Sport and alcohol have become inextricably linked. Alcohol companies provide funding, fans consume alcohol when watching, and players celebrate, bond and relax with alcohol. This critical analysis of the relationship between consumption of alcohol and participation in sport argues that sport has played, and continues to play an important role in the normalisation and legitimisation of excessive drinking. Using philosophical arguments rooted in ethics and virtue theory, the book examines the alcohol-tolerant ethos that pervades contemporary sport, and the initiation of members of the sporting practice community into problematic drinking. It argues that sport should be aware of the potential for alcoholism and provide the right type of support for athletes, that sports people can, and should, be seen as role models, and that it's preferable that athletes set good examples rather than bad. Drawing on case studies of individual problem drinkers in sport, it calls for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between bad behaviour and underlying causes, and for a re-evaluation of how such individuals are treated. Sport and Alcohol examines an important issue in contemporary sport and society, and is illuminating reading for anybody with an interest in the social, cultural or philosophical study of sport.

In an important new contribution to the sociological literature, M.F. Stuck explores both the place of sport in adolescent society and, more specifically, the ways that drug use or non-use fits into the lives of and is talked about by youths who participate in sports and those who do not. The study breaks new ground both in its subject matter and in its methodology--virtually no studies exist which deal with the question of drug usage among adolescent athletes and most previous studies of adolescent drug use rely on survey data rather than on the adolescents' own descriptions of their drug use or non-use. In addition to examining specific questions related to adolescent drug use and sports, the author utilizes several theoretical perspectives drawn from sociology to illuminate the study findings: Sutherland's theory of differential association; Cohen's notion of the concept of subcultures; and the social control theories of Hirschi and Sykes and Matza. Throughout, Stuck focuses particularly upon how the actors--the adolescents themselves--explain drug use or non-use and involvement or non-involvement in sports.

The study begins by introducing appropriate literature in sociology and the sociology of sport and goes on to describe the research methodology. The bulk of the volume is devoted to an extended analysis of the findings. Among the specific questions examined are: What is the meaning of sport in the lives of the adolescents in the study? Is the popular conception that sports and clean living go hand in hand upheld? What are the explanations offered by adolescents regarding their drug use? Is sport a form of individually chosen social control? What part does the peer group play in an adolescent's social world? Is involvement in sport a mechanism for the prevention or limitation of drug use among adolescents? Stuck concludes by offering broad policy recommendations based on the study's findings. Students and professionals in the fields of sociology-sport, deviance, qualitative methodology-adolescent psychology, and education will find this volume enlightening reading.

Focusing on a highly controversial and fiercely debated subject, this survey tracks the social and economic consequences of the production, trafficking, and consumption of cocaine, heroin, and cannabis. From a growing body of literature, LaMond Tullis has extracted the most salient economic, social, and political themes currently under discussion in both scholarly publications and in the responsible press. The two-part volume consisting of a lengthy review of relevant literature and an annotated bibliography helps its users understand the major issues: Can and should consumption be curtailed, supplies suppressed, and traffickers eliminated? Can the unintended economic, social, and political consequences of curtailing, suppressing, and eliminating somehow be mitigated? Should these drugs be legalized? Would legalization produce its own array of unintended and largely unacceptable consequences? Although tentative answers to these questions abound, this excellent resource is testimony to the fact that there is still little agreement on how to deal with these powerful substances and the problems they generate. Tullis's compilation presents the best overview of this complex subject to date.

The first half of this two-part reference consists of a survey of the published literature on the production and consumption of the three illicit drugs. Chapters are devoted to the global patterns of production and consumption of cocaine, heroin, and cannabis, to the consequences, both positive and negative, of drug consumption and production, and to the policy measures that have been adopted (or are under consideration) in both consuming and producing countries. These chapters will be of interest to those wishing to obtain an overall view of the subject and to specialists seeking a guide to the literature outside their particular area of knowledge. The second half of the book contains an annotated bibliography of about 2,000 items covering works published in English--plus a few in Spanish--as books, articles, or press reports. This section will be invaluable to researchers working on the frontiers of the subject and to general readers who wish to pursue particular topics in greater depth. The volume should be at the fingertips of policy makers, legislators, law enforcement officials, judges, and social workers, as well as students and teachers.

