One of the most persistent and important, but often ignored, trends contemporary market economies continues to be the ownership of firms by their employees. Since the emergence of different experiments with employee ownership in the early twentieth century, a growing group of companies and expanding set of institutions have opened the door for firms to share the financial returns of economic production with broad groups of employees. The growth of various forms of "shared capitalism" has meant that currently a little under half of all employees in the private sector own stock in the companies in which they work or receive cash-based bonuses linked to different measures of corporate performance.

Employee ownership is a complex phenomenon that can be and has been fruitfully analyzed from a number of different social scientific perspectives. This book showcases the diverse state of cutting-edge academic work on shared capitalism in the United States and Western Europe. Its chapters present a representative cross-section of current research, lively debates, and new research initiatives. Employee Ownership and Shared Capitalism illuminates shared capitalism's complexity as an organizational, psychological, sociological, and economic phenomenon that requires deep interdisciplinary understanding.

Contributors: Serdar Aldatmaz (University of North Carolina); Saioa Arando (Mondragon University); Daphne Perkins Berry (University of Massachusetts Amherst); Joseph R. Blasi (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey); Francesco Bova (University of Toronto); Marco Caramelli (INSEEC Business School); Edward J. Carberry (Erasmus University); Adrienne E. Eaton (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey); Fred Freundlich (Mondragon University); Monica Gago (Mondragon University); Derek C. Jones (Hamilton College); Takao Kato (Colgate University); Douglas L. Kruse (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey); Fidan Ana Kurtulus (University of Massachusetts Amherst); John Logue (Kent State University); John E. McCarthy (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey); Joan S. M. Meyers (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey); Paige Ouimet (University of North Carolina); Andrew Pendleton (University of York); Stu Schneider (Cooperative Home Care Associates); Paula B. Voos (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey); Jacquelyn Yates (Kent State University)"

This study of feminist labor reform examines how working women pursued equality by claiming new identities for themselves as citizens and as breadwinners. Lara Vapnek tells the story of American labor feminism from the end of the Civil War through the winning of woman suffrage rights, a period in which working women in the nation's industrializing cities launched a series of campaigns to gain economic equality and political power. Focusing particularly on disjunctions between middle-class and working-class women's notions of independence, Vapnek highlights the specific contributions of reformers such as Jennie Collins, Leonora O'Reilly, and Helen Campbell, and organizations such as the National Consumers' League, the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, and the Women's Trade Union League. Locating households as important sites of class conflict, "Breadwinners" recovers the class and gender politics behind the marginalization of domestic workers in debates over labor reform while documenting the ways in which working-class women raised their voices on their own behalf.

In a provocative assessment of American poverty and policy from 1950 to the present, Frank Stricker examines an era that has seen serious discussion about the causes of poverty and unemployment. Analyzing the War on Poverty, theories of the culture of poverty and the underclass, the effects of Reaganomics, and the 1996 welfare reform, Stricker demonstrates that most antipoverty approaches are futile without the presence (or creation) of good jobs. Stricker notes that since the 1970s, U.S. poverty levels have remained at or above 11 per cent, despite training programs and periods of economic growth. The creation of jobs has continued to lag behind the need for them. Stricker argues that a serious public debate is needed about the job situation; social programs must be redesigned, a national health care program must be developed, and economic inequality must be addressed. He urges all sides to be honest - if we don't want to eliminate poverty, then we should say so. But if we do want to reduce poverty significantly, he says, we must expand decent jobs and government income programs, redirecting national resources away from the rich and toward those with low incomes. ""Why America Lost the War on Poverty - And How to Win It"" is sure to prompt much-needed debate on how to move forward.

The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labour force, which includes both the unemployed and those with jobs (all those willing and able to work for pay). In practice, measuring the number of unemployed workers actually seeking work is notoriously difficult. There are several different methods for measuring the number of unemployed workers. Each method has its own biases and the different systems make comparing unemployment statistics between countries, especially those with different systems, difficult. This book brings together diverse new research on this important area of economics.

The last twenty-five years of the twentieth century was a period of extraordinary change in organizations and the economies of the developed world. This continues today. Such has been the scale and momentum of events that, for some analysts, the only comparable periods are the early part of the twentieth century in which the shift to mass production and large-scale organization was accomplished, or the industrial revolution itself a hundred years earlier. Researchers in Europe and the USA in particular have been studying change in work and organizations, but there has been little attempt to systematize and draw together the results of their work. So far, the emphasis amongst writers on organizations considering the problem of contemporary change has been on ways of conceptualizing events, rather than also considering evidence. But what has actually happened? How much of the flux of events is real change, and how much mere change in emphasis in which apparent change is overlaying organizational continuity? How far are changes in particular events and sectors connected, and is an overall understanding of complex processes possible? The Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization aims to bring together, present and discuss what is currently known about work and organizations and their connection to broader economic change in Europe and America. Issues of conceptualization are not neglected but, in contrast to other comparable volumes, the emphasis is firmly on what is known what and has been observed by researchers. The volume contains a range of theoretically informed essays, written by leading authorities in their respective fields, giving comprehensive coverage of changes in work, occupations, and organizations. It constitutes an invaluable overview of the accumulated understanding of research into work, occupations and organizations in recent decades. It shows that in almost every aspect of economic institutions, change has been considerable. The subject area of work, occupations and organizations is considered in four major sections of the volume: I, Work, Technology, and the Division of Labour; II, Managerial Regimes and Employee Responses; III, Occupations and Organizations; and IV, Organizations and Organized Systems. In this way the contemporary situation in work and organizations is considered extensively in its different dimensions and interconnections. The contributors have been selected for their expertise and include many leading authors in organizational analysis and substantive research. The handbook is thus an authoritative statement, and offers a valuable account of organizations at this time.

Americans have always believed that economic growth leads to job growth. In this groundbreaking analysis, Stanley Aronowitz argues that this is no longer true. Just Around the Corner examines the state of the American economy as planned by Democrats and Republicans over the last thirty years. Aronowitz finds that economic growth has become \u0022delinked\u0022 from job creation, and that unemployment and underemployment are a permanent condition of our economy. He traces the historical roots of this state of affairs and sees under the surface of booms and busts a continuum of economic austerity that creates financial windfalls for the rich at the expense of most Americans. Aronowitz also explores the cultural and political processes by which we have come to describe and accept economics in the United States. He concludes by presenting a concrete plan of action that would guarantee employment and living wages for all Americans. With both measured analysis and persuasive reasoning, Just Around the Corner provides an indispensable guide to our current economic predicament and a bold challenge to economists and policymakers.

Deftly blending social and business history with economic analysis, "Employing Bureaucracy" shows how the American workplace shifted from a market-oriented system to a bureaucratic one over the course of the 20th century. Jacoby explains how an unstable, haphazard employment relationship evolved into one that was more enduring, equitable, and career-oriented. This revised edition presents a new analysis of recent efforts to re-establish a market orientation in the workplace.
This book is a definitive history of the human resource management profession in the United States, showing its diverse roots in engineering, welfare work, and vocational guidance. It explores the recurring tension between the new professional order and traditional line management. Using a variety of sources, Jