Even though some school-based tobacco use prevention programs have proven successful, nearly all first use of tobacco occurs before high school graduation. In this volume the authors offer a health researcher's perspective on the history, status, and requirements of school-based tobacco use prevention and cessation research. They outline how to develop a research program and give practical guidelines on how to implement it. Following a brief overview of school-based prevention and cessation programs, they describe the development and implementation of Project Towards No Tobacco Use (TNT), and address major theoretical and methodological issues. The specific issues they address include developing and selecting good programs; developing the curriculum; examining the social influences of etiology; and selecting, assigning, and teaching subjects. Researchers and practitioners in public health, especially those involved in adolescent tobacco programs and health promotion will find this volume particularly interesting.

This book goes beyond the traditional approaches to drug use and discusses the issue from a societal perspective, integrating contributions from different disciplines such as psychology, public health, anthropology, law, public policies and sociology to address specifically the social aspects of the phenomenon. Given its complexity, drug use demands a multidisciplinary approach from many different perspectives, but despite the vast literature about the topic, the majority of the books are restricted either to a purely medical perspective (focused mainly on treatment techniques) or to a criminological perspective (focused mainly on drug trafficking and organized crime). The social approach adopted in this volume challenges this dichotomy and analyzes both the social contexts to which drug use is related and the social and political consequences of the attitudes and policies adopted by governments and other social groups towards drug users, addressing topics such as: Drugs and poverty Drugs and gender Drugs and race Drugs and territory Stigmatization of drug use Prohibitionism Given its broad and innovative approach, Drugs and Social Context - Social Perspectives on the Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs will be of interest for researchers, clinicians and other health professionals, since the study of the social aspects of drug use is central to everyone who deals with the issue.

What Were Your Parents Doing Back Then? is a comprehensive, in-depth study of teen drug and alcohol abuse that begins in the "hip" days of the 1970's, travels through the economic boom of the 1990's, and continues on until the present time. Lowney combines qualitative, descriptive research with statistical quantitative data over a 31-year period to present a human understanding of young people's drug use.

Severe, chronic pain affects at least 116 million Americans every year. But there are fewer than 4,000 pain specialists in the United States, and many insurers won't cover physical therapy. But powerful pain medicines? They will certainly cover those. Prescriptions for powerful pain killers doubled between 1994 and 2008 -- and abuse skyrocketed as well. The grim headlines are all too familiar. Celebrities such as Whitney Houston die of overdoses. Teens mix legitimate medicines -- and pay with their lives. Heavy-handed government attempts to crack down on pain and anxiety medications have terrorized doctors and pharmacists and left thousands of desperate people in severe pain. Prescription Drug Abuse shows how big the problem is: how it became a problem, what is being done about it, and what readers can do. The book shows the risks, the benefits, and the safe way to use some of modern healthcare's most miraculous medicines.

Learn to create a positive research/action alliance similar to that of DePaul University and the Oxford House community This book reviews important research conducted in a 13-year collaborative partnership between Oxford House (a community-based, self-run residential substance abuse recovery program) and DePaul University. It also presents practical guidelines for developing effective action research collaborative programs that can cultivate and maintain mutually beneficial community/research partnerships.Creating Communities for Addiction Recovery: The Oxford House Model presents and examines: practical guidelines for developing effective action research collaboratives focusing on the development of trust, respecting the personal experiences of the community members and the group, commitment to serving the community, validating findings with organization members, and accountability the experiences and attitudes of Oxford House community members in light of their participation in the collaborative research projects described in the book the essentials of designing and creating an efficient and productive yet homey residential community environment for addicted persons the factors that make Oxford Houses in the United States and Australia safe and sober settings for persons in recovery the differential growth among self-governed substance abuse recovery homes for men and for women with a focus on the impact of state loan programs and the utilization of technical assistance in relation to the expansion of women's houses as compared with men's the economic advantages of the Oxford House model as compared with other treatment and incarceration alternatives the roles of ethnicity and gender in substance abuse recovery the structural social support of Oxford House men and the impact of parenthood on these men's substance use patterns and recovery attempts the medical care (need and utilization) patterns of a substance abusing and recovering population how Oxford House's African-American community functions as a source of abstinent social networks the sense of community among women and women with children living in Oxford Houses with emphasis on how the presence of children impacts the household perspectives of leadership by women (some with children, some without) affiliated with Oxford HousesThe information in this book shows that the rules of the game have changed.Substance abusers now can take charge of their own recovery in effective and efficient ways, and practitioners can find low-cost housing options for their clients with substance abuse problems. As a part of your professional/teaching collection, Creating Communities for Addiction Recovery can help you or your students take understand and make effective use of this rapidly evolving paradigm of community-based recovery.