With skill and compassion, Sarah Hafner, a recovering alcoholic, elicits from 18 women their struggles and triumphs as they fight addiction in a society where women are already given second-class status. By interviewing a cross-section of women, Hafner makes readily available the identification process found so helpful in various recovery programs. These stories reveal the personal side of a disease that afflicts approximately 10.5 million Americans nearly half of them women, and directly affects many millions more. Nice Girls Don't Drink invites us into the lives of women from all segments of our society - rich and poor, gay and straight, women in diverse ethnic groups and a variety of occupations. Housewives, salesclerks, counselors, and artists are here together telling of a disease that transcends the distinctions of class, education, and culture. With courage, candor, and even flashes of humor, the women recount the early influences that led to their addiction, often including alcoholic or abusive parents; how alcoholism took over their lives; crucial turning points; and the recovery that enabled them to reclaim their dignity. The book guides readers to sources of help, and lists the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous and the thirteen affirmations of Women for Sobriety. A monument to the resilience of the human spirit, Nice Girls Don't Drink is a source of inspiration not only for the female alcoholic, but for anyone struggling to overcome an addiction or other handicap and live a more complete life.

This book provides a current perspective on alcohol and aging to better understand the trends, costs, benefits, and clinical and community evidenced-based strategies. This book embraces not only the physical, cognitive, psychological, and social health benefits of moderate drinking in the elderly, it also delves into the risks of excessive drinking, including physical and psychiatric morbidity, neurodegeneration, medication complications, and accidents and injuries, and loss of independence. Written by experts in the field, this book is the only current text that includes the most current scientific, research, empirical, and practice information alongside a comprehensive review of the status of the field that will help guide alcohol use management and stimulate future research. Alcohol and Aging is the ultimate resource for all researchers, educators, clinicians, and professionals working with older adults who drink.

The war on drugs is a war on ordinary people. Using that premise, historian Richard Lawrence Miller analyzes America's drug war with passion seldom encountered in scholarly writing. Miller presents numerous examples of drug law enforcement gone amok, as police and courts threaten the happiness, property, and even lives of victims-some of whom are never charged with a drug crime, let alone convicted of one. Miller not only argues that criminal justice zealots are harming the democracy they are sworn to protect, but that authoritarians unfriendly to democracy are stoking public fear in order to convince citizens to relinquish traditional legal rights. Those are the very rights that thwart implementation of an agenda of social control through government power. Miller contends that an imaginary drug crisis has been manufactured by authoritarians in order to mask their war on democracy. He not only examines numerous civil rights sacrificed in the name of drugs, but demonstrates how their loss harms ordinary Americans in their everyday lives. Showing how the war on drug users fits into a destruction process that can lead to mass murder, Miller calls for an end to the war before it proceeds deeper into the destruction process. This is a book for anyone who wonders about the value of civil liberties, and for anyone who wonders why people seek to destroy their neighbors. Using voluminous examples of drug law enforcement victimizing blameless people, this book demonstrates how the loss of civil liberties in the name of drugs threatens law-abiding Americans at work and at home.

While evidence-based policy is an emerging rhetoric of the desire by and for governments to develop policies based on the best available evidence, drug policy is an area where particular challenges abound. This book is a detailed and comprehensive examination of the contours of drug policy development through the consideration of the particular roles of science, media, and interest groups. Using Belgium as the primary case-study, supplemented by insights gathered from other countries, the author contributes to a richer understanding of the science-policy nexus in the messy, real-world complexities of drug policy. Change or Continuity in Drug Policy: The Roles of Science, Media, and Interest Groups is the first book to bring together policy and media theories, knowledge utilisation models, and public scholarship literature. As such, the book provides unique insights relevant to aspects of change or continuity in drug policies in Europe and beyond. This book will be of great value to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as to academics, practitioners and policymakers with interest in the science-policy nexus with a particular focus on the drug policy domain.

Alcohol and its consumption is a major topic for public policy-making. Growing awareness of alcohol-related health problems among the general public has led to high levels of interest in alcohol consumption and its impact on society. This innovative collection of new perspectives on this critically important issue is informed by a leading group of international social scientists. Topics covered include alcoholism, the family, minimum pricing, paternalistic controls, and Socially Responsible Investment programs. Together, these essays reveal illuminating new insights into how public policy might be improved. This book was originally published as a special issue of Contemporary Social Science.

The current generation of adolescents are experiencing more stressful and/or negative experiences at an earlier age in their development than previous generations. The consequence is that more and more teenagers are becoming casualties of drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and mental illness. In this book, George R. Holmes provides care-givers and parents with specific tactics to move teenagers successfully through adolescence.

The prevention of adolescent casualties is accomplished by the practice of three major prevention strategies. The first provides a clear understanding of the complex changes adolescents experience with what Holmes calls a map of the territory called adolescence. The second involves a set of interpersonal prescriptions or ways to communicate with teens that have proven usefulness. The third encourages a renaissance in schools serving teenagers by bringing technology and talent to the classroom in a new way. These strategies are designed to promote greater levels of social competency among teenagers. This, in turn, leads to fewer major emotional problems and a more successful move to adulthood. Holmes's volume is an important tool for counselors, mental health professionals, social workers, and others dealing with today's adolescents.

