This edited volume introduces the latest advances in quantitative methods and illustrates ways to apply these methods to important questions in substance use research. The goal is to provide a forum for dialogue between methodologists developing innovative multivariate statistical methods and substance use researchers who have produced rich data sets.

Reflecting current research trends, the book examines the use of longitudinal techniques to measure processes of change over time. Researchers faced with the task of studying the causes, course, treatment, and prevention of substance use and abuse will find this volume helpful for applying these techniques to make optimal use of their data.

This innovative volume:

• introduces the use of latent curve methods for describing individual trajectories of adolescent substance use over time;
• explores methods for analyzing longitudinal data for individuals nested within groups, such as families, classrooms, and treatment groups;
• demonstrates how different patterns of missing data influence the interpretation of results;
• reports on some recent advances in longitudinal growth modeling;
• illustrates methods to assess mediation when there are multiple mediating pathways underlying an intervention effect;
• describes methods to identify moderating relations in structural equation models;
• demonstrates the use of structural equation models to evaluate a preventive intervention;
• applies epidemic modeling techniques to understand the spread of substance use in society;
• illustrates the use of latent transition analysis to model substance use as a series of stages; and
• applies logistic regression to prospectively predict smoking cessation.

This title discusses the phenomenon of smoking as a behavioural disease and the associated costs. The author details the consequences of smoking, in addition to the detrimental effects caused by second-hand tobacco smoke exposure as a health risk to children as well as to the general public. The central contribution of Joshua's work is to address these concerns in terms of the issues of free choice and the market. Considering the various restrictive policies designed to reduce smoking's prevalence, including the banning of smoking in public places, and the inclusion of warning labels on cigarette packets, Joshua carefully analyses potential economic remedies to the problem of smoking, notably the Pigovian tax. Finally, the book concludes with a highly relevant discussion of corporate social responsibility, and the role that this might play in anti-smoking projects. This is the first title in a four volume series 'The Economics of Addictive Behaviours', which consists of three further volumes on alcohol abuse, illicit drug abuse and overeating.

Though drug use was widespread in the nineteenth century, the negative influence of narcotics was mostly unknown. Cinema of the early twentieth century was instrumental in making viewers aware of the harmful effects of drugs. Throughout the decades, images of drugs such as marijuana, LSD, and heroin in films impacted-both negatively and positively-the national perception of their use. In fact, the use, popularity, and opinion of certain drugs often follow their status on the big screen. In Hooked in Film, John Markert takes a close look at the correlation between social policies and the public view of drugs and their portrayals in film. In this volume, Markert examines the changing social attitudes toward illegal drugs and their cinematic depictions from as early as the 1894 film Chinese Opium Den to the present. The first section of this book focuses on the demonization of drugs between 1900 and 1959, followed by an assessment of marijuana on the big screen after 1960, when the drug was shown as part of everyday life with no serious consequences. Post-1960 depictions of heroin use, which have remained consistently negative, are also analyzed. Markert then takes a close look at the portrayals of powdered cocaine after the 1960s and the emergence of crack in the mid-1980s. Finally, Markert discusses hallucinogens, Ecstasy, and methamphetamines and their roles on the big screen. Tracking hundreds of films spanning more than a century, Hooked in Film looks at camp classics like Reefer Madness, comedies such as Cheech and Chong's Up in Smoke, Dazed and Confused, and Pineapple Express, and dramas, including Panic in Needle Park and Requiem for a Dream. Scholars and students of cinema, popular culture, media studies, and sociology will find this book a valuable examination of how cinematic portrayals of drugs have changed over time, and how those images have influenced public perception of drugs and even public policy.

This is a comprehensive clinical resource for addiction counselors who want to learn about the psychological components of the problem, for individual therapists--dynamic, cognitive, and behavioral--who want to understand systems approaches in order to draw on a broader repertoire of useful interventions, and for couple and family therapists who want to learn more about the intrapsychic, biological, and pharmacological aspects of addiction. Dr. Jerome D. Levin takes the reader down the parallel paths of addiction treatment and individual and family therapy until they meet on the bridge of actual clinical practice. Practitioner, professor, prolific author, and respected authority in the field, Dr. Levin uses approaches to the treatment of alcoholism as a model for illustrating how theory, research, technique, and flying by the seat of the professional pants can integrate into a therapeutic style to help substance abusers and their partners and families.

