion, can also be used to understand all of the other properties, though those other properties are not emphasized here. The effort is characterized by the title, which combines the modern word "theory" with the ancient effort of "alchemy" to make sense of the material world.

This book deals with the electro-chemo-mechanical properties characteristic of and unique to solid electrode surfaces, covering interfacial electrochemistry and surface science. Electrochemical reactions such as electro-sorption, electro-deposition or film growth on a solid electrode induce changes in surface stress or film stress that lead to transformation of the surface phase or alteration of the surface film. The properties of solid electrode surfaces associated with the correlation between electrochemical and mechanical phenomena are named "electro-chemo-mechanical properties". The book first derives the surface thermodynamics of solid electrodes as fundamentals for understanding the electro-chemo-mechanical properties. It also explains the powerful techniques for investigating the electro-chemo-mechanical properties, and reviews the arguments for derivation of surface thermodynamics of solid electrodes. Further, based on current experimental findings and theories, it discusses the importance of the contribution of surface stress to the transformation of surface phases, such as surface reconstruction and underpotential deposition in addition to the stress evolution during film growth and film reduction. Moreover, the book describes the nano-mechanical properties of solid surfaces measured by nano-indentation in relation to the electro-chemo-mechanical properties. This book makes a significant contribution to the further development of numerous fields, including electrocatalysis, materials science and corrosion science.

The thesis provides the necessary experimental and analytical tools to unambiguously observe the atomically resolved chemical reactions. A great challenge of modern science has been to directly observe atomic motions during structural transitions, and while this was first achieved through a major advance in electron source brightness, the information content was still limited and new methods for image reconstruction using femtosecond electron diffraction methods were needed. One particular challenge lay in reconciling the innumerable possible nuclear configurations with the observation of chemical reaction mechanisms that reproducibly give the same kind of chemistry for large classes of molecules. The author shows that there is a simple solution that occurs during barrier crossing in which the highly anharmonic potential at that point in nuclear rearrangements couples high- and low-frequency vibrational modes to give highly localized nuclear motions, reducing hundreds of potential degrees of freedom to just a few key modes. Specific examples are given in this thesis, including two photoinduced phase transitions in an organic system, a ring closure reaction, and two direct observations of nuclear reorganization driven by spin transitions. The emerging field of structural dynamics promises to change the way we think about the physics of chemistry and this thesis provides tools to make it happen.