For many years, what has been known about recovery from addictive behaviors has come solely from treatment studies. Only recently has the study of recoveries in the absence of formal treatment or self-help groups provided an alternative source of information. This book on the process of self-change from addictive behaviors is the first of its kind, as it presents more than research findings. Rather, it presents the process of self-change from several different perspectives - environmental, cross-cultural, prevention and interventions at both societal and individual level. It provides strategies for how health care practitioners and government policy makers alike can aid and foster self-change. Directions for future research priorities are also presented.

This is the tenth volume in the Research Advances series and the seventh published by Plenum Press. Volume 10 is another omnibus volume, providing specialized and advanced reviews in a number of areas related to the use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco. We include also a brief history of the Center for Alcohol Studies that gives Mark Keller's unique perspective on this noted institution. Two of the chapters are decidedly longer than the others-very long chapters have appeared occasionally in the past, and we think that it is one of the strengths of the series that we are able to accommodate such reviews. Again the editorial board has changed. After several years of service, Reginald G. Smart has stepped down. New to the board are Helen M. Annis, Michael S. Goodstadt, Lynn T. Kozlowski, and Evelyn R. Vingilis. This is likely to be the sole volume for which Goodstadt is on the board, since before completion of this volume he moved from the Addiction Research Foundation to the Center for Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University.

The last two decades have seen prodigious growth in the application of brain imaging methods to questions of substance abuse and addiction. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the central effects of drugs provided by preclinical data, relatively little direct evidence was known of how substances of abuse affect the brain and other eNS processes in humans. Brain imaging techniques have allowed access to the human brain and enabled the asking of questions never before imagined. The positron emission tomography (PET) data ofVolkow and her colleagues in the late 1980s, showing the uptake and time course of cocaine's binding in the human brain, revealed for the first time the distinct sites of action of this drug. This work was extremely important because it showed clearly, through imaging a drug in the brain of a living human, that the time course of its action paralleled the behavioral state of "high. " This study marked a turning point in our understanding of drug-brain-behav ior interactions in humans. Many more investigations of drug effects on the structure and function of the human brain were soon to follow, leading to much better insights into brain systems. Brain imaging allowed for the direct assessment of structural and functional anatomy, biology, and chemistry in substance abusers.

Addiction research has a long history, but it is only recently that experimental psychologists and neuroscientists have begun to investigate the cognitive aspects of addictive behaviours. This has revealed a complex inter-play of cognitive mechanisms that subserve subjective experiences associated with addiction, such as drug craving. This has led to a marked increase in interest in the potential of such research to elucidate, for example, the processes that may lead to relapse following abstinence. Although research into the relationship between cognitive processes and addictive behaviours is currently an area of substantial growth and interest, this book has brought together the state-of-the-art in this research. As the field matures such a monograph is timely and will serve to capture the current state of knowledge, as well as identifying directions for future research. Within the book, current research and theoretical models have been synthesised by leading authors in the field of cognition and addiction, with a particular emphasis on widely investigated substances of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and opiates. The individual authors, all of whom are high profile researchers of international standing, have provided a series of chapters that cover mechanisms that underpin cognitive processes in addiction and their application to specific addictive behaviours.

This volume brings together a sample of the best of the studies that illustrate two recent trends in research on deviant behavior. The first of these trends is the investigation of deviant behavior in longitudinal perspective. Panels of subjects are followed over long periods of time to establish temporal relationships be tween deviant behavior and the antecedents and consequences of deviant behav ior. The second trend in contemporary research on deviance is the recognition of the association among forms of deviant behavior such as violence, drug abuse, and theft. The recognition of the covariation among forms of deviance stimulated questions regarding the nature of the relationships among multiple forms of de viance. Is one form of deviant behavior a cause or a consequence of other forms of deviant behavior? What variables mediate and moderate such causal relation ships? Do different forms of deviant behavior have common antecedents and consequences? Independent of the foregoing relationships, do particular forms of deviant behavior have unique antecedents and consequences? The eight original research studies that, along with the introduction and overview, constitute this volume are based on data drawn from among the most influential longitudinal studies in the general area of deviant behavior. These studies variously consider common and pattern-specific antecedents and conse quences, reciprocal influences, and intervening and moderating variables in causal relationships among drug use, crime, and other forms of deviance."

