* Provides nearly 300 full-color illustrations of both common and unique taphonomic affects to bones, derived from actual forensic cases * Presents new research including experimentation on recovery rates during surface search, timing of marine alterations; trophy skulls; taphonomic laboratory and field methods; laws regarding the relative timing of taphonomic effects; reptile taphonomy; human decomposition; and microscopic alterations by invertebrates to bones * Explains and illustrates common taphonomic effects and clarifies standard terminology for uniformity and usage within in the field.

The ideal of an inclusive and participatory Internet has been undermined by the rise of misogynistic abuse on social media platforms. However, limited progress has been made at national - and to an extent European - levels in addressing this issue. In England and Wales, the tackling of underlying causes of online abuse has been overlooked because the law focuses on punishment rather than measures to prevent such abuses. Furthermore, online abuse has a significant impact on its victims that is underestimated by policymakers. This volume critically analyses the legal provisions that are currently deployed to tackle forms of online misogyny, and focuses on three aspects; firstly, the phenomenon of social media abuse; secondly, the poor and disparate legal responses to social media abuses; and thirdly, the similar failings of hate crime to tackle problems of online gender-based abuses. This book advances a compelling argument for legal changes to the existing hate crime, and communications legislation.

Investigating Sexual Assault Cases, Second Edition serves as an essential textbook for courses in investigating rape and sexual assault. As with the first edition, this second edition includes the latest research and techniques in coverage of victimology, offender typology, investigative techniques, interviewing, and legal implications. This new, second edition includes chapters on child victims and molestation, sexual homicides as potentially staged events, grooming, interviewing techniques, and same-sex, elder, and special populations as victims of sexual assault. The book fills a current void in the body of literature on the topics of rape and sex crime investigation. Many previous writings, while informative, do not address all the investigative processes necessary for an investigation to be thorough and complete. By providing a fresh approach to the topic, the author aims to augment those writings and, ultimately, improving the reader' awareness by being much more attuned to the needs of-and taking investigative cures from-the victim. Key Features: Outlines the complete investigative process for sexual assault cases, from evidence collection and interviews to court and legal proceedings Addresses victims and victimology, offender typology, the importance of the investigative interviewing process, and working with attorneys Includes new chapters on grooming, sexual homicides, SAFE examinations, and child-specific interviewing techniques Added coverage looks at same-sex crimes, crimes against men, elder victims, and assault of vulnerable populations In addition to being used in coursework in Forensic Science and Criminal justice programs, Investigating Sexual Assault Cases, Second Edition will serve as an essential reference for police detectives, criminal and death investigators, legal professionals, sexual assault nurses, and those who provide health, and mental health, services to populations experiencing sexual assault.

Gives the reader a wider understanding of the role judges play within the criminal justice system. Will be of interest for criminal justice and legal scholars and criminal justice and law students at both the undergraduate and graduate level on criminal justice/criminology and law degree programs. As the book contains interviews with judges from across the globe, it will have an international appeal.

This highly topical book is an original contribution to the current literature on counter-terrorist financing, compliance and soft law. Specifically, the book focuses on Financial Action Task Force recommendations and counter-terrorism financing legislation. This thought-provoking investigation demonstrates that an understanding of the counter-terrorism financing regime can shed light on the departure from regular international law-making processes, and on the emerging forms of international governance in an era of globalisation. An understanding of the regime s multi-layered approach shows how this can be replicated as a tool in the prevention and resolution of conflict and the promotion of international justice in areas such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, and weapons of mass destruction. This book will be an invaluable resource for those studying and researching in law, terrorism studies, criminal justice and finance, in particular comparative law and compliance with hard and soft law. It will also be relevant to policymakers and practitioners working in counter-terrorism.

* Editors and authors are leading experts in the field; * Multi-disciplinary approach; * Raises a large number of compelling theoretical, philosophical and normative questions, and has relevance across disciplinary and geographic boundaries.

1. While previous books have offered social work perspectives or research on the victims of such crimes, this is the first to offer a criminological typology of the offenders. 2. This book connects academic research to practice, considering the implications for law enforcement, investigation and prevention.

