The economics of substance use and abuse deals with the consumption of goods that share two properties. First, they are addictive in the sense that an increase in past consumption of the good leads to an increase in current consumption. Second, their consumption harms the consumer and others. This second property makes them of interest from policy, legal, and public health perspectives. The tremendous expansion in research in the economics of substance use and abuse since the early 1980s and the presence of many unresolved issues motivate this volume. While most of the papers are by economists, the disciplines of medicine, political science, and psychology also are represented. Any successful attempt to address substance use must adopt an interdisciplinary perspective. The aim of the volume to cover issues pertaining to individual behavior, social interactions, markets, and politics makes this all the more necessary. Some of the twenty papers in the volume contain new estimates of the price sensitivity of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. Others focus on the effects of consumption on earnings, crime, suicide, and sexually transmitted diseases. Still others address the roles of psychobiology, social interaction, hyperbolic discounting, and peer effects in shaping decisions with regard to the use of harmfully addictive substances. To a larger or lesser extent, all the papers contain implications for policy-making. A number of papers, however, are more directly concerned with policy-making and with the policy-making environment, including evaluations of the costs and benefits of treatment services for abusers. Readers of this volume should gain a much betterunderstanding of what we know and what we still need to know about the economics of substance use and abuse.

The prevailing neo-prohibitionist approach to reducing alcohol problems is generally ineffective, often counter-productive, and is doomed to failure. This work is to promote an effective alternative strategy to reducing the incidence of alcohol problems. The thesis is that a socio-cultural approach would be effective, and therefore, that public policy should promote this approach. This work is expected to be controversial, and is hoped to form a pattern for reorientation of the current approach to alcohol abuse. Professionals in drug abuse education and treatment along with public policy makers and students in appropriate courses should be interested in the work.

Help children overcome the increasing dangers they face because of their parents' addictions Impact of Substance Abuse on Children and Families addresses the growing concern over children at risk of developing physical and mental health problems because of their parents' addictions to alcohol and other drugs (AOD), including a chapter on the troubling increase of methamphetamine abuse by parents. The book's contributors examine current research findings from the United States, Australia, Ireland, and Israel to provide much-needed insight into the effects of addiction on family dynamics, parental attachment styles, and family characteristics. The book also looks at the impact of addiction on school-aged children and on mothers in residential treatment with their children, survey assessment instruments and treatment outcomes, and the value of Student Assistance Services for older children. Almost 25 percent of children in the United States live in a household where a parent or other adult is a heavy or binge drinker. More than 10 percent live in family where illicit drugs are used. Children of alcoholics are nearly 10 times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder as other children, and often develop behavior problems such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. Children of illicit drug abusers are more likely than other children to demonstrate immature, impulsive, or irresponsible behavior, to have lower IQ scores, and poorer school attendance. Impact of Substance Abuse on Children and Families focuses on these critical and often ignored aspects of addiction, providing the latest evidence-based qualitative and quantitative research findings, as well as a summary of available literature. Impact of Substance Abuse on Children and Families examines: the impact on children at various developmental stages the role of the family as a treatment resource alcohol problems and marriage parental attachment styles of drug-using fathers family cohesion and adaptability self-in-relations theory family-centered service models the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) adolescent substance abuse treatment online treatment options Impact of Substance Abuse on Children and Families is an essential resource for both academics and practitioners working in social work, addictions counseling, sociology, psychology, public health, and family and children's studies.