Although tobacco is a legal substance, many governments around the world have introduced legislation to restrict smoking and access to tobacco products. Smokefree critically examines these changes, from the increasing numbers of places being designated as 'smokefree' to changes in cigarette packaging and the portrayal of smoking in popular culture. Unlike existing texts, this book neither advances a public health agenda nor condemns the erosion of individual rights. Instead, Simone Dennis takes a classical anthropological approach to present the first agenda-free, full-length study of smoking. Observing and analysing smoking practices and environments, she investigates how the social, moral, political and legal atmosphere of 'smokefree' came into being and examines the ideas about smoke, air, the senses, space, and time which underlie it. Looking at the impact on public space and individuals, she reveals broader findings about the relationship between the state, agents, and what is seen to constitute 'the public'. Enriched with ethnographic vignettes from the author's ten years of fieldwork in Australia, Smokefree is a challenging, important book which demands to be read and discussed by anyone with an interest in anthropology, sociology, political science, human geography, and public health.

From the 1960s, conflict emerged in the medical profession regarding the role of private doctors in prescribing opiates and other drugs to patients. Were they simply licensed drug dealers or instead providing a treatment neglected by the public sector? "The Politics of Addiction" provides a balanced explanation of this conflict, its origins and outcomes.

This new edition provides an up-to-date examination of the key issues of the drug problem, including cigarettes, heroin, alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana. It offers a current review of definitions of drug use and dependence, the latest developments regarding tobacco use and the historical agreement between government and industry, and research and analysis from a cross-cultural perspective. A detailed account of opium and heroin distribution and control in the region of Afghanistan provide valuable insight.

Whether it be illegal drugs such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine or legal substances including cigarettes and alcohol, drug use is a deeply imbedded characteristic of society. An immense amount of money and human resources is spent in the United States to address drug use. For example, the cost of substance abuse to the U.S. economy each year is estimated to be over $414 billion. In terms of illegal drugs alone, the U.S. drug market has been estimated to be $150 billion a year. The annual federal anti-drug budget for law enforcement is about $12 billion per year; and about $3 billion goes to overseas drug wars alone with about half of that amount going to Colombia to eliminate opium and coca cultivation. It has been reported that substance abuse and addiction will add at least $41 billion to the costs of elementary and secondary education for 2001 due to class disruption and violence, special education and tutoring, teacher turnover, truancy, children left behind, student assistance programs, property damage, injury, and counseling. The cost to the nation for each of its hard-core addicts, per year, is about $30,000. The amount spent on the drug problem does not include the cost of drug use measured in human suffering, increased violence, and lost lives, nor does it include the damage done by cigarettes and alcohol.

The second, updated edition of this important work examines issues about the use and abuse of legal and illegal drugs from multiple perspectives including the social context of reality, historical and present patterns of use, causal factors associated with addiction, research findings including those of a cross-cultural nature, case studies of addicts, and the management of services provision.

This book provides a candid insight into the lives of individuals who are addicted to heroin and other opiates. The processes of obtaining and using drugs are explored within the wider context of personal biographies and daily routines. Key topics considered include childhood experiences, crime and violence, housing situations, family relationships, prison life, health matters, and drug treatments.

From the President of the Research Society on Alcoholism The sixteenth volume of Recent Developments in Alcoholism contains the latest information on the field of alcoholism treatment research. This scholarly volume includes comprehensive reviews of the methodologies available to evaluate treatment outcome, state-of-the art psychosocial interventions, and recent advances in pharmacological adjuncts to treatment that are currently available and those on the brink of application. Other sections of the book address special issues in the treatment of alcohol dependence, including the treatment of the adolescents and other unique populations, the management of tobacco dependence, and the role of spirituality in recovery, among others. The clinician will find these reviews an important resource for learning about e- dence based treatments for alcoholism, and the researcher will find the synt- sis of recent developments informative and forward looking. The research agenda for the future rests soundly on the progress to date and additional advances in the treatment of alcoholism can be predicted in the near future. Stephanie O'Malley, Ph. D. President, Research Society on Alcoholism xi Preface From the President of the American Society of Addiction Medicine This excellent volume presents investigations covering a wide spectrum of scientific issues. It is also evident that many of these articles have clinical s- nificance, ranging from assessments of disorder, monitoring clinical progress, and behavioral and pharmacological interventions.

Of all the plants men have ever grown, none has been praised and denounced as often as marihuana (Cannabis sativa). Throughout the ages, marihuana has been extolled as one of man's greatest benefactors and cursed as one of his greatest scourges. Marihuana is undoubtedly a herb that has been many things to many people. Armies and navies have used it to make war, men and women to make love. Hunters and fishermen have snared the most ferocious creatures, from the tiger to the shark, in its herculean weave. Fashion designers have dressed the most elegant women in its supple knit. Hangmen have snapped the necks of thieves and murderers with its fiber. Obstetricians have eased the pain of childbirth with its leaves. Farmers have crushed its seeds and used the oil within to light their lamps. Mourners have thrown its seeds into blazing fires and have had their sorrow transformed into blissful ecstasy by the fumes that filled the air. Marihuana has been known by many names: hemp, hashish, dagga, bhang, loco weed, grass-the list is endless. Formally christened Cannabis sativa in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, marihuana is one of nature's hardiest specimens. It needs little care to thrive. One need not talk to it, sing to it, or play soothing tranquil Brahms lullabies to coax it to grow. It is as vigorous as a weed. It is ubiquitous. It fluorishes under nearly every possible climatic condition."

Cocaine has been a socio-medical problem for centuries. In the United States, the first cocaine epidemic occurred between the 1880s and the 1920s. In the 1960s shortages of heroin as well as government programs to stop the smuggling of marijuana may have stimulated the use of cocaine as a substitute. With the development of crack, cocaine became available at a price that made it accessible to virtually anyone. Today, the long-term effects of crack are just beginning to be felt, especially among children born of users. Treatment of cocaine abuse has traditionally been non-pharmacological, although beginning with the 1980s, various drugs have been used to decrease cocaine craving. This bibliography contains more than 600 references, spanning a century of research and writing. Source publications, all of which are annotated, include books, articles, conference proceedings, dissertations, and government publications. The material is organized within four subject-oriented chapters, and alphabetically within each chapter. Author and subject indexes provide additional access. In addition, Miletich includes appendixes on common names for cocaine, videocassettes about the drug, and a timeline. The work will be of value to researchers as well as social workers, psychologists, and others working in the substance abuse field.

A major national goal is to improve our health and advance our opportunities to pursue happiness. Simulta neously, there are increasing health care costs and increasing demands to accomplish more with less financial support. Treatment costs can be reduced and health improved by preventing the toxic effects of drugs. This first volume of our new series, Drug and Alcohol to reduce the use and Abuse Reviews, focuses on stategies abuse of common compounds known to cause major damage to health: alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. With the number of deaths attributable to the consumption of alcohol in the US at about 100,000 per year, the annual cost of addictions will be $150 billion by 1995. A variety of approaches to preventing drug abuse are being applied by governmental agencies and health care providers to reduce costs. These include school-based inter ventions, driver education programs, media interventions, health warning labels, physician guidance, economic dis incentives, restricted availability, punishments and penalties, environmental protections, and social-support approaches. With such a range of options, it becomes critical to evaluate and choose the most effective systems for a given population. We feel that the present collection of critical survey articles constitutes a thorough examination of the issues and strategies associated with prevention, and trust that readers will find the book exceedingly helpful in under standing and planning what needs to be done."

An ideal book for those coming to the anthropology of drugs for the first time, filling a surprisingly big gap in the literature Includes many case studies, such as drug tourism, the opioid crisis and 'county lines' in the UK as well as global examples from the Philippines, Mexico, North America and Europe Helps connect the anthropology of drugs to issues highly relevant to professional working in drug treatment, health, social work and mental health

In both developed nations and the developing world, there is a clear trend towards addressing alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems through health and social services. There are several persuasive arguments for this shift beyond pure economics, which include comorbidity, cost effectiveness, coordination of care and effectiveness.
This is the first volume to pull together effective methods that can be used for addressing substance abuse through health and social service systems. It also integrates interventions for a range of drugs of abuse, rather than focusing on only one (such as alcohol). The book's international perspective also makes this a unique contribution to the existing literature.

This book is the outcome of the First International Congress on Drugs and Alcohol to be held in Israel. Both the conference and this volume grew out of the need to overcome the specious man-made barriers which continue to separate intervention plans and efforts in the broad field of substance use and misuse. This need demands that all of us become aware not only of the differences which may separate our concerns, but also of the similarities in our goals and endeavors. We are obligated to draw together toward a common effort for the common good. The conference was designed to facilitate the exploration ot generic ssues. This volume is designed to document a variety of factors which are basic to the defining, selection, planning, implementation, and evaluation of substance use and misuse intervention. This book is not a traditional proceedings volume. Because the needs of a listening audience are quite different from those of the solitary reader, and the roles of a workshop or plenary session participant are also dissimilar from those of the reader, not all of the Congress presentations are included, and the articles that are included have undergone major revi sions. Current intervention needs and options demand a broad spectrum of clearly defined roles for all who are or should be involved. Hence these issues, among others, served as guidelines in the preparation of the revised articles."