Learn to create a positive research/action alliance similar to that of DePaul University and the Oxford House community This book reviews important research conducted in a 13-year collaborative partnership between Oxford House (a community-based, self-run residential substance abuse recovery program) and DePaul University. It also presents practical guidelines for developing effective action research collaborative programs that can cultivate and maintain mutually beneficial community/research partnerships.Creating Communities for Addiction Recovery: The Oxford House Model presents and examines: practical guidelines for developing effective action research collaboratives focusing on the development of trust, respecting the personal experiences of the community members and the group, commitment to serving the community, validating findings with organization members, and accountability the experiences and attitudes of Oxford House community members in light of their participation in the collaborative research projects described in the book the essentials of designing and creating an efficient and productive yet homey residential community environment for addicted persons the factors that make Oxford Houses in the United States and Australia safe and sober settings for persons in recovery the differential growth among self-governed substance abuse recovery homes for men and for women with a focus on the impact of state loan programs and the utilization of technical assistance in relation to the expansion of women's houses as compared with men's the economic advantages of the Oxford House model as compared with other treatment and incarceration alternatives the roles of ethnicity and gender in substance abuse recovery the structural social support of Oxford House men and the impact of parenthood on these men's substance use patterns and recovery attempts the medical care (need and utilization) patterns of a substance abusing and recovering population how Oxford House's African-American community functions as a source of abstinent social networks the sense of community among women and women with children living in Oxford Houses with emphasis on how the presence of children impacts the household perspectives of leadership by women (some with children, some without) affiliated with Oxford HousesThe information in this book shows that the rules of the game have changed.Substance abusers now can take charge of their own recovery in effective and efficient ways, and practitioners can find low-cost housing options for their clients with substance abuse problems. As a part of your professional/teaching collection, Creating Communities for Addiction Recovery can help you or your students take understand and make effective use of this rapidly evolving paradigm of community-based recovery.

Discover the role culture, family, and environment have in the prevention of Latino substance abuse Information about the substance abuse behaviors among Latino populations has been limited. Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment fills this void by presenting the latest research on the epidemic of substance abuse now afflicting the Latino community. Ethnic differences are reviewed, including specific studies covering gang members, low-income urban women, risky behaviors, and language preference indicators of acculturation. This book does more than simply present the researchit discusses effective treatment strategies to help practitioners provide quality, culturally competent care to lacking Latino populations. Latinos, the largest minority in the United States, have an increasing alcohol and illicit drug use problem. Culture, acculturation, and language hold powerful sway in the research of Latino/a substance abuse. Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment delves deeply into troubling issues such as gang membership, sexual abuse, the lack of healthy family role models, the effects of different levels of acculturation, the lack of health insurance, and rampant involvement with the criminal system. The research is used as a foundation to focus on the latest advances of substance abuse prevention and culturally competent intervention programs. Each chapter is extensively referenced to reinforce research. Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment explores: substance abuse among gang members in a small city childhood sexual abuse and drug use among low-income Puerto Rican women a comparison of risky behaviors of African-American and Cuban-American adolescent juvenile offenders acculturation status and substance use prevention with Mexican and Mexican-American youth culturally competent intervention with families of Latino youth at risk for drug abuse psychiatric, family, and ethnicity-related factors that can impact treatment among Hispanic substance abusing adolescents HIV/AIDS prevention practice with substance abusers Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment is essential reading for educators, students, practitioners working with Latino/a populations, and substance abuse researchers.

Discover the role culture, family, and environment have in the prevention of Latino substance abuse Information about the substance abuse behaviors among Latino populations has been limited. Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment fills this void by presenting the latest research on the epidemic of substance abuse now afflicting the Latino community. Ethnic differences are reviewed, including specific studies covering gang members, low-income urban women, risky behaviors, and language preference indicators of acculturation. This book does more than simply present the researchit discusses effective treatment strategies to help practitioners provide quality, culturally competent care to lacking Latino populations. Latinos, the largest minority in the United States, have an increasing alcohol and illicit drug use problem. Culture, acculturation, and language hold powerful sway in the research of Latino/a substance abuse. Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment delves deeply into troubling issues such as gang membership, sexual abuse, the lack of healthy family role models, the effects of different levels of acculturation, the lack of health insurance, and rampant involvement with the criminal system. The research is used as a foundation to focus on the latest advances of substance abuse prevention and culturally competent intervention programs. Each chapter is extensively referenced to reinforce research. Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment explores: substance abuse among gang members in a small city childhood sexual abuse and drug use among low-income Puerto Rican women a comparison of risky behaviors of African-American and Cuban-American adolescent juvenile offenders acculturation status and substance use prevention with Mexican and Mexican-American youth culturally competent intervention with families of Latino youth at risk for drug abuse psychiatric, family, and ethnicity-related factors that can impact treatment among Hispanic substance abusing adolescents HIV/AIDS prevention practice with substance abusers Substance Abusing Latinos: Current Research on Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment is essential reading for educators, students, practitioners working with Latino/a populations, and substance abuse researchers.

In this ground-breaking book, Michael Clemmens offers a new model of treatment for long-term recovery which goes beyond the traditional "disease" paradigm. Working from the belief that a fuller life for the recovering addict is grounded on a foundation of abstinence, the author explores a "self-modulation" approach which leads to a change in the behavior from within the individual while developing and expanding connection with others.

The British system of dealing with drug addiction is notable for its flexibility and its capacity to adapt to changing circumstances. Because of this it has attracted considerable international interest, although it is rarely fully understood or accurately represented.
Presenting a comprehensive account of the development of policies and treatments, Heroin Addiction a brings together the perspectives of policy makers, practitioners and social commentators. The book contributes to a proper understanding of how policy and practice has evolved so that lessons for future policy and practice may be identified.
Volume I of Heroin Addiction focuses on the evolution of the drugs problem in the UK, examining the social and economic consequences from historical and contemporary perspectives. It is a unique source of reference for students, researchers, healthcare professionals and drug agencies both in the UK and overseas.

Reconnect with dually diagnosed individuals using stories they can identify with! Addicted and Mentally Ill: Stories of Courage, Hope, and Empowerment is a powerful tool to recommend to your clients who are dually diagnosed. This book presents vignettes about people with mental illness and addiction whose situations are representative of what goes on in a dual-diagnosis in-patient setting. This nonclinical, easy-to-read resource will give you, your patients, and their family members unique insight on dual diagnosis and how co-occurring mental illness and addiction can be treated with the minimum amount of blame, shame, or poor decision-making. Addicted and Mentally Ill focuses on the most significant issues surrounding these individuals, such as: dual diagnosis and the family systemhow family can help or hinder treatment the reasons why dually diagnosed clients resist treatment the fear of losing self-identity in treatment the misunderstandings about dual diagnosisfrom the perspectives of the client, family members, and professionals in medicine and social work the role of hope, empowerment, and spirituality in recovery in dual diagnosis what the patient/client and family members can do to improve treatment options Addicted and Mentally Ill is unique for its storytelling format, consisting of brief tales and short explanations you can recommend to clients and families with limited clinical knowledge or time. This innovative tool answers many of the questions that dually diagnosed individuals may have and helps them learn of the issues surrounding their illness as well as their addiction. For those professionals who provide direct counseling to these clients or patients, this book offers an interesting and nonthreatening way to help them learn about treatment options. The stories in Addicted and Mentally Ill confront the life problems specific to dually diagnosed individuals, including: alcohol, drugs, and self-medication the difficulties of building trust in group therapy settings psychotropic medications illnesses such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and personality disorders suicide

Part One: An explanation of models of care; Implementation targets; Four service tiers; Integrated care pathways; Assessment; Care planning and co-ordination; Monitoring; Part Two: The patient's journey through models of care