An in-depth look at the relevance of religious and spiritual issues to alcohol and drug use and abuse throughout the lifespan Spiritual issues and forgiveness are oft-neglected topics in treatment programs for substance abusers. This unique book brings those underrated components of recovery to the forefront through current research, case studies, and the insight of experts in the field of spirituality as well as drug/alcohol treatment. It illustrates the important interrelationship among religiousness, spirituality, forgiveness, and alcohol and drug use and abuse throughout the lifespan. The contributors examine the effects of religiousness and spirituality on recovery in relation to more widely recognized supports. Each chapter is extensively referenced, and most include tables and/or figures that make difficult information easy to understand and work with. Spirituality and Religiousness and Alcohol/Other Drug Problems: Treatment and Recovery Perspectives draws clear, important distinctions between religiosity and spirituality. It provides you with a clearly laid out conceptual framework for examining the relationship among spirituality/religiousness and alcohol/drug problems, and a theoretical model of forgiveness in regard to alcohol/drug abuse. This informative book also examines: the existing literature on the intersection of spirituality/religiousness and alcohol/drug issues addiction recovery across the lifespan connections among stress, quality of life, social support, spirituality and religiosity, and recovery how social supports, spirituality, religiousness, life meaning, and affiliation with 12-step fellowships affect the quality of life for people in recovery evidence-based forgiveness treatment alcohol abusers' traits and how abusers function in the context of family Christian perspectives on alcohol/drug use and abusewith a chapter devoted to Protestant perspectives and treatment implications predictors of rehospitalization for homeless substance abusers, including spiritual well-being various dimensions of religious involvement and mental health outcomes among addicted women whether religiousness, as opposed to church attendance, is related to alcohol/drug consumption and delinquency the ties between religious variables and mental health in a high-risk population (chemically dependent pregnant or parenting women in a residential treatment program) . . . and a great deal more This book is designed to be immediately useful to practitioners (social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, and ministers) who work with substance users and abusers, as well as to academicians and researchers involved with these topics. Please consider adding it to your professional, research, or teaching collection today!

Currently developed countries pay much more attention to harmfully addictive substances than developing countries. However, the experience of developed countries is very relevant to the developing world since substance abuse is likely to impose a continually increasing burden of disease in this region in the near future. This book extends the frontiers of research on the economics of substance use and abuse in a variety of extremely significant ways. It focuses on the determinants and consequences of the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, betel quid, and illicit drugs in the United States, Great Britain and Taiwan. The authors use a variety of empirical techniques to examine the roles of price, advertising, risk perception, time preference and forward-looking behaviour in consumption decisions and the effects of these decisions on labour market outcomes, unintended pregnancies and criminal violence. Economic Analysis of Substance Use and Abuse will be required reading for scholars of economic development and health economics.

Learn why marijuana use has increased in the new millennium According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug. The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century takes a close look at present cannabis use trends in the new millennium by providing the latest research findings and most current case studies. Age and ethnographic data are presented in detail always with a constant focus on the unique subcultural contexts in today's society. This examination explores the most pressing issues in marijuana use, including the increased popularity of blunt smoking, the social ramifications of marijuana use in gangs and Southeast Asian youth, and alternative delivery systems for medical marijuana. The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century discusses various aspects of marijuana being the drug of choice in today's culture, including the different subgroups of age, economic status, and ethnic background. The book provides a comprehensive view of the people, reasons for use, varied ways of ingesting the drug, and marijuana use rituals. Extensive references, charts, tables, and figures are included to enhance clarification of research findings. The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century discusses the latest research findings on: the growth of marijuana use in different social groups during the 1990s medical marijuana blunt smoking and marijuana use rituals as settings for informal social controls marijuana use among minorities marijuana use in youths and young adults marijuana use among gang members adult use production, distribution, and administration of non-smokable marijuana The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century is insightful, valuable, and is certain to become a reference source for researchers, educators, students, and policy advocates.

Learn why marijuana use has increased in the new millennium According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug. The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century takes a close look at present cannabis use trends in the new millennium by providing the latest research findings and most current case studies. Age and ethnographic data are presented in detail always with a constant focus on the unique subcultural contexts in today's society. This examination explores the most pressing issues in marijuana use, including the increased popularity of blunt smoking, the social ramifications of marijuana use in gangs and Southeast Asian youth, and alternative delivery systems for medical marijuana. The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century discusses various aspects of marijuana being the drug of choice in today's culture, including the different subgroups of age, economic status, and ethnic background. The book provides a comprehensive view of the people, reasons for use, varied ways of ingesting the drug, and marijuana use rituals. Extensive references, charts, tables, and figures are included to enhance clarification of research findings. The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century discusses the latest research findings on: the growth of marijuana use in different social groups during the 1990s medical marijuana blunt smoking and marijuana use rituals as settings for informal social controls marijuana use among minorities marijuana use in youths and young adults marijuana use among gang members adult use production, distribution, and administration of non-smokable marijuana The Cultural/Subcultural Contexts of Marijuana Use at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century is insightful, valuable, and is certain to become a reference source for researchers, educators, students, and policy advocates.

