The growing use of illicit drugs among women has become a major concern for health professionals and social services. The reluctance of drug-using women to seek help from drug agencies and to disclose their use of drugs to ante-natal, midwifery and social services is now officially recognised by government agencies. However, devising an appropriate strategy that will overcome these fears will not be easy without a better understanding of their causes and effects.
Drug Misuse and Motherhood gives drug-using mothers a voice. Based on longitudinal research and in-depth interviews it provides new insights and much-needed information in five key areas:
* family life
* pregnancy
* motherhood
* service delivery and development
* implications for policy.
The user-perspective of this book is balanced by the professional viewpoint on the same issues. It offers a unique source of data for researchers and fresh inspiration for practitioners working in the field.

Tobacco control leaders were extremely proud of the movement's achievements in the state of Minnesota. In sharing their perspectives and experiences with Mark Wolfson, they found a way of making sure that the story would get told. His training in social movements had given him an appreciation of the importance of understanding the social infrastructure on which movements are built, and Minnesota had built heavily on the infrastructure of health care and public health. What became apparent is that the struggle against the tobacco industry in Minnesota involved a close, collaborative relationship between government (or "state") actors and the leaders of the tobacco control movement.
Wolfson develops both of these themes: building on the infrastructure of health, and state-movement interpenetration, to understand the emergence, growth, and outcomes of the tobacco control movement in Minnesota. He focuses on the advantages and constraints associated with these two related themes. He goes beyond the case study method to assess the generalizability of the pattern, and whether the same sort of movement can be used by other states in North America, and even in other countries and their social movements.
How has the tobacco control movement become such a significant and successful force in shaping public policy, social norms, and the habits of millions of Americans? In this first such detailed study by a sociologist, Wolfson documents how the movement has grown over nearly three decades by building an infrastructure of health organizations and health professionals, and by fostering relationships with government. Rich in survey data, extensive interviews, and archival sources, this text is essential reading for courses in social problems, social movements, and public health. The general reader will also find it engaging, given the issues of tobacco use as an addiction and a social problem.
"Mark Wolfson" is associate professor and director for community Research, Department of Public Health Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine. His research has been funded by both governmental and private research grants.

Drug users are no longer a mad, bad or immoral minority. Using drugs is normal for the chemical generation, and the drug that defines them is ecstasy. This book about ecstasy users' lives is based on one of the biggest government-funded projects ever undertaken and gives voice to the chemical generation for the first time. The effects of the manufacture, distribution and use of ecstasy are now being felt across much of the globe. In the UK, where the study was conducted, over fifty per cent of young people use drugs, a quarter of them regularly. The people in this book are ordinary, decent, family-loving people, with normal lives, normal problems and normal aspirations. Through their own words we hear how they first started using ecstasy, how they use it in different ways, why clubbing and raving are so important, how good sex is on ecstasy, how they chill out, how they come down, what problems they encountered and why they quit. And what happened to these normal people when they used ecstasy? Nothing. Yet. This path breaking book ends by trying to answer the questions on the lips of every member of the chemical generation: what are the long-term effects of ecstasy? Because we can't answer them, the authors claim, we are failing in our duty to our children: telling them not to take ecstasy is alienating and pointless.

Suitable for 2nd and 3rd year students taking courses on drug use/misuse principally in departments such as Sociology, Law, Cultural and Media Studies, and Psychology. Also particularly relevant for students taking courses leading to a profession, such as nurses and social workers. The use of illegal drugs is widespread in many societies. Within many western societies particular concern has been focused on the nature and extent of illegal drug use amongst young people. In much of the media coverage an impression is often conveyed that the use of illegal drugs other than cannabis is a one way street leading inevitably to addiction, destitution, family breakdown and death. This impression fails to grasp the fact that most drug users do not become addicts and most addicts do not die. The perception of addiction as a fixed end point characterised by personal and social dissolution fails to recognise that many dependent drug users, even after a period of prolonged dependent drug use, nevertheless still manage to overcome their dependence upon illegal drugs. This process of recovery, either with or without the assistance of helping agencies, has been variously described by researchers, drug counsellors, clinicians and others.

