The main aim of the present volume is to assess the responsibility of educational authorities in the employment problem of less developed countries. Are there reasons to think that the quantity and quality of education in these countries have a significant impact on their employment problem? If so, how can educational systems be reformed so as to maximise the rate of growth of income-earning opportunities? Which policies are actually feasible in the light of different national conditions? It is questions of this kind that are tackled in the present study, a fluently written and highly articulate work by Professor Mark Blaug, of the University of London Institute of Education and the London School of Economics, who is one of the world's leading specialists in the economics of education and in educational planning in general. The work is one of a series of general background studies specially written for the ILO's World Employment Programme by distinguished independent scholars in order to clarify the various questions involved and to promote the widest possible discussion of the relevant issues.

Cross-border movement of employees and services creates a very difficult environment for employers - entrepreneurs expanding to foreign markets, which also applies to foreign entrepreneurs expanding their business activities in the territory of the Slovak Republic. In this difficult process associated with international business and trade, the level and quality of labour-law relations in the "host" country of business in question is essential. This quality affects considerably the total production costs of the employer and, accordingly, also his competitiveness in European and global markets. The employer must accept the quality of working conditions of employees according to the national law of the state in which he pursuits business, a fortiori because the employees themselves contribute considerably to these supranational economic processes and they often affect the success of the entrepreneur that employs them. The Slovak Republic has been, since 2004, a Member State of the European Union. It is an open economy, relying, to a great extent, on foreign investments. Many foreign companies operate in the territory of the Slovak Republic and employ a not insignificant part of the economically active population. It must be said that acceptance of minimum labour-law standards in using dependent work is not the same in case of all foreign companies. Many companies do not find it difficult to respect elementary labour-law rules in employing their employees. However, there are also companies that come from a highly cultivated legal environment of their home countries and they employ employees in a way that would not be possible in their own home countries. A part of foreign companies comes to Slovakia from countries with a totally different legal system in comparison to civil law and they find it difficult to come to terms with elementary labour-law rules for protection of employees. Research has shown various types of impermissible interferences with personal privacy of employees, often degrading their human dignity, non-observance of minimum rest periods necessary for recovery of employees, but also application of corporal punishments. This book is addressed primarily to employers doing business in the territory of the Slovak Republic. It should, as a matter of precaution, protect them against significant mistakes in regard to using the labour potential of employees, which could cause them various sanctions. On the other hand, it specifies the scope of legal space within which they can move safely in employing their employees.

Since the hardcover publication ofThe Minority Executives' Handbook in 1989, corporate downsizing and other social and economic trends have brought on dramatic changes in the job market. Black, Hispanic, and Asian women and men are more visible than ever on the corporate ladder, yet they find that it takes more than talent and ambition to climb to the top. This step-by-step guide -- now in paperback -- tells you what you need to know to not only survive, but to thrive in today's job market.

'A well-researched, enjoyable and thoughtful book'. - Calum Chace, Forbes Extraordinary innovations in technology promise to transform the world, but how realistic is the claim that AI will change our lives? In this much needed book the acclaimed economist Roger Bootle responds to the fascinating economic questions posed by the age of the robot, steering a path away from tech jargon and alarmism towards a rational explanation of the ways in which the AI revolution will affect us all. Tackling the implications of Artificial Intelligence on growth, productivity, inflation and the distribution of wealth and power, THE AI ECONOMY also examines coming changes to the the way we educate, work and spend our leisure time. A fundamentally optimistic view which will help you plan for changing times, this book explains AI and leads you towards a more certain future.

In the United States alone, there are roughly three million individuals living with a developmental disability, but less than a third are active in the labor market. This book provides a comprehensive approach to developing a successful jobs program for persons with developmental disabilities, drawn from the author's extensive experience and real success. The majority of persons with developmental disabilities are unemployed, underemployed, or still work in sheltered programs where it is almost impossible to reach their full potential. Job success is possible, but it requires a system based on a business model based on proven economics, rather than the traditional social services model. By employing a step-by-step procedure for gaining insight into the client, analyzing market opportunities, matching the client to a job, and supporting the client after placement, service providers can help individuals make a successful transition into good community-based employment. Job Success for Persons with Developmental Disabilities will be essential reading for profit and non-profit rehabilitation service organizations, private job development businesses, government funding agencies, special education job placement programs, transition specialists, and families of persons with developmental disabilities.

'Equal tells a personal story that changed the public debate' Guardian '[An] absorbing account . . . she laces her tale with mordant humour' Financial Times 'A gripping personal story told with warmth and wit, combined with a 'how to' guide for anyone who wants to ensure women are paid as true equals' Julia Gillard, former Australian Prime Minister Equal pay has been the law for half a century. But women often get paid less than men, even when they're doing equal work. Mostly they don't know because pay is secret. But what if a woman finds out? What should she do? What should her male colleague do? What should the boss do? Equal is the inside story of how award-winning journalist Carrie Gracie challenged unequal pay at the BBC, alongside a wider investigation into why men and women are still paid unequally. It's a book that will open your eyes, fix your resolve and give you the tools to act - and act now. 'The BBC journalist's important account of her struggle to win equal pay is full of sound advice for women' Observer 'Pragmatic and honest' Mail on Sunday 'Pulls no punches' Sunday Times 'A book that can read like a tortured love letter to an abusive partner . . . and shows that such casual slights and the unthinking bias behind them remain an organisational and societal scandal' Financial Times 'She tells the story of her struggle and eventual triumph as a way of encouraging us, of changing our society, of giving us all courage . . . Equal is a very important book' Sandi Toksvig Longlisted for the Financial Times Business Book of the Year Award 2019

This book discusses unemployment and its relations to economic, political and social aspects. The first chapter studies the relationship of unemployment to the level of confidence that characterizes some macroeconomic relevant agents, such as consumers or investors. Chapter Two investigates the effects of productivity growth shocks on unemployment, both in the short run and in the medium - long run. Chapter Three reviews finite sample inference for unemployment-inflation tradeoff. Chapter Four focuses on understanding how the Great Recession of 2007-2009 and/or long-term labor market changes may have separately or jointly affected health among employed workers in 2010. Chapter Five evaluates the persistence of the unemployment rate in the following emerging European countries: Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Chapter Six discusses the case of election results on the political aspects of unemployment. Chapter Seven studies the relationship between unemployment and the (individual) perceived levels of well-being, such as life satisfaction or happiness. Chapter Eight assesses the association between homelessness and survival in a population of unemployed individuals in one region of northern Poland. Chapter Nine studies the impact that educational level and vocational training programmes had on the labour market of semi-peripheral EU countries, using Greece as a case study. Chapter Ten estimates the effects of area unemployment rate on smoking and drinking in China.

The distribution of income in the United States features heavily in congressional discussions about the middle class, program funding and effectiveness, new and existing target groups, government tax revenue, and social mobility, among other topics. Recently, the level and distribution of U.S. income have also been raised in the context of broader macroeconomic issues, such as economic growth. Accordingly, Congress has sought information on the absolute and relative experience of U.S. households, the range of incomes, and their dispersion. This book is a guide to various measures, indicators, and graphics commonly used to describe the U.S. income distribution. It examines the complexities of income measurement, outlines important definitional and data considerations to bear in mind when using and interpreting income statistics, and reviews descriptive statistics commonly used in analysis. It also discusses the Gini index, a popular summary measure of income dispersion and an appendix presents information on additional summary indicators of income dispersion reported annually by the U.S. Census Bureau. This book also examines changes over time and across countries in the shape of the income distribution to afford Members of Congress a broader perspective when deliberating such policy issues as the progressivity of income tax rates, the generosity of social insurance programs, and the level of the minimum wage.

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), enacted in 1938, is the federal legislation that establishes the general minimum wage that must be paid to all covered workers. While the FLSA mandates broad minimum wage coverage, states have the option of establishing minimum wage rates that are different from those set in it. Under the provisions of the FLSA, an individual is generally covered by the higher of the state or federal minimum wage. This book begins with a discussion of FLSA minimum wage coverage. It provides a summary of state minimum wage laws; and an examination of rates and mechanisms of adjustments in states with minimum wage levels above the FLSA rate.

Young adults in the United States have experienced higher rates of unemployment and lower rates of labour force participation than the general population for at least two decades. The Great Recession exacerbated this phenomenon. Despite a substantial labor market recovery from 2009 through 2014, vulnerable populations -- including the nation's young adults -- continue to experience higher rates of unemployment. Meanwhile, changes in labour market conditions, including globalisation and automation, have reduced the availability of well-paid, secure jobs for less-educated persons, particularly those jobs that provide opportunity for advancement. Furthermore, data suggest that young workers entering the labour market are affected by a long-running increase in the use of "contingent" work arrangements, characterised by contracted, part-time, temporary, and seasonal work. This book summarises insights from the Survey of Young Workers and related research in the field; and it frames policy and research issues for future consideration by the Federal Reserve Board and others interested in young workers.

In 2008, the U.S. economy collided with two historic forces. The first force was the Great Recession, the most severe economic crisis in a generation. While the economy has recovered considerably over the last five years, there is little doubt that more work remains to address some of the challenges left in the wake of the Great Recession. This book analyses the evolution of the labour force participation rate since late 2007 and attempts to quantify the effects of these various forces.

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 established the hourly minimum wage rate at 25 cents for covered workers. Since then, it has been raised 22 separate times, in part to keep up with rising prices. The minimum wage is not indexed to the price level. It has been legislatively increased from time to time to make up for the loss in its real value caused by inflation. This book discusses the federal minimum wage; inflation and the effect it has on minimum wage; the effects on employment and family income of an increase of minimum-wage; and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which is the federal legislation that establishes the minimum hourly wage that must be paid to all covered workers.

Critics on the left and the right typically agree that globalization, the loss of manufacturing jobs, and the expansion of the service sector have led to income inequality and rising numbers of low-paying jobs with poor working conditions.

In "Degraded Work," Marc Doussard demonstrates that this decline in wages and working conditions is anything but the unavoidable result of competitive economic forces. Rather, he makes the case that service sector and other local-serving employers have boosted profit with innovative practices to exploit workers, demeaning their jobs in new ways--denying safety equipment, fining workers for taking scheduled breaks, requiring unpaid overtime--that go far beyond wage cuts. Doussard asserts that the degradation of service work is a choice rather than an inevitability, and he outlines concrete steps that can be taken to help establish a fairer postindustrial labor market.

Drawing on fieldwork in Chicago, "Degraded Work" examines changes in two industries in which inferior job quality is assumed to be intrinsic: residential construction and food retail. In both cases, Doussard shows how employers degraded working conditions as part of a successful and intricate strategy to increase profits. Arguing that a growing service sector does not have to mean growing inequality, Doussard proposes creative policy and organizing opportunities that workers and advocates can use to improve job quality despite the overwhelming barriers to national political action.

Veterans' employment outcomes in the civilian sector are an issue of ongoing congressional interest that has received particular attention during the current period of relatively high unemployment. A number of programs currently exist to assist veterans in obtaining or training for civilian employment. There is regular congressional debate about expanding or otherwise amending these programs to better serve veterans. This book discusses veterans' employment trends and programs with a focus on leveraging military service and experience to put veterans and military spouses back to work; veterans benefits; the Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program for veterans; and the SBA Veterans Assistance Program.

The rate of unemployment in the United States has exceeded 8 percent since February 2009, making the past three years the longest stretch of high unemployment in this country since the Great Depression. Such persistently high unemployment has wide-ranging repercussions. It places financial, psychological, and even physical strains on people who are unable to find work and on their families as well; it places budgetary pressures on the federal government and on state and local governments, as tax revenues decline and expenditures increase; and it results in a long-term erosion of skills that will reduce the nation's productivity and people's income in the future. This book examines a broad array of policy approaches designed to reduce unemployment. Some of those policies would aim to boost the economy and demand for goods and services, reflecting the fact that the increase in unemployment in particular in general and long-term unemployment in particular is primarily attributable to weak demand for labour, which in turn, is the result of weak aggregate demand.

The unemployment rate has greatly increased since the onset of the recession in December 2007, when it measured 5.0%. The rate peaked at 10.1% in October 2009, four months after the recession's official end. Almost two years into the economic recovery, the unemployment rate remains high, at just under 9.0%, and remains of concern to policymakers. This book assesses the relative magnitudes of cyclical and structural unemployment as they have different implications for policymakers. An analysis of changes between 2007 and 2010 in a variety of labour markets indicators across industries, finds patterns that strongly suggest most of the 5 percentage point increase in the U.S. unemployment rate is cyclical and due to depressed aggregate demand.

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) has declared the U.S. economy to be in recession since December 2007. In response to high unemployment, some members of Congress proposed job creation bills, following several policy steps taken since the economy entered the recession, including stimulus bills in 2008 and 2009, an unprecedented expansion in direct assistance to the financial sector by the Federal Reserve, and the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). This book discusses the current unemployment outlook and analyses policy proposals to address the issues and options for financing proposals.

In an increasingly global economy, and with retirement starting for the Baby Boomer generation, Congress has indicated a strong interest in ensuring that today's young people have the educational attainment and employment experience needed to become highly skilled workers, contributing taxpayers, and successful participants in civic life. Challenges in the economy and among certain youth populations, however, have heightened concern among policymakers that some young people may not be prepared to fill these roles. The employment levels for youth under age 25 have declined markedly in recent years, and the current recession may cause these levels to decrease further. This book explores the vulnerable youth population with regard to schooling, employment and job training programs.