There is no journalistic work more deserving of the designation "story" than news of crime. From antiquity, the culture of crime has been about the human condition, and whether information comes from Homer, Hollywood, or the city desk, it is a bottom about the human capacity for cruelty and suffering, about desperation and fear, about sex, race, and public morals. Facts are important to the telling of a crime story, but ultimately less so than the often apocryphal narratives we derive from them.

The Culture of Crime is hence about the most common and least studies staple of news. Its prominence dates at least to the 1830s, when the urban penny press employed violence, sex, and scandal to build dizzying high levels of circulation and begin the modern age of mass media. In its coverage of crime, in particular, the popular press represented a new kind of journalism, if not a new definition of news, that made available for public consumption whole areas of social and private life that the mercantile, elite, and political press earlier ignored. This legacy has continued unabated for 150 years. The book explores new wrinkles in the study of crime and as a mass cultural activity--from exploring the private lives of public officials to dangers posed by constraints to a free press.

The volume is prepared with the rigor of a scholarly brief but also the excitement of actual crime stories as such. Throughout, the reader is reminded that crime stories are both news and drama, and to ignore either is to diminish the other. The work delves deeply into current problems without either sentimental or trivial pursuits. It will be a volume of great interest to people in communications research, the social sciences, criminologists, and not least, the broad public which must endure the punishment of crime and the thrill of the crime story alike.

- take a global view of the firearms problem - combines criminal justice, policing, legal, development perspectives on firearms. - case studies, activities and information on online resources makes the topic accessible and engaging for students.

Scores are dead or injured. But who was the killer's true target?On a misty morning in the Lake District, two men depart by helicopter from a private estate. Below, they see the stunning views of Wast Water, with Scafell Pike ahead, where fell runners are competing atop England's highest mountain. It's at this moment that the pilots lose control, and crash into the mountain top. Runners and bystanders are caught in the devastation. This is the scene that greets DI Kelly Porter. She attempts to coordinate the rescue efforts, though it's clear many won't make it, including occupants of the helicopter. Three are dead, and the fourth is badly injured. When it emerges that the survivor is none other than the Right Honourable Lord Donald Reilly, and the person who chartered the flight was notorious billionaire Bartholomew Kennedy-Craig, the media frenzy is intense. Reilly is high up in government, and his contact with the magnate provokes speculation. When it is learned that the helicopter had been tampered with, Kelly and her team can't afford to make a single mistake. Who was the intended victim, and why? With the scrutiny of the government, the public and the press on her, just how confident can she be that the trail of evidence is leading her to the right conclusion? Don't miss the stunning return of DI Kelly Porter in this tenth instalment of the bestselling crime series. A must-read for fans of Angela Marsons, Patricia Gibney and L. J. Ross. Praise for Sudden Death 'A great mix of mystery, intrigue and murder made me keep turning the pages as quick as I could. I just love the style of Rachel Lynch's writing, keeps me hooked from the first page. I 100% recommend this book and author.' Reader review 'Sudden Death is another excellent instalment in the series. So well written that you feel completely immersed... At times I had to remember to breathe!' Reader review 'This was an exciting police procedural that as always left me waiting for the next instalment.' Reader review 'I love the beautiful and dramatic Lake District settings featured in these novels, and as usual really enjoyed Rachel Lynch's plotting and writing style.' Reader review 'Amazing jaw dropping book... the action starts right on the very first page...' Reader review 'This series gets better with each new book. I can't wait to read more.' Reader review 'I absolutely love this series and couldn't wait to start reading this and it didn't disappoint.' Reader review 'An out and out belter of a read... kept me gripped throughout. This is a series that I have loved from book one... the brilliant writing of Rachel Lynch never ceases to keep me glued to my Kindle.' Reader review 'Great writing and premise. Amazing characters. Page turner. Plenty of suspense to keep you guessing...' Reader review 'The Kelly Porter series is one of my favourite crime series. A cracking, intriguing crime mystery, brilliant characters, and the perfect setting.' Reader review 'A page turner from the start. This is an excellent series, each new storyline is welcomed, and, once again, I happily highly recommend it.' Reader review 'A cracking good read. This series is a favourite of mine and never fails to deliver a proper unputdownable read.' Reader review

This book presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the substantive and procedural aspects of compensation for wrongful convictions among European countries and the USA, as well as the standard derived from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The collection draws comparative conclusions as to the similarities and differences between selected jurisdictions and assesses the effectiveness of the national compensation schemes. This enables the designing of an optimum model of compensation, offering accessibility and effectiveness for the victims of miscarriages of justice and being acceptable for jurisdictions based on common law, and civil law traditions, as well as inquisitorial and adversarial types of criminal process. Moreover, the discussion of the minimum European standard as established in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights enables us to identify how the Strasbourg Court can contribute to strengthening the compensation scheme. The book will be essential reading for students, academics and policymakers working in the areas of criminal law and procedure.