Addiction Dilemmas explores the impact of addiction on those closest to the individuals affected and their families. Drawing on a wide range of sources, the book discusses the stresses and strains that family members are subjected to, the dilemmas that they face, and the coping strategies that they have found useful. * Draws on a unique breadth of material to illustrate the dilemmas faced by family members in coping with a close relative's addiction * Raises questions and points to controversies rather than dispensing prescriptive "one size fits all" advice * Brings together accounts from research interviews, biography, autobiography and relevant fiction in a creative and original way * Tackles common misunderstandings at public, practitioner, scholarly and policy levels about the predicaments that family members commonly find themselves in * Each chapter closes with a commentary, questions and exercises designed to further develop understanding for professionals and students

Examine the worldwide phenomenon of substance abuse and addiction!
International Aspects of Social Work Practice in the Addictions examines current social work practice in the addictions around the world. Researchers and practitioners address the abuse of and addiction to alcohol and other drugs and the current policies impacting the treatment of these substances in different countries. The book looks at the substances abused, the scope of the problems, the social reactions, the treatment approaches, and the role of professionals in addressing issues unique to each country, providing a more critical understanding of the socioeconomic and cultural influences on treatment systems.
International Aspects of Social Work Practice in the Addictions presents cross-cultural perspectives on the effects of substance abuse and addiction on social policies, institutional practices, sources of funding, and social work methods. The book examines the rapid social changes that go hand in hand with increased rates of psychoactive substance problems and recognizes addiction as a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon that responds to intervention. The countries represented by the book's contributors include: Israel Ireland Germany Australia Singapore the Netherlands the United Kingdom the former Soviet Union and the United States International Aspects of Social Work Practice in the Addictions also includes book reviews related to cultural issues and a roundtable discussion concerning the legalization of drugs with perspectives from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This unique book is a vital resource for clinicians, academics, and researchers.

Examine the worldwide phenomenon of substance abuse and addiction!
International Aspects of Social Work Practice in the Addictions examines current social work practice in the addictions around the world. Researchers and practitioners address the abuse of and addiction to alcohol and other drugs and the current policies impacting the treatment of these substances in different countries. The book looks at the substances abused, the scope of the problems, the social reactions, the treatment approaches, and the role of professionals in addressing issues unique to each country, providing a more critical understanding of the socioeconomic and cultural influences on treatment systems.
International Aspects of Social Work Practice in the Addictions presents cross-cultural perspectives on the effects of substance abuse and addiction on social policies, institutional practices, sources of funding, and social work methods. The book examines the rapid social changes that go hand in hand with increased rates of psychoactive substance problems and recognizes addiction as a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon that responds to intervention. The countries represented by the book's contributors include: Israel Ireland Germany Australia Singapore the Netherlands the United Kingdom the former Soviet Union and the United States International Aspects of Social Work Practice in the Addictions also includes book reviews related to cultural issues and a roundtable discussion concerning the legalization of drugs with perspectives from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This unique book is a vital resource for clinicians, academics, and researchers.

This key work exposes international studies from leading social sciences researchers who use various theoretical perspectives and methodological orientations to depict deviant drug and crime-related pathways. The chapters have been grouped into four sections. The first section, Deviance, Set and Setting, discusses a new basis for the understanding of deviant pathways. The second section, Youth, Drug and Delinquency Pathways, presents empirical studies which help to understand the drug-crime relationship. The third section discusses Adult, Drug and Crime Pathways adopted by drug users, flexers , traders or dealers, and traffickers. Finally, the fourth section, Ways Out of deviant pathways, explores approaches for controlling drug use and criminality socially or individually, with or without legal intervention or formal help. In short, this book presents an invaluable overview of the most advanced research in the field of deviant drug-and crime-related pathways.

Drug courts offer offenders an intensive court-based treatment program as an alternative to the normal adjudication process. Begun in 1989, they have since spread dramatically throughout the United States. In this interdisciplinary examination of the expanding movement, a distinguished panel of legal practitioners and academics offers theoretical assessments and on-site empirical analyses of the workings of various courts in the United States, along with detailed comparisons and contrasts with related developments in Britain. Practitioners, politicians, and academics alike acknowledge the profound impact drug courts have had on the American criminal justice system. From a range of disciplinary perspectives, contributors to this volume seek to make sense of this important judicial innovation. While addressing a range of questions, Drug Courts also aims to achieve a careful balance between focused empirical studies and broader theoretical analyses of the same phenomenon. The volume maintains an analytical concentration on drug courts and on the important practical, philosophical, and jurisprudential consequences of this unique form of therapeutic jurisprudence.