As the members of the "baby boom" generation -- people born between 1946 and 1964 -- approach retirement, the demographic profile of the U.S. workforce will undergo a substantial shift: a large number of older workers will be joined by relatively few new entrants to the labour force. According to the Census Bureau, while the number of people between the ages of 55 and 64 will grow by about 11 million between 2005 and 2025, the number of people who are 25 to 54 years old will grow by only 5 million. This trend could affect economic growth because labour force participation begins to fall after age 55. In 2007, 91% of men and 75% of women aged 25 to 54 participated in the labour force. In contrast, just 70% of men and 58% of women aged 55 to 64 were either working or looking for work in 2007. The rate of employment among persons age 55 and older is influenced by general economic conditions, eligibility for Social Security benefits, the availability of health insurance, and the prevalence and design of employer-sponsored pensions. Labour force participation among people 55 and older may, for example, be affected both by the trend away from defined-benefit pension plans that offer a monthly annuity for life to defined contribution plans that typically pay a lump-sum benefit. The declining percentage of employers that offer retiree health insurance also may result in more people continuing to work until they are eligible for Medicare at 65.

This book examines a wide range of evidence about the long-term growth of employment from the countries around the world, including industrialised, developing and formerly Communist economies. The empirical investigation distinguishes between normal and abnormal employment growth (and decline), including the decline of employment due to war, transition shock, and system breakdown, the growth of underemployment, jobless growth and job-destroying economic growth, and identifies various political, demographic and economic processes that explain long-term growth and decline of employment. Major related theories are discussed, including theories of unemployment, economic growth, technological progress, and structural change. The concept of an 'employment possibility frontier' is proposed. The relationships between employment growth, underemployment, and unemployment are examined. The book concludes with comments on the politics of job creation and on various macroeconomic and globalisation-related policies.

Being independent is like growing up again - challenging but highly satisfying. It is important to shape life and bring your own into the world. The reward for that? The feeling of self-determination as well as a high level of personal and professional satisfaction. Systemic know-how offers a variety of opportunities to position yourself independently on the market. Anyone who succeeds in repeatedly generating technical focal points based on their own interests and skillfully placing them does not have to fear for their entrepreneurial success. Duty equals virtue. Shaping your own independence repeatedly creates invitations to internal and external growth. Systemic attitudes - orientation towards the needs of clients, appreciation and empathy, resource orientation and a variety of perspectives - are the ideal tool to align yourself internally and entrepreneurially.

A classic since its original publication, Women Have Always Worked brought much-needed insight into the ways work has shaped female lives and sensibilities. Beginning in the colonial era, Alice Kessler-Harris looks at the public and private work spheres of diverse groups of women-housewives and trade unionists, immigrants and African Americans, professionals and menial laborers, and women from across the class spectrum. She delves into issues ranging from the gendered nature of the success ethic to the social activism and the meaning of citizenship for female wage workers. This second edition adds artwork and features significant updates. A new chapter by Kessler-Harris follows women into the early twenty-first century as they confront barriers of race, sex, and class to earn positions in the new information society.

This work covers all major areas which have had a destructive impact against America's business/manufacturing job market. Strategy and techniques are clearly described, indentified and detailed for rebuilding America's full time permanent job market.

Euro-Austerity and Welfare States analyses the political economy of welfare state reform in the first episode of Euro-austerity during the 1990s. It shows how Europe's welfare states survived unrelenting pressures stemming from the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) laid out in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. Throughout, H. Tolga Bolukbasi draws lessons for scholars and policy practitioners, and his insightful analysis sheds important light on the second wave of Euro-austerity that set in following the Great Recession of 2008. Paying careful attention to government expenditures and budgetary politics, Bolukbasi analyses the political economy of reform in countries where the EMU's impact was expected to be greatest. Based on in-depth comparative case studies of Belgium, Greece, and Italy, he shows how scholars, policymakers, and citizens alike expected Euro-austerity to erode Europe's welfare states. Contrary to popular opinion, Bolukbasi finds that the reality was much more complicated. A thorough critique of the "Euro-austerity hypothesis," this book presents a rigorous comparative study of the resilience of the welfare state in various national contexts.

An indispensable roadmap and a refreshingly optimistic take on our economic future: Award-winning New Yorker staff writer and brilliant creator of NPR's Planet Money shows us how the 21st century economic paradigm offers unprecedented opportunities for curious, ambitious individuals to combine the things they love with their careers.

From 'Focus on Intimacy at Scale' to 'Find Your Valuable Five Percent' and 'The Harder Your Core Customer Is to Reach, The Better You Will Do', Adam Davidson lays down the Ground Rules for success in the new economy.

Drawing on inspiring case studies - a sweatshop-owner's daughter fighting for better working conditions, an Amish craftsman meeting the technological needs of his fellow farmers - as well as the latest academic research, he shows us how the twentieth-century economy of scale has given way in this century to an economy of passion.

Davidson's special talent for breaking down daunting economic terminology and making theory accessible have won him not only respect as an economics guru but also most of broadcast journalism's highest honours. In this breath-of-fresh-air book, he inspires us all to see that with intimacy, insight, attention, automation, and of course, passion, we can succeed in this new economic world.