We're losing the war on drugsbut the fight isn't over yet Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs examines our current anti-drug programs and policies, explains why they have failed, and presents a plan to fix them. Author Thomas C. Rowe, who has been educating college students on recreational drug use for nearly 30 years, exposes the truth about anti-drug programs he believes were conceived in ignorance of the drugs themselves and motivated by racial/cultural bias. This powerful book advocates a shift in federal spending to move funds away from the failed elements of the war on drugs toward policies with a more realistic chance to succeedthe drug courts, education, and effective treatment. Common myths and misconceptions about drugs have produced anti-drug programs that don't work, won't work, and waste millions of dollars. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs looks at howand whythis has happened and what can be done to correct it. The book is divided into How did we get into this mess? which details the history of anti-narcotic legislation, how drug agencies evolved, and the role played by Harry Anslinger, Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Narcotics from 1930 to 1962; What works and what doesn't work, which looks at the failure of interdiction efforts and the negative consequences that have resulted with a particular focus on the problems of prisons balanced against the drug court system; and a third section that serves as an overview of various recreational drugs, considers arguments for and against drug legalization, and offers suggestions for more effective methods than our current system allows. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs also examines: the creation of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics current regulations and structures current federal sentencing guidelines current state of the courts and the prison system mandatory sentencing and what judges think interdiction for heroin, cocaine and crack cocaine, and marijuana early education efforts the DARE program drug use trends drug treatment models the debate over legalization Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs also includes several appendices of federal budget figures, cocaine and heroin purity and price, and federal bureau of prisons statistics. This unique book is required reading for anyone concerned about the drug problem in the United States and what isand isn'tbeing done to correct it.

A major national goal is to improve the health of the populace while advancing our opportunities to pursue happiness. Simulta neously, there are both increasing health costs and increasing demands that more be accomplished with less financial support. The number of deaths attributable to the consumption of alcohol in the US is about 100,000 per year, and the annual cost of this addiction is over $100 billion. Improved treatment methods can both reduce these costs and improve health by preventing the continued exposure of abusers to the toxic effects of alcohol. This third volume of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews focuses on the strategies currently thought best for the treatment of alcohol and tobacco abuse. A variety of approaches to treating alcohol abuse employ those psychosocial factors that are known to influence alcohol use in youth and adults. Pharmacotherapy has also been evaluated at the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism by leaders in alcohol treatment research. One key review investigates forming a developmental framework for the treatment of adolescent alcohol abusers, a major challenge. Although the main emphasis is on the treatment of alcoholism, a major cofactor for many drug users is nicotine (tobacco) addiction, whose treatment is also reviewed. And the roles of learning and outpatient services are shown to affect treatment significantly. Thus, the problems confronted and solutions used in alcohol abuse treatment have here been analyzed in concise reviews that provide evidence for today's best hypoth eses and conclusions."

This book is for everyone who is suffering from the disease of addiction or who cares about someone who is: for addicts, their families and friends, and their health care providers. It is for those who are currently in recovery and looking for a way to shift their recovery into a higher gear from just surviving and muddling through to becoming the absolute best version of themselves, from mere recovery to Integral Recovery.
Integral Recovery is the groundbreaking application of Integral Theory to addiction. It brings alcohol and drug treatment into the twenty-first century by combining the best of the treatment modalities of the past with the latest knowledge, techniques, and neurotechnologies in order to ensure a more holistic and lasting recovery. In addition to providing an illuminating and inspiring map to the path of recovery, Integral Recovery teaches life-changing practices that initiate the addict on a journey of healing, transformation, and awakening, offering the possibility of a lifetime of health, joy, and sobriety."