"Adolescent Relationships and Drug Use" explores the communicative and relational features of adolescent drug use. It focuses on peer norms, risk, and protective factors and considers how drugs are offered to adolescents, examining such factors as who makes the offers and how they are resisted, where the offers take place, and what relationship exists between the persons making the offers and the persons receiving them. Unlike other studies of drug resistance, this work examines the communication processes that affect adolescents' ability to effectively resist drug offers. Michelle Miller and her colleagues study how personal qualities, communication skills, and relationships with others affect an individual's ability to resist offers of drugs.
This volume provides a detailed analysis of drug resistance in the context of such factors as relationships, types of drugs, family and peer group relationships, personality, and situations. It places drug use and resistance in a living, relational context, and offers the first comprehensive communication and relational approach to drug resistance. The authors argue for the development of a relational and communication competence model of drug resistance, and suggest unique approaches for future drug prevention efforts.
In describing the social and relational processes of drug resistance and then linking intervention techniques to the adolescents' relational world, this work makes a major contribution toward understanding drug use among adolescents. It informs relationship, communication, and psychology research, assists drug and health research by presenting new ways of considering the issue, and enlightens drug resistance practice by demonstrating a new approach to prevention. As such, it makes an effective and invaluable contribution to the ongoing efforts to reduce drug use among adolescents.

The facts about LSD

A new book on LSD is long overdue, but this was worth waiting for. The material is thoughtful and carefully prepared, and the collection brings the topic into the 1990s. The book should be in every library, and read by everyone interested in the American drug scene.
--James A. Inciardi, Ph.D., professor and director, Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware

The authors offer an insightful look at LSD use and provide an essential resource for parents, counselors, and educators. Far from fading out after the 1960's LSD has in fact never gone away, and the percentage of high school seniors using the drug is now only slightly lower than it was twenty years ago. The book examines why young people in the 1990s are using LSD--its appeal, its experience, and where kids are getting it. Solidly researched and dispassionately written, this book weaves current studies and anecdotes with recent statistics to create a vivid, complete, and credible picture of contemporary LSD use.

Throughout the African American community, individuals and organizations ranging from churches to schools to drug treatment centers are fighting the widespread use of crack cocaine. To put that fight in a larger cultural context, Doin' Drugs explores historical patterns of alcohol and drug use from pre-slavery Africa to present-day urban America.

William Henry James and Stephen Lloyd Johnson document the role of alcohol and other drugs in traditional African cultures, among African slaves before the American Civil War, and in contemporary African American society, which has experienced the epidemics of marijuana, heroin, crack cocaine, and gangs since the beginning of this century. The authors zero in on the interplay of addiction and race to uncover the social and psychological factors that underlie addiction.

James and Johnson also highlight many culturally informed programs, particularly those sponsored by African American churches, that are successfully breaking the patterns of addiction. The authors hope that the information in this book will be used to train a new generation of counselors, ministers, social workers, nurses, and physicians to be better prepared to face the epidemic of drug addiction in African American communities.

This volume examines the rise and fall of cocaine. In the 19th century it was openly legal and legitimately used by scientists, medics and pharmaceutical manufacturers alike. This contrasts starkly with the international prohibitionist regimes and drug gangs linked to cocaine today. Themes explored include: Amsterdam's complex cocaine culture; the manufacture, sale and control of cocaine in the United States; Japan and the Southeast Asian cociane industry; export of cocaine prohibitions to Peru; and sex, drugs and race in early modern London. The book unveils primary sources and covert social, cultural and political transformations to shed light on cocaine's hidden history.

Drug Diplomacy is the first comprehensive historical account of the evolution of the global drugs control regime. The book analyzes how the rules and regulations that encompass the drug question came to be framed. By examining the international historical aspects of the issue, the author addresses the many questions surrounding this global problem.
Including coverage of substances from heroin and cocaine to morphine, stimulants, hallucinogens and alcohol, Drug Diplomacy addresses:
* the historical development of drug laws, drug-control institutions, and attitudes about drugs
* international control negotiations and the relationship between the drug question and issues such as trade policy, national security concerns, the Cold War and medical considerations
* the reasons why the goal to eliminate drug abuse has been so hard to accomplish.

"This book takes an integrative approach to the understanding of drug use and its relationship to social-cultural factors. It is lucidly and powerfully argued and constitutes a significant achievement. The authors sensibly argue that in order to fully understand and explain drug use and abuse it is necessary to take into account different levels of analysis, reflecting distinct domains of human functioning; the biological, psychosocial, and cultural-historical?.Overall, this book represents an exceptional achievement and should be of interest to drug clinicians and researcher as well as social scientists and students."