Drug users are no longer a mad, bad or immoral minority. Using drugs is normal for the chemical generation, and the drug that defines them is ecstasy. This book about ecstasy users' lives is based on one of the biggest government-funded projects ever undertaken and gives voice to the chemical generation for the first time. The effects of the manufacture, distribution and use of ecstasy are now being felt across much of the globe. In the UK, where the study was conducted, over fifty per cent of young people use drugs, a quarter of them regularly. The people in this book are ordinary, decent, family-loving people, with normal lives, normal problems and normal aspirations. Through their own words we hear how they first started using ecstasy, how they use it in different ways, why clubbing and raving are so important, how good sex is on ecstasy, how they chill out, how they come down, what problems they encountered and why they quit. And what happened to these normal people when they used ecstasy? Nothing. Yet. This path breaking book ends by trying to answer the questions on the lips of every member of the chemical generation: what are the long-term effects of ecstasy? Because we can't answer them, the authors claim, we are failing in our duty to our children: telling them not to take ecstasy is alienating and pointless.

The second volume in Routledge's new series with the Hagley Center for the History of Business, Technology and Society, Boys and Their Toys places class and work at the core of gender formation. Covering topics from the turn-of-the-century to the present, Boys and Their Toys reveals how masculine roles were and are made.
negotiating the divide between 'respectable manhood' and 'rough manhood', this book explores masculinity at work and at play through provocative essays on labor unions, railroads, vocational training programs, and NASCAR racing.
This groundbreaking collection brings new insight into the complexities of masculinity and its relationship to class and society. It is a fresh and original exploration of gender, business and culture that is sure to appeal to readers of Gail Bederman and Michael Kimmel.

This edited volume introduces the latest advances in quantitative methods and illustrates ways to apply these methods to important questions in substance use research. The goal is to provide a forum for dialogue between methodologists developing innovative multivariate statistical methods and substance use researchers who have produced rich data sets.

Reflecting current research trends, the book examines the use of longitudinal techniques to measure processes of change over time. Researchers faced with the task of studying the causes, course, treatment, and prevention of substance use and abuse will find this volume helpful for applying these techniques to make optimal use of their data.

This innovative volume:

• introduces the use of latent curve methods for describing individual trajectories of adolescent substance use over time;
• explores methods for analyzing longitudinal data for individuals nested within groups, such as families, classrooms, and treatment groups;
• demonstrates how different patterns of missing data influence the interpretation of results;
• reports on some recent advances in longitudinal growth modeling;
• illustrates methods to assess mediation when there are multiple mediating pathways underlying an intervention effect;
• describes methods to identify moderating relations in structural equation models;
• demonstrates the use of structural equation models to evaluate a preventive intervention;
• applies epidemic modeling techniques to understand the spread of substance use in society;
• illustrates the use of latent transition analysis to model substance use as a series of stages; and
• applies logistic regression to prospectively predict smoking cessation.

"This book takes an integrative approach to the understanding of drug use and its relationship to social-cultural factors. It is lucidly and powerfully argued and constitutes a significant achievement. The authors sensibly argue that in order to fully understand and explain drug use and abuse it is necessary to take into account different levels of analysis, reflecting distinct domains of human functioning; the biological, psychosocial, and cultural-historical?.Overall, this book represents an exceptional achievement and should be of interest to drug clinicians and researcher as well as social scientists and students."

--Professor Tony Ward, University of Melbourne

Substance use and abuse are two of the most frequent psychological problems clinicians encounter. Mainstream approaches focus on the biological and psychological factors supporting drug abuse. But to fully comprehend the issue, clinicians need to consider the social, historical, and cultural factors responsible for drug-related problems.

Substance Use and Abuse: Cultural and Historical Perspectives provides an inclusive explanation of the human desire to take drugs. Using a multidisciplinary framework, authors Russil Durrant and Jo Thakker explore the cultural and historical variables that contribute to drug use. Integrating biological, psychosocial, and cultural-historical perspectives, this innovative and accessible volume addresses the fundamental question of why drug use is such a ubiquitous feature of human society.