Drug courts depart from the practices and procedures of typical criminal courts. Prosecutors and defense counsel play much-reduced roles. Often lawyers are not even present during regular drug court sessions. Instead, the main courtroom drama is between the judge and client, both of whom speak openly and freely in the drug court setting. Often accompanying the client is a treatment provider who advises the judge and reviews the client's progress in treatment. Court sessions are characterized by expressive and sometimes tearful testimonies about the recovery process, and are often punctuated with applause from those in attendance. Taken together, the chapters provide a variety of perspectives on drug courts, and extend our knowledge of the birth and evolution of a new movement. Drug Courts is an essential reference for courses in criminology, the sociology of drugs and deviance, and the philosophy of law and punishment.

Use this important intervention to improve your practice with substance-using youths and their families!This vital book gives you a detailed review of a National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded, long-term clinical trial of the Family Empowerment Intervention (FEI). The subjects are youths who have been arrested and processed at the Hillsborough County Juvenile Assessment Center and their families. With information on the conceptual foundations and clinical practices of the intervention and an examination of its one-year and longer-term impact on these youths' recidivism and psychosocial functioning, Family Empowerment Intervention: An Innovative Service for High-Risk Youth and Their Families will help you provide better services to these difficult-to-serve clients.Bringing you up-to-date on all aspects of this unique intervention, this book: examines the pressing need for this kind of intervention gives you an essential overview of the FEI describes the selection process for subject involvement in the project and the methods of data collection used examines the FEI's impact on crime as well as its short- and long-term impact on and drug and alcohol use suggests ways to improve the FEIComplete with dozens of easy-to-understand tables and figures as well as five helpful appendixes, this well-referenced volume is essential reading for anyone working with this highly volatile population. Make it a part of your collection today!

Mental health practitioners must be prepared to treat addiction-related issues-affecting up to 50% of mental health clients-whether or not clients present with addiction as a primary concern. This practical roadmap to the treatment of addictions advocates an underutilized-yet highly effective-method of intervention: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. It is the first book to integrate the Stages of Change Model with EMDR's phases for successful treatment outcome. The book addresses the scope of problems relating to addiction, including relevant statistics and descriptions of substance and process addictions, and considers the connection between addiction and trauma. While focusing on the use of EMDR therapy in treating addictions, the book also considers traditional models for each stage of treatment so interventions can be individualized according to the needs of each client.

The authors describe in detail the Transtheoretical Model, tracing its development and theoretical foundations. They discuss each of its stages in depth, presenting and integrating EMDR interventions used by therapists in each stage. The interventions are useful for helping clients at any motivational level. Case vignettes in each chapter illustrate how EMDR techniques are used, and several detailed cases are provided at the end of the book. The appendix features additional resources and EMDR protocols. The text will be useful for therapists currently using EMDR for addiction treatment as well as those using other modalities who are seeking an effective alternative. Key Features:

Provides a practical roadmap to using the Stages of Change Model and EMDR therapy for effectively treating addictions Addresses substance and process addictions in depth Focuses on the trauma-addiction connection and treatment options Describes each Stage of Change and EMDR protocols and interventions for each stage Includes case vignettes and detailed case examples

How much do we really know about our number one drug of choice? This book, the first natural, cultural, and artistic history of our favourite mood enhancer tells us more, by looking at how caffeine was discovered, its early uses, and the unexpected parts it has played in medicine, religion, painting, poetry, learning and love.
The World of Caffeine is a captivating tale of art and society containing many fascinating stories including:
* how Balzac's addiction to caffeine drove him to eat coffee and may have killed him
* how a mini Ice Age may have helped bring coffee, tea and chocolate to popularity in Europe
* how caffeine, in its various forms, was used as cash in China, Africa, Central America and Egypt.