For as long as historical annals have been kept, they have recorded the frauds and fakes that have been imposed upon innocent dupes. Perhaps the earliest Christian story of all is that which tells of the deception that Jacob practised on his unsuspecting father Abraham, pretending to be his brother Esau; and today the theft of identity is reported to be the most rapidly spreading crime. And throughout the ages works of art and literature, coinage, and documents of all kinds have been forged for profit, personal status - and even out of pure mischief. Fakes, Scams and Forgeries details many of the most notorious acts of forgery, fraud and fakery that have taken place over the centuries, describing how they were perpetrated, their acceptance by those who considered themselves experts, and how - often after many years - they were eventually detected. As well as providing entertaining and in-depth profiles of famous forgers and legendary frauds, the text deals with the many modern scientific techniques that have been developed for the examination of suspect materials.

American criminal justice may be one of the best known - and most influential - systems of criminal justice in the world, but also the least understood: countless films and television series portray American police officers, prosecutors and lawyers, but over 95 percent of criminal matters result in guilty pleas, and trials are becoming vanishingly scarce as people accused of crime choose to strike a deal with increasingly powerful prosecutors. Sentencing 'reform' has led to a burgeoning prison population that is by far the highest among economically advanced countries. Meanwhile, American prosecutors have gained increasing (and largely unchecked) power to apply US criminal laws to worldwide corporations and individuals with little or no connection with the country. American Criminal Justice: An Introduction provides a readable, comprehensive review of the American criminal process behind these and other problems.

This book examines social patterns in 2,000 mass shootings in the United States between 2013 through 2020. While mass shootings are often described as psychological, the authors show that there are social factors that produce the anger needed to commit a mass shooting. These factors are fairly common and can be addressed to stem the anger earlier. The factors include chronic poverty, sudden unemployment, relationship problems, domestic violence, social isolation, and alcohol. Common social strains can metastasize and be lethally dangerous. By understanding the social factors, we can reduce the anger and frustration people feel that would drive them to killing others.

By exploring crimmigration at its intersection with international refugee law, this book exposes crimmigration as a system focused on the governance of territorially present migrants, which internalizes the impracticability of removal and replaces expulsion with domestic policing. The convergence of criminal law and immigration law, known as crimmigration, has become perhaps the paradigmatic model for governing migration in the age of globalization. This book offers a unique way of understanding crimmigration as a system of governmentality, the primary target of which is the population, its principal form of knowledge being political economy, and its essential mechanism being the apparatus of security. It does so by characterizing a particular model of crimmigration, termed crimmigration under international protection, which targets refugees and asylum-seekers who are principally undeportable under international law. The book draws on a comparative research of such models implemented worldwide, combined with a detailed case study of the immigration detention system instigated in Israel for coping with asylum-seekers specifically and exclusively. These models demonstrate that, at its core, crimmigration is not a system of outright social exclusion focused on the expulsion of undesirable migrants, but rather one focused on the management, classification and policing of domestic populations. It is argued that under crimmigration regimes criminal law becomes instrumental in the facilitation of gradual assimilation, by shifting immigration enforcement from the margins of the state to the daily supervision of territorially present migrants. The book illustrates this point by focusing on three main themes: crimmigration as domestication; crimmigration as civic stratification; and crimmigration as a mechanism coined by Foucault as the apparatus of security and by Deleuze as the society of control. By exploring these themes, the book offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the rise of crimmigration and the particular ways in which it targets resident migrants. The book will be of interest to researchers and academics working in the areas of Criminal law and Criminology, Immigration law, Citizenship Studies, Globalization Studies, Border Studies and Critical Refugee Studies.