Addressing issues important to prevention, treatment, and public policy, the authors include

• A comprehensive, historical survey of drug use
• An exploration of the evolutionary basis of drug-taking behavior
• Historically and culturally based explanations of drug use and abuse
• Inclusive approaches that complement mainstream biopsychosocial perspectives

Designed for upper-division undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, counseling, sociology, social work, and health departments, Substance Use and Abuse: Cultural and Historical Perspectives will also be of significant interest to drug clinicians, researchers, and social scientists.

Drug Diplomacy is the first comprehensive historical account of the evolution of the global drugs control regime. The book analyzes how the rules and regulations that encompass the drug question came to be framed. By examining the international historical aspects of the issue, the author addresses the many questions surrounding this global problem.
Including coverage of substances from heroin and cocaine to morphine, stimulants, hallucinogens and alcohol, Drug Diplomacy addresses:
* the historical development of drug laws, drug-control institutions, and attitudes about drugs
* international control negotiations and the relationship between the drug question and issues such as trade policy, national security concerns, the Cold War and medical considerations
* the reasons why the goal to eliminate drug abuse has been so hard to accomplish.

This volume examines the rise and fall of cocaine. In the 19th century it was openly legal and legitimately used by scientists, medics and pharmaceutical manufacturers alike. This contrasts starkly with the international prohibitionist regimes and drug gangs linked to cocaine today. Themes explored include: Amsterdam's complex cocaine culture; the manufacture, sale and control of cocaine in the United States; Japan and the Southeast Asian cociane industry; export of cocaine prohibitions to Peru; and sex, drugs and race in early modern London. The book unveils primary sources and covert social, cultural and political transformations to shed light on cocaine's hidden history.

Innovative and humane treatment of patients with substance use disorders distinguishes this highly esteemed practitioner and major psychodynamic thinker. From his initial contribution of identifying the self-medicating function of abused substances, to the continued elaboration and refinement of his work focusing on the addict's ego deficits of self-regulation and self-care, Edward Khantzian's ideas have become the standard in the field of addictions treatment. His insights into the dynamics of substance abuse have changed the ways that clinicians understand their addicted patients, significantly raising the likelihood of successful treatment. Shifting the focus from a pleasure-seeking to a pain-relieving approach to their patients' substance use enables clinicians to engage in a more positive, compassionate psychotherapeutic relationship, unhampered by countertransference feelings of contempt and condemnation. Passionate, professional, and unfailingly astute, Dr. Khantzian examines his patients' internal worlds, revealing vulnerabilities while uncovering resiliency and strength. This book, comprehensive in scope, abundant in clinical material, and written with clarity and intelligence, provides a depth of understanding of substance use disorders and an increased hope for recovery. A Jason Aronson Book

Covering a wide range of research currently being done in drug analysi s, Drug Testing Technology: Assessment of Field Applications compares and evaluates various methods used to determine abused drugs taken by individuals, and their application in various programs and contexts. Controversies associated with various methods, including urine analysi s and hair analysis, are examined. Contributors from a wide diversity of disciplines offer advanced knowledge, encompassing work which is te chnical as well as markedly philosophical. Chapters provide overviews of drug incorporation into hair; the use of hair analysis for complia nce measurement in the use of anti-epileptic medications; and the appl ication of drug testing to the psychiatric treatment of substance abus e disorders. Drug Testing Technology: Assessment of Field Application s provides information useful in medical applications, workplace testi ng, criminal justice monitoring community epidemiology, and drug treat ment assessment.

In the present decade, "co-dependency" has sprung up on the landscape of American popular culture. Portrayed as an addiction-like disease responsible for a wide range of personal and social problems, co-dependency spawned a veritable social movement nationwide. A Disease of One's Own examines the phenomenon of co-dependency from a sociological perspective, viewing it not as something a person "has," but as something a person believes; not as a psychological disease, but as a belief system that offers its adherents a particular way of talking about the self and social relationships.

The central question addressed by the book is: Why did co-dependency--one among a plethora of already-existing discourses on self-help--meet with such widespread public appeal? Grounded in theories of cultural and social change, John Steadman Rice argues that this question can only be adequately addressed by examining the social, cultural, and historical context in which co-dependency was created and found a receptive public; the content of the ideas it espoused; and the practical uses to which co-dependency's adherents could apply those ideas in their everyday lives.

In terms of the larger American context, his analysis links the emergence of co-dependency with the permeation of psychological concepts and explanations throughout Western culture over the past thirty years, focusing particularly on the cultural and social impact of the popular acceptance of what the author calls "liberation psychotherapy." Liberation psychotherapy portrays the relationship between self and society as one of intrinsic antagonism, and argues that psychological health is inversely related to the self's accommodation to social expectations.

Rice argues that a principal source of co-dependency's appeal is that it affirms core premises of liberation psychotherapy, thereby espousing an increasingly conventional and familiar wisdom. It simultaneously fuses those premises with addiction-related discourse, providing people with a means of making sense of the problems of relationship and identity that have accompanied what Rice terms the "psychologization" of American life. This brilliant analysis of the phenomenon of co-dependency will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, psychotherapists, and those interested in American popular culture.

In Women and Substance Abuse: Gender Transparency you ll see what can be done to aid women in some of the world s hardest hit substance abuse hubs, including Rio De Janeiro, Brazil; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and New Haven, Connecticut. Filled with timely research and practical solutions, this volume shows you what you can do to aid the tremendous and immediate need for specialized interventions in the lives of women.Women and Substance Abuse considers many of the variables in the lives of women who abuse drugs--race, choice of drug, HIV risk, and drug treatment history--and gives you line-by-line proof of the need for custom-tailored harm reduction strategies for addicted women who are and who aren t engaged in drug treatment therapy. In addition, you ll see why frequent cocaine use, current physical and sexual abuse, and concerns relating to children can alter the success of therapies and treatments. Overall, this unique volume will broaden your understanding of the subject by covering: gender differences in risk for gonorrhea infection risk factors for women who trade sex for drugs and money the role of physicians and prenatal care providers of substance abusing women how drug treatment programs can be more multifacted to include planning, prenatal care, and parenting skills prison-based therapeutic communities long-term residential treatment for women with children, pregnant women, and women without childrenFor every unique woman with a drug problem, there is a unique treatment. Women and Substance Abuse turns away from the lost cause of blanket treatments and takes you into the world s slums and inner-city ghettoes, where the faces of addiction are as diverse as the women who bear its debilitating burdens. You ll see women s drug addiction for what it is--a montage of suffering and pain that only individual and specialized care can cure.

In The History and Function of the Target Cities Management Information Systems, you?ll travel to six major cities in the "Target Cities" demonstration project sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). You?ll see how treatment centers are developing automated management information systems that have been proven to more effectively and efficiently meet the needs of patients requiring addiction recovery and treatment in large metropolitan areas. Your understanding of what it takes to develop, run, and maintain automated management information systems will increase as you read these firsthand accounts of specialists who have taken their own systems through the stages of initial development, to ongoing maintenance, and to eventual evolution.The History and Function of the Target Cities Management Information Systems provides an excellent forum of discovery in which you have everything you need to fully compare and contrast how various local conditions have impacted the growth of these cities'information systems and how individual problems can be solved. Several real-world views of these and many other specific topics in these metropolitan areas of the country are at your fingertips: how central intake sites provide rapid assessment, referral, and care management in Cleveland, Ohiofacilitating automated client assessment, referral, and service tracking in Portland, Oregonhow central intake units (CIUs) and a computerized management information system (MIS) reduce barriers to treatment entry, increase treatment retention, and support continued posttreatment recovery in Dallas, Texasthe St. Louis, Missouri, information system that was conceptualized and implemented statewidethe patient tracking system (PTS) in New Orleans, Louisianalessons learned in Detroit, Michigan, by staff using a management information system with a terminal-host model and character-based user interfaceThis is the only known published description of automated systems being developed for the same purpose by different teams. Everyone, especially hospital administrators, educators, and behavioral health and computer professionals interested in the development of automated medical records systems, will definitely want to access the valuable information garnered from six important cities in The History and Function of the Target Cities Management Information Systems. By comparing and contrasting the true-to-life accounts of these different cases, you?ll gain a richer, deeper understanding of this type of software and system development process. You?ll also acquire the insight necessary to spearhead the construction and modification of an effective, efficient assessment and case management system in your own city.

Drawing on more than 15 years of experience as an active clinician and instructor specializing in treating the chemically dependent and their families, Olivia Curtis presents an engaging and practical book on the nuts and bolts of counseling drug affected families. Unique and timely, Chemical Dependency: A Family Affair looks at family dynamics from a family systems perspective and examines how those dynamics are affected by chemical dependency. Through her insightful and friendly writing style, Curtis gives a comprehensive summary of the development of family theories, the structure of a family system, and the interplay between chemical dependency and the family system.

Informed debate on how, why, or even if, drugs and those that use them should be controlled needs an insight into the background of such controls, how effective they have been and what reasonable alternatives there may be. This book seeks to provide such an insight. Reviewing important aspects of past and current drug control policies in Britain and America, the international compliment of expert contributors seek to explore the rationality of the reasoning which produced the initial controls, the continuing relevance of those currently employed, and provide alternative scenarios for future policy.

In this second edition, the author expands and updates his study of the true reasons for drug use. Current attitudes towards drug misuse in the media, government, and even treatment centres, often exaggerate the pharmacological power of drugs. Their coercive influence is widely believed to be so great that to experiment with a drug is tantamount to addiction. The author argues that such beliefs are largely inaccurate and harmful. Research shows that explanations for drug use vary according to circumstances. Drugs users may explain that they have lost their willpower and capacity for personal decision-making, because this is the explanation expected of them, but most actually use drugs because they want to and because they see no good reason for giving them up. Addicted behaviour is therefore a form of learned helplessness, not an effect caused by narcotic intake.

Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.

Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.

The idea that men too are a 'gender, ' and that their addiction patterns and treatment needs must be reexamined in the light of postfeminist and men's movement consciousness as well as the rapid recent growth of scientific knowledge, is only now beginning to be explored

American Journal of Nursing, 2001 Book of the Year Award in Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing

Developed by a highly experienced author working in both nursing and psychology environments, Addiction Treatment presents the caregiver with a brief global perspective of different types of addictions, techniques for identifying and assessing the addicted client, and strategies for effective change. The book utilizes assessment, planning, and intervention summaries to enable the reader to scan for immediate recall and application. Chapter objectives enable readers to use the book as a continuing education tool, and the appendix provides an overview of perspectives on addiction and its treatment by a variety of organizations heavily invested in the care of the addicted client. Illustrative cases (with both successful and unsuccessful outcomes) are included throughout.

There is a tremendous concern and interest in the number of chemical dependents with co-existing compulsive behaviors. However, no one has developed a theory that can explain the high prevalence of compulsive behaviors in chemical dependents, and more importantly, describe the treatment and recovery implications. The literature and professionals are divided with the counselors/clinicians on one side and the researchers on the other. The authors try to bridge this obvious gap by writing a book that can bring recent genetic/biochemical research to the counselor/clinician in a way that will help them diagnose and treat their patients.
This book is the result of the authors' long interest in and study of chemical dependency and compulsive behaviors. It begins with the observation that chemical dependents experience a much higher prevalence of compulsive behaviors than the general population. Although many have written about the two subjects--generally the relationship of a single compulsive behavior to chemical dependency--none have developed a theory with supporting research that ties the type of chemical dependency to specific compulsive behaviors. The authors describe recent research that connects chemical dependency and compulsive behaviors to the underlying genetic/biochemical mechanisms, and provide detailed examinations of the clinical implications of the model as well as case histories.

This dictionary provides fast and easy access to terms in areas such as: legal, judicial and court proceedings; law enforcement, police and military training; chemical essentials and chemical precursors; natural, synthetic and designer drugs; banking and money laundering. It also presents some related terminology for environmental, medical, psychological, social and economic matters. The dictionary includes a large number of jargon terms, and explanations of these have been provided in some cases, in order to ensure better understanding. This work is an indispensable tool for conference interpreters, court interpreters, translators and social workers.

First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.