With debates surrounding the decriminalisation of certain illegal drugs raging in many countries around the world, this new book is a timely and sober reflection on one of the biggest social problems facing the world at large. Of interest not only to economists, but also to criminologists and those involved in policy-making, The Economics of Illegal Drugs is an accessible, comprehensive and international review of the topic and the usefulness of applying microeconomic analysis to drug production and distribution.

Get the latest information on new and emerging modalities for treating drug-involved offenders! Treating Substance Abusers in Correctional Contexts: New Understandings, New Modalities analyzes the shift in policy and attitude away from two decades of the harsh punishment that characterized the war on drugs toward a more treatment-oriented medicalization of the problem. Edited by Dr. Nathaniel J. Pallone, editor of the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation (Haworth), the book presents an overview of new and emerging models for treatment of drug-involved offenders in a variety of settings. An international panel of authors examines the rather treat than fight approach to the war on drugs proposed by the voters of California, the Governor and criminal court judges of New York, and Gen. Barry McCaffrey, former Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. Treating Substance Abusers in Correctional Contexts looks at treatment modalities available to offenders inside and outside correctional institutions, with community organizations and mental health and social service agencies enlisted in a continuum of care as the courts and criminal justice system provide oversightand often, funding. The book explores types of treatment that operate under the surveillance of courts and the criminal justice system, ranging from in-house programs for offenders under confinement in prisons and jails to residential substance abuse treatment (RSAT) and substance abuse treatment (SAT) programs in the community. Through qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive studies, outcome assessments, event-history analysis, and intensive interviews, the book examines recovery relapse prevention, rehabilitation, diversion, therapeutic justice, and the impact of prison-based substance abuse treatment programs. Treating Substance Abusers in Correctional Contexts also examines: the impact of deterrence versus rehabilitation on recidivism in the Drug Treatment Alternative-to-Incarceration Program (DTAP) in a major metropolitan area criminal violence and drug use in residential treatment facilities Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) programs for young offenders the long-term effectiveness of an adult drug court program illicit drug and injecting equipment markets inside English prisons and a clinical case report on children exposed in utero to crack cocaine Treating Substance Abusers in Correctional Contexts: New Understandings, New Modalities is must reading for graduate and undergraduate courses in criminal justice, corrections, offender rehabilitation, and substance abuse. The book is equally valuable as a primary textbook for continuing education coursework for counselors, psychologists, social workers, corrections officers, correctional administrators, and policymakers.

In Buprenorphine Therapy of Opiate Addiction, participating physicians and toxicologists summarize and evaluate their experiences with five years of intensive buprenorphine therapy. They cover all aspects of its use, including the pharmacology, conditions of delivery, risks from use with other psychoactive drugs, toxicology and related deaths, as well as its testing in blood, urine, tissue, and hair. Special attention is given to comparing the long-term care of opiate-dependent patients using high-dose buprenorphine vs methadone, and to explaining the differences in treatment, administration, and delivery. The authors also describe how buprenorphine is currently prescribed and monitored in France and Australia, and review all the latest advances in analytical techniques for the determination of buprenorphine and its metabolites in biological fluids and tissues.

This volume is an important contribution to our understanding of culture and alcohol in the United States. Its appearance is also a milestone in the history of alcohol studies in American anthropology. Over the last six years, the volume's editors, initially along with Miriam Rodin, have served as the coorganizers of the Alcohol and Drug Study Group of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). In this capacity, they have organized sessions at the AAA and other meetings, greatly strengthened the research network with a regular and informative newsletter, and painstakingly promoted the publication of anthropological work on al cohol and drugs. Appearing just as the responsibility for the Study Group is passed on to others, this book is a fitting emblem of the care and energy with which its editors have built an institutional nexus for alcohol and drug anthropology in North America. The contents of this volume offer a uniquely wide sampling of the diversity of cultural patterns that make up the American experience with alcohol. The collective portrait the editors have assembled extends in several dimensions: through time and history, across such social differ entiations as gender, age-grade, and social class, and through such major social institutions as the church and the family. Clearly the dominant dimension of variation in the material that follows, however, is ethnicity. The book offers us a sampler of unprecedented richness of the different experiences with alcohol of American ethnoreligious groups."