This book tackles the growing issues concerning the managerialism and bureacratisation of criminal justice systems across a number of jurisdictions. Here, managerialism means the move towards more standardised, bureaucratic and efficiency-driven systems, influenced by a desire to ensure predictability, control risks and, ultimately, economic savings via a more efficient process. The volume explores the phenomenon of managerialism in selected national criminal legal systems, covering all stages of criminal case processing from arrest to the imposition of sanction. The selected countries represent diverse socio-economic, political, cultural and legal traditions including common law, civil law, mixed common and civil law, and post-Soviet tradition. The book engages with a variety of relevant theoretical concepts, such as fairness, rationality, efficiency and legitimacy. The authors critically examine whether and to what extent the trend towards managerialism is indeed discernible, and what are its likely effects in the given national criminal legal systems. The book will be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners working in the areas of comparative criminal justice and procedure.

Originally published in 1980, Community Policing is a view of the relationship between the police and the community, written by Evelyn B. Schaffer, an outsider who had worked very closely with the police. It covers many Forces and projects, particularly in Scotland who pioneered community policing. It explores the various means that police forces were using to get closer to the community at the time, including work with schools and specialist work with juveniles and their families. It also includes a chapter on police training and its effect on community policing.

In the late 1980s, the role of the police and their accountability to the community had been at the centre of much debate. Originally published in 1989, this important collection of original essays from the leading independent academic researchers on the police in Britain addresses the major issues in this debate. How far police behaviour is shaped by law; what the public expect of the police; how the police handle race relations; and how the police effectiveness can best be measured, are discussed in the light of the latest research. The central focus of the volume is the notion of 'policing by consent' and the way this is interpreted in practice. The essays range from basic analyses of what the police do to major evaluations of recent policy initiatives, such as neighbourhood watch. The contributors discuss a range of issues, from new programmes for police training to the role of chief constables. Written in a form accessible to students of policing and police officers, Coming to Terms with Policing sheds light on trends at the time and suggests new directions for policing policy.

The traditional view of the role of the police had come under increasing attacks in the early 1980s. The riots of 1981 and the Scarman Inquiry stimulated a widespread public debate about policing, police powers and accountability. It had become clear that the police did not simply enforce the law. They also made policy about what law to enforce, when to enforce it and against whom to enforce it. It was the control of this discretionary power which was at the heart of the debate at the time. Originally published in 1986, this book considers these critical issues in contemporary policing. It concentrates on those aspects of policing that were usually covered in law and law related courses. It deals with the constitutional framework within which the police operates. It examines the police complaints procedure and the full range of police powers against the background of the political debate at the time. Throughout the book the 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act is discussed in detail and its impact upon police and public alike is analysed.

Originally published in 1990, Comparative Policing Issues was the first introductory text to consider key issues in the policing of modern societies from an international, comparative perspective. The author begins with a discussion of policing itself and considers how the modern police force has emerged. Separate sections then focus on France and the Netherlands as examples of Western European societies: Canada and Hong Kong as influenced by the colonial tradition; Japan as an Eastern capitalist society; and the USSR, China and Cuba as contrasting examples of communist police systems. These and other countries are then considered in terms of the relationship between the police and the communities they 'serve'. Critical issues addressed include the following: Are communist and capitalist systems of policing significantly different? What lessons are to be learnt from Japan, with its low crime rate? How accountable are the police in different societies, and to whom? To what extent is the 'character' of the police in any society determined by the wider culture, and social and political structure of that society? How practicable is it to transfer ideas about policing from one society to another? The lowering of barriers within the European community and the return of Hong Kong to China are just two examples of the need for a comparative analysis of policing. Students of criminology and police studies, and police and others working in the criminal justice system will find this book an invaluable resource.

Should policemen be armed? Do they want to be? How fair is police interrogation? Are the police too tough on demonstrators? How often are the guilty acquitted? Do we get the police force we deserve? Originally published in 1977, Sir Robert Mark considers these and many other issues. His period as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Force would mark something of an epoch, not only because of the challenge of brutal terrorism or his success as a leader, but because he was a bold innovator, thoughtful and articulate, whose work could be readily assessed because he believed in 'telling the public all you can' (the official memorandum on this appears here as an appendix). One change affecting the CID, described in this book, is characterised by Sir Robert himself as the most important single change since the Metropolitan Police was founded by his namesake Sir Robert Peel. The opening chapter describes the organisation and functioning of this country's police at the time, the way in which they epitomise and are restricted by a free society and alone see the whole picture of criminal justice - in a sense here Sir Robert speaks over the heads of the legal profession to the public. The next important chapter contains the first open discussion of modern police-army cooperation in this country, but Sir Robert emphasises that a democratic society cannot be controlled by force and that the police exist for the maintenance of public order, irrespective of party, of sectional interests and of the government of the day. They are an example of the British genius for successful institutional compromise. Subsequent chapters examine these themes in more detail and from different angles; discuss manpower limitations and maldistribution; emphasise how the individual police officer, man or woman, is the anvil on which society beats out the problems of social inequality, racial prejudice and ghettoes, weak and ineffectual legislation. There are chapters on violence and on that London speciality, the demonstration. In the author's view, the police officer, daily thrown back on his understanding of basic Christian precepts, has now left his Victorian 'artisan status' far behind - and the present Metropolitan Commissioner compels consideration of the police officer's point of view.

In The Framework of Criminal Justice, originally published in 1981, the criminal justice process is analysed by using six models, each of which expresses a different justification for criminal justice and punishment: the due process model - exacting justice between equal parties; the crime control model - punishing wrong and preventing further crime; the bureaucratic model - controlling crime and criminals; the medical model - rehabilitating offenders; the status passage model - publicly denouncing the crime and criminal; and the power model - maintaining domination by the ruling class and reinforcing class values. The study examines the formal rules and procedures of the magistrate court system within the context of these models and also discusses the roles of the actors (police, defendant, magistrate, court clerks, and lawyers). Next, the study depicts eight scenes that occur from the defendant's arrest through a court hearing to sentencing. It assesses how closely the activity and behaviour within the system follow the formal protections granted by the British system of justice, and it concludes that the process is far more complex and the rules far more open to interpretation than is commonly believed. The book suggests that this miscalculation has led to the failure of various reforms - special attention is given to the Bail Reform Act of 1976 and two sections of the Criminal Law Act of 1977. It further suggests that real reform must depend upon an understanding of the political nature of the criminal justice system.

Modern police forces are large and complex organisations, expected to perform a diversity of tasks and are under pressure to account for their activities in ways which satisfy a variety of constituencies. Originally published in 1986, this book documents some of the changing demands and pressures on the police at the time. It shows how the police were responding and assesses the extent to which they were open-minded and receptive to change. The book brings together in one place and critically reviews information on a considerable number of police operational and management initiatives. It describes and assesses recent innovations and experiments in two main areas: patrol and crime prevention. It describes attempts to make the police more efficient and effective and to measure the results of what they do. It documents the interest of central government in what the police do and shows how this can affect police operational priorities. Throughout, this book is concerned to analyse police practice and attitudes and to set them against a wider background of pressures to improve police effectiveness.

Drawing on work from inside some of America's largest and toughest prisons, this book documents an alternative model of "restorative corrections" utilizing the lived experience of successful inmates, fast disrupting traditional models of correctional programming. While research documents a strong desire among those serving time in prison to redeem themselves, inmates often confront a profound lack of opportunity for achieving redemption. In a system that has become obsessively and dysfunctionally punitive, often fewer than 10% of prisoners receive any programming. Incarcerated citizens emerge from prisons in the United States to reoffend at profoundly high rates, with the majority of released prisoners ending up back in prison within five years. In this book, the authors describe a transformative agenda for incentivizing and rewarding good behavior inside prisons, rapidly proving to be a disruptive alternative to mainstream corrections and offering hope for a positive future. The authors' expertise on the impact of faith-based programs on recidivism reduction and prisoner reentry allows them to delve into the principles behind inmate-led religious services and other prosocial programs-to show how those incarcerated may come to consider their existence as meaningful despite their criminal past and current incarceration. Religious practice is shown to facilitate the kind of transformational "identity work" that leads to desistance that involves a change in worldview and self-concept, and which may lead a prisoner to see and interpret reality in a fundamentally different way. With participation in religion protected by the U.S. Constitution, these model programs are helping prison administrators weather financial challenges while also helping make prisons less punitive, more transparent, and emotionally restorative. This book is essential reading for scholars of corrections, offender reentry, community corrections, and religion and crime, as well as professionals and volunteers involved in correctional counseling and prison ministry.