From the stresses of repeated deployments to the difficulties of re-entry into civilian life, we are just beginning to understand how protracted conflicts, such as those in Iraq and Afghanistan, are affecting service members. Issues such as risky health behaviors and chemical dependence raise productivity concerns as they do with all organizations, but they also have a profound impact on the safety and readiness of troops--and by extension, the military as a whole--in life-or-death situations. Understanding Military Workforce Productivity cuts through the myths and misconceptions about the health and resilience of today's active-duty armed forces. This first-of-its-kind volume presents up-to-date findings across service branches in core health areas including illness and injury, alcohol and drug abuse, tobacco use, obesity, and mental health. The short- and long-term implications discussed relate to the quality of the lives of service members and their families, the quality and preparedness of the military as a workforce, and prevention and intervention efforts. The book: Presents data from ten large-scale health behavior surveys sponsored by the Department of Defense. Offers background context for understanding health and behavioral health and productivity among service members. Introduces a health and behavioral health model of productivity loss in the armed forces. Compares key indicators of substance abuse, health, and mental health in military and civilian populations. Reviews approaches for improving military productivity. Identifies areas for further study. Understanding Military Workforce Productivity offers a rare close-up of health issues in the services, making it an invaluable source of information for practitioners and researchers in mental health, substance abuse, health behaviors, and military behavioral health.

When Students Love to Learn and Teachers Love to Teach
In this revolutionary book, Marshall Rosenberg empowers educators to transform schools into life-serving, learning-rich environments that maximize the potential of each student.
Filled with insight, adaptable exercises and role-plays, "Life-Enriching Education" gives educators practical skills to generate mutually respectful classroom relationships. Discover how our language and organizational structures directly impact student potential, trust, self-esteem and student enjoyment in their learning. Rediscover the joy of teaching in a classroom where each person's needs are respected!
Learn Practical Skills to:
- Maximize student potential
- Strengthen your classroom community
- Resolve and prevent conflicts peacefully
- Improve the quality of classroom and school relationships

"The Educator's Guide to Substance Abuse Prevention" is for educators and other school personnel who are concerned about student drug use and school violence. It will help them to appreciate and use their humanity, professional skills, educational ideals, and the school curriculum as tools for substance abuse prevention. Teachers' concerns are addressed in several ways. First, the text provides a guide through which they may resolve personal and professional concerns about the commitments, limits, and boundaries of their working relationships with students. Second, it describes tasks that teachers can perform and mental health issues they can address in creating classroom policies, procedures, and rules to promote healthful learning activity in the classroom. Third, the author summarizes and interprets research and theory about substance abuse as they apply specifically to educational prevention and to professional teaching practice--arguing that classroom management strategies, learning activities, and social interaction are a teacher's primary tools of prevention, and showing how teachers may use these tools in any curricular area and without direct reference to drugs.
A highlight of this text is its emphasis on helping teachers to explore drug-related issues from within the context of their own curricular specialties and to integrate substance abuse prevention with the curriculum in many school subjects--including the arts, literature, social studies, history, government, science, and culture. Action-oriented prevention strategies based on these content areas are suggested. "The Educator's Guide to Substance Abuse Prevention"
*focuses primarily on teaching, learning, and prevention rather than on information about drugs;
*helps teachers to better use what they already do, know, and are in order to respond competently, responsibly, and with sensitivity to the needs of their students;
*attends to the needs of teachers who do prevention work and the needs of children who are the target of prevention efforts;
*describes student disappointment and disillusionment with family, school, and community as sources of risk and the legitimate domain in which teachers may serve a curative role;
*provides extensive coverage of historical, social, and cultural issues related to substance abuse and school violence; and
*alerts teachers to the risk to children posed by extremist adult groups, prominent negative role models, popular culture, and peer pressure.

Drugs of Abuse and Addiction: Neurobehavioral Toxicology examines drugs of abuse and addiction and how they affect behavior. This book considers the entire range of addiction research in humans and animals, using a multidisciplinary approach to discuss all areas of the neuro- and behavioral sciences involved. Emphasis is on acute and chronic effects; reversible and irreversible consequences, functional disorders of the nervous system; neurobehavioral dysfunctions; and the multi-sided aspects of adddiction and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.