Drug misuse is a major challenge for health professionals in the twenty-first century, and community pharmacy holds a key place in the management of prescribed medication, the provision of health education and promotion messages to drug users. Two decades ago there would have been no need for a book which described the role of community pharmacy in services for drug users, however, with the increasing numbers of individuals injecting drugs and the advent of HIV, community pharmacists have found themselves caught in the ever-expanding demand for their services. The quality practice of tomorrow will hinge on there being trained and competent practitioners working in a variety of community pharmacy settings.
This book aims to provide the reader with a grounding in the historical, research and practical aspects of community pharmacy and drug misuse. It is written by experienced professionals using a practical and evidence-based approach, aimed at all students of pharmacy, pre-registrayion pharmacists, community pharmacists working with drug users and anyone involved in developing and managing primary healthcare for drug misusers.

Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety gives a comprehensive overview of the effects of different medical conditions like neurological disorders, anxiety and depression and their pharmaceutical treatment on driving ability. In addition, the effects of alcohol and drugs of abuse are discussed.

Leading experts present the different methodologies to examine effects of drugs on driving, and summarize the recent scientific evidence including epidemiological studies, roadside surveys, laboratory tests, driving simulators, and the standardized driving test. The volume includes guidelines of the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and the ICADTS Drugs List 2007.

Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety is written for physicians, psychiatrists and pharmacists who want to inform their patients who use psychoactive drugs.

Addressing drug use and abuse as a global phenomenon, this text draws on contemporary and international research findings to examine the causes of drug use in different countries and to explore different policy responses to its prevention and treatment. It is an invaluable resource for students, practitioners and anyone concerned with drug use.

Addiction and relationship violence are serious and undeniably prevalent societal problems with high costs to families and individuals, as well as concomitant costs to health care, school, and social systems. The co-occurence of addiction and abuse is a reality that has yet to be fully acknowledged and explored from either a theoretical or practical perspective.
The Violence and Addiction Equation: Theoretical and Clinical Issues in Substance Abuse and Relationship Violence addresses the addiction-violence overlap by assembling state-of-the-art theory and research in these areas to document the connection and the problem while also exploring prevention and treatment.
Chapters cover biological bases of addiction and abuse, personality factors in the equation, developmental, psychopathological and cognitive social-learning models, and numerous issues in clinical treatment. Also presented are perspectives on interpersonal violence and addiction across the lifespan: from adolescence and young adult through partnership, parenthood, and maturity. This book represents a primary effort to pull together separate fields and offer essential assistance to researchers and practitioners working to alleviate the combined impact of addiction and violence.

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Throughout the 1980s, the issue of substance abuse testing became increasingly important to employers. And now the growing problem of AIDS and its impact on the workplace provides a related area of concern. In this work, Donald Klingner tells human resource professionals what they need to know about both these topics. The book carefully details the effects these problems have on employers, and provides specific recommendations for human resource management policy and practice which can reduce the employer's costs and legal liability risks while preserving employee rights.

Following a general introduction that lays the foundation for the discussion, the book is divided into two main sections. The first addresses the intricacies of substance abuse and testing, presenting six chapters that survey substance abuse in the workplace; substance abuse testing techniques; substance abuse testing and the law; personnel policies and practices; employee assistance programs; and working with employees and unions. The second section covers the issue of AIDS and AIDS testing through four chapters: AIDS in the workplace; AIDS testing techniques; AIDS testing and the law; and personnel policies and practices. A concluding chapter provides a summary of both areas. This work will be a valuable reference tool for public and private-sector managers--supervisors, managers, trainers and personnel specialists--responsible for developing or implementing substance abuse or AIDS policy and practice. Public, college and university libraries will also find it a timely addition to their collections.

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This collection of studies by experts on drug abuse treatment represents the state of the art in research examining what works best and why in a nationwide effort to improve and expand treatment to counteract the epidemic use of cocaine and the spread of AIDS. Investigators at the National Institute on Drug Abuse describe 15 projects that test intervention strategies to improve client recruitment, retention, performance, and treatment outcomes in a range of community-based programs relating to different populations, treatment settings, and research designs addressing real world issues. The findings, analysis, and recommendations should counteract misunderstanding and misinformation about the nature of drug abuse among 5.5 million patients and the effectiveness of current treatment programs. This report is meant for students, scholars, and professionals dealing with public health, criminal justice, America's social problems and governmental policies. This professional report describes innovative programs for improving the treatment of drug abuse. The first part of the book relates to methadone programs limiting the spread of HIV among high-risk narcotics addicts, improving retention on methadone maintenance, and enhancing treatment through a mobile health service. The second segment of the book deals with residential programs, assessing their impact, evaluating a specific outreach project, providing a longitudinal evaluation of dually diagnosed men in different community programs. Case management programs described in the third section of the study include an assessment of a model for intravenous drug users, an assertive community treatment project for hard-to-reach populations, and problems with and remedies for treatment drop-outs and noncompliers. The fourth part of the report concerns system-evaluation of strategies for dealing more effectively with drug abuse today. It covers multi-modality and other eclectic programs, such as a therapeutic community day treatment model for methadone clients, a behavioral model for treating cocaine addicts, treatments for AIDS risk reduction, and a drug day treatment using the therapeutic community model.

"Adolescent Relationships and Drug Use" explores the communicative and relational features of adolescent drug use. It focuses on peer norms, risk, and protective factors and considers how drugs are offered to adolescents, examining such factors as who makes the offers and how they are resisted, where the offers take place, and what relationship exists between the persons making the offers and the persons receiving them. Unlike other studies of drug resistance, this work examines the communication processes that affect adolescents' ability to effectively resist drug offers. Michelle Miller and her colleagues study how personal qualities, communication skills, and relationships with others affect an individual's ability to resist offers of drugs.
This volume provides a detailed analysis of drug resistance in the context of such factors as relationships, types of drugs, family and peer group relationships, personality, and situations. It places drug use and resistance in a living, relational context, and offers the first comprehensive communication and relational approach to drug resistance. The authors argue for the development of a relational and communication competence model of drug resistance, and suggest unique approaches for future drug prevention efforts.
In describing the social and relational processes of drug resistance and then linking intervention techniques to the adolescents' relational world, this work makes a major contribution toward understanding drug use among adolescents. It informs relationship, communication, and psychology research, assists drug and health research by presenting new ways of considering the issue, and enlightens drug resistance practice by demonstrating a new approach to prevention. As such, it makes an effective and invaluable contribution to the ongoing efforts to reduce drug use among adolescents.

With nearly 2,200 citations, this bibliography covers every aspect of the history of alcohol in the British Isles from types of beverages and industries to medicine, politics, and critics. Sources cited range from a 1770 study to 1996 titles and include works written by historians, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, and archaeologists. In addition to books and articles, the volume lists unpublished manuscripts, essays in edited works, Ph.D. dissertations, and M.A. theses. Annotations provide information about a work's thesis or theme, use of primary materials, relationship to other studies, and also give a critical evaluation and the location of rare materials. Though scholarly studies form the core of the book, works that use some primary sources such as autobiographies, diaries and memoirs are also included.

The material is arranged topically. Initial chapters are devoted to specific beverages, including beer, wine, whisky, and cider, and the malt and hops industries. Chapters then cover key subjects such as advertising, consumption trends, science and technology, politics, drinking establishments, regulation, crime, medicine, tokens, inn signs, temperance, and guilds. The final chapter identifies works on or by key figures, starting with biographies.

Discussion questions and activities to help the reader work through the material in Breathing Under Water