--Professor Tony Ward, University of Melbourne

Substance use and abuse are two of the most frequent psychological problems clinicians encounter. Mainstream approaches focus on the biological and psychological factors supporting drug abuse. But to fully comprehend the issue, clinicians need to consider the social, historical, and cultural factors responsible for drug-related problems.

Substance Use and Abuse: Cultural and Historical Perspectives provides an inclusive explanation of the human desire to take drugs. Using a multidisciplinary framework, authors Russil Durrant and Jo Thakker explore the cultural and historical variables that contribute to drug use. Integrating biological, psychosocial, and cultural-historical perspectives, this innovative and accessible volume addresses the fundamental question of why drug use is such a ubiquitous feature of human society.

Addressing issues important to prevention, treatment, and public policy, the authors include

• A comprehensive, historical survey of drug use
• An exploration of the evolutionary basis of drug-taking behavior
• Historically and culturally based explanations of drug use and abuse
• Inclusive approaches that complement mainstream biopsychosocial perspectives

Designed for upper-division undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, counseling, sociology, social work, and health departments, Substance Use and Abuse: Cultural and Historical Perspectives will also be of significant interest to drug clinicians, researchers, and social scientists.

Orginally a medical miracle, cocaine is now a dangerous pariah drug. Cocaine: Global Histories examines the rise and fall of this notorious substance. In the nineteenth century it was openly legal and legitimately used by scientists, doctors and pharmaceutical giants alike. This contrasts starkly with the international prohibitionist regimes and underground circuits linked to cocaine today.
Drawing on exciting new global perspectives, Cocaine analyses and rethinks the origins of the modern drug cocaine. For the first time, a book brings together the world's leading writers on the history of cocaine. Themes explored include:
· the early manufacture, sale and control of cocaine in the United States;
· Amsterdam's complex cocaine network;
· Japan and the unknown Southeast Asian cocaine industry;
· export of cocaine prohibitions to Peru;
· sex, drugs and race in London.
Cocaine unveils new sources and covert social, cultural and political transformations that shed light on cocaine's hidden history. This volume is essential reading for anyone concerned with the place of drugs in the modern world.

It is generally acknowledged that the most cost-effective means of curtailing alcohol and drug abuse is prevention. Providing interventions to at-risk individuals before they develop serious problems with substance use is the most important component of the "war on drugs." Fortunately, the past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the quantity and quality of scientific research on those areas crucial to the advancement of prevention science.
This book compiles a tremendous amount of information about prevention which has accumulated in recent years. Documenting these accomplishments and setting the stage for future efforts comprise the focus of this book.
"Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse" is divided into four parts. Part I contains introductory chapters addressing current issues in prevention science and characteristics of abusable substances. Part II includes chapters on the historical contexts of substance abuse and the deleterious health consequences of alcohol and other drugs. Part III focuses on the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on society. Included are chapters on alcohol and drug abuse and driving, infectious illness, disability, managed care, the criminal justice system and adolescents and adults, sale and distribution, the media, and community responses. Part IV consists of chapters on prevention in specific settings and with certain populations.

In thirteen chapters, twenty-four authors share their analyses, concerns, and conclusions in several domains including the: meaning and dynamics of multiculturalism affecting prevention intervention, relative risks and knowledge gaps across ethnic groups, social trends affecting health risks and substance abuse, lessons learned from substance abuse research and prevention, role of the media, promises and limits of the new public health paradigm for assessment, policy development, assurance of preventive services, and social action and empowerment for prevention in partnership with the public.

It is generally acknowledged that the most cost-effective means of curtailing alcohol and drug abuse is prevention. Providing interventions to at-risk individuals before they develop serious problems with substance use is the most important component of the "war on drugs." Fortunately, the past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the quantity and quality of scientific research on those areas crucial to the advancement of prevention science.
This book compiles a tremendous amount of information about prevention which has accumulated in recent years. Documenting these accomplishments and setting the stage for future efforts comprise the focus of this book.
"Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse" is divided into four parts. Part I contains introductory chapters addressing current issues in prevention science and characteristics of abusable substances. Part II includes chapters on the historical contexts of substance abuse and the deleterious health consequences of alcohol and other drugs. Part III focuses on the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on society. Included are chapters on alcohol and drug abuse and driving, infectious illness, disability, managed care, the criminal justice system and adolescents and adults, sale and distribution, the media, and community responses. Part IV consists of chapters on prevention in specific settings and with certain populations.

Covering a wide range of research currently being done in drug analysi s, Drug Testing Technology: Assessment of Field Applications compares and evaluates various methods used to determine abused drugs taken by individuals, and their application in various programs and contexts. Controversies associated with various methods, including urine analysi s and hair analysis, are examined. Contributors from a wide diversity of disciplines offer advanced knowledge, encompassing work which is te chnical as well as markedly philosophical. Chapters provide overviews of drug incorporation into hair; the use of hair analysis for complia nce measurement in the use of anti-epileptic medications; and the appl ication of drug testing to the psychiatric treatment of substance abus e disorders. Drug Testing Technology: Assessment of Field Application s provides information useful in medical applications, workplace testi ng, criminal justice monitoring community epidemiology, and drug treat ment assessment.

In Women and Substance Abuse: Gender Transparency you ll see what can be done to aid women in some of the world s hardest hit substance abuse hubs, including Rio De Janeiro, Brazil; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and New Haven, Connecticut. Filled with timely research and practical solutions, this volume shows you what you can do to aid the tremendous and immediate need for specialized interventions in the lives of women.Women and Substance Abuse considers many of the variables in the lives of women who abuse drugs--race, choice of drug, HIV risk, and drug treatment history--and gives you line-by-line proof of the need for custom-tailored harm reduction strategies for addicted women who are and who aren t engaged in drug treatment therapy. In addition, you ll see why frequent cocaine use, current physical and sexual abuse, and concerns relating to children can alter the success of therapies and treatments. Overall, this unique volume will broaden your understanding of the subject by covering: gender differences in risk for gonorrhea infection risk factors for women who trade sex for drugs and money the role of physicians and prenatal care providers of substance abusing women how drug treatment programs can be more multifacted to include planning, prenatal care, and parenting skills prison-based therapeutic communities long-term residential treatment for women with children, pregnant women, and women without childrenFor every unique woman with a drug problem, there is a unique treatment. Women and Substance Abuse turns away from the lost cause of blanket treatments and takes you into the world s slums and inner-city ghettoes, where the faces of addiction are as diverse as the women who bear its debilitating burdens. You ll see women s drug addiction for what it is--a montage of suffering and pain that only individual and specialized care can cure.

In the present decade, "co-dependency" has sprung up on the landscape of American popular culture. Portrayed as an addiction-like disease responsible for a wide range of personal and social problems, co-dependency spawned a veritable social movement nationwide. A Disease of One's Own examines the phenomenon of co-dependency from a sociological perspective, viewing it not as something a person "has," but as something a person believes; not as a psychological disease, but as a belief system that offers its adherents a particular way of talking about the self and social relationships.

The central question addressed by the book is: Why did co-dependency--one among a plethora of already-existing discourses on self-help--meet with such widespread public appeal? Grounded in theories of cultural and social change, John Steadman Rice argues that this question can only be adequately addressed by examining the social, cultural, and historical context in which co-dependency was created and found a receptive public; the content of the ideas it espoused; and the practical uses to which co-dependency's adherents could apply those ideas in their everyday lives.

In terms of the larger American context, his analysis links the emergence of co-dependency with the permeation of psychological concepts and explanations throughout Western culture over the past thirty years, focusing particularly on the cultural and social impact of the popular acceptance of what the author calls "liberation psychotherapy." Liberation psychotherapy portrays the relationship between self and society as one of intrinsic antagonism, and argues that psychological health is inversely related to the self's accommodation to social expectations.

Rice argues that a principal source of co-dependency's appeal is that it affirms core premises of liberation psychotherapy, thereby espousing an increasingly conventional and familiar wisdom. It simultaneously fuses those premises with addiction-related discourse, providing people with a means of making sense of the problems of relationship and identity that have accompanied what Rice terms the "psychologization" of American life. This brilliant analysis of the phenomenon of co-dependency will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, psychotherapists, and those interested in American popular culture.

In this second edition, the author expands and updates his study of the true reasons for drug use. Current attitudes towards drug misuse in the media, government, and even treatment centres, often exaggerate the pharmacological power of drugs. Their coercive influence is widely believed to be so great that to experiment with a drug is tantamount to addiction. The author argues that such beliefs are largely inaccurate and harmful. Research shows that explanations for drug use vary according to circumstances. Drugs users may explain that they have lost their willpower and capacity for personal decision-making, because this is the explanation expected of them, but most actually use drugs because they want to and because they see no good reason for giving them up. Addicted behaviour is therefore a form of learned helplessness, not an effect caused by narcotic intake.

In The History and Function of the Target Cities Management Information Systems, you?ll travel to six major cities in the "Target Cities" demonstration project sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). You?ll see how treatment centers are developing automated management information systems that have been proven to more effectively and efficiently meet the needs of patients requiring addiction recovery and treatment in large metropolitan areas. Your understanding of what it takes to develop, run, and maintain automated management information systems will increase as you read these firsthand accounts of specialists who have taken their own systems through the stages of initial development, to ongoing maintenance, and to eventual evolution.The History and Function of the Target Cities Management Information Systems provides an excellent forum of discovery in which you have everything you need to fully compare and contrast how various local conditions have impacted the growth of these cities'information systems and how individual problems can be solved. Several real-world views of these and many other specific topics in these metropolitan areas of the country are at your fingertips: how central intake sites provide rapid assessment, referral, and care management in Cleveland, Ohiofacilitating automated client assessment, referral, and service tracking in Portland, Oregonhow central intake units (CIUs) and a computerized management information system (MIS) reduce barriers to treatment entry, increase treatment retention, and support continued posttreatment recovery in Dallas, Texasthe St. Louis, Missouri, information system that was conceptualized and implemented statewidethe patient tracking system (PTS) in New Orleans, Louisianalessons learned in Detroit, Michigan, by staff using a management information system with a terminal-host model and character-based user interfaceThis is the only known published description of automated systems being developed for the same purpose by different teams. Everyone, especially hospital administrators, educators, and behavioral health and computer professionals interested in the development of automated medical records systems, will definitely want to access the valuable information garnered from six important cities in The History and Function of the Target Cities Management Information Systems. By comparing and contrasting the true-to-life accounts of these different cases, you?ll gain a richer, deeper understanding of this type of software and system development process. You?ll also acquire the insight necessary to spearhead the construction and modification of an effective, efficient assessment and case management system in your own city.

Drawing on more than 15 years of experience as an active clinician and instructor specializing in treating the chemically dependent and their families, Olivia Curtis presents an engaging and practical book on the nuts and bolts of counseling drug affected families. Unique and timely, Chemical Dependency: A Family Affair looks at family dynamics from a family systems perspective and examines how those dynamics are affected by chemical dependency. Through her insightful and friendly writing style, Curtis gives a comprehensive summary of the development of family theories, the structure of a family system, and the interplay between chemical dependency and the family system.

What factors influence adolescents to take up smoking? Why do more girls smoke than boys? In contrast to medical orthodoxy, Smoking in Adolescence looks at smoking from the adolescents' own points of view. What emerges is that regular smokers are seen as fun-loving and nonconformist; cigarettes are a passport to a fashionable, popular and 'hard' identity.
Young people create, and are influenced by, complex images of smokers and nonsmokers. Barbara Lloyd and Kevin Lucas explore the psychological dimensions such as social environment, family, peers, stress and coping, body image, mood and pleasure. They suggest how anti-smoking interventions should be re-evaluated to take account of this new evidence throughout the school curriculum.
Smoking in Adolescence will be of practical interest to teachers, youth workers, health professionals and parents as well as students of psychology.

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Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.

Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.

Informed debate on how, why, or even if, drugs and those that use them should be controlled needs an insight into the background of such controls, how effective they have been and what reasonable alternatives there may be. This book seeks to provide such an insight. Reviewing important aspects of past and current drug control policies in Britain and America, the international compliment of expert contributors seek to explore the rationality of the reasoning which produced the initial controls, the continuing relevance of those currently employed, and provide alternative scenarios for future policy.

This study of first generation Chinese youth and their parents who have immigrated to Houston reveals the ways in which this group resists assimilation into the dominant Western milieu and instead accommodates itself as a paracommunity with the culture of its host city. Chinese parents counter Western influence on their children by enrolling them in Chinese language schools, having them participate in Chinese community events, and encouraging them to develop a network of Chinese friends.
The study presents a detailed ethnography of a Chinese language school. It traces the negotiations between traditional Chinese beliefs-in particular, unquestioned submission to authority, kinship systems, and the denial of the singular self-and the developed sense of self in Western individualism. This study of identity reformation clearly indicates that there is space within the dialectics of immigration and the related cultural processes that enables the immigrant community to resist the image of all diasporic people as liminars and hybrids. The Chinese in this study do not sacrifice their past and their values in order to reformulate themselves for the present. Rather, they are determined to create a self-referential identity within a living and growing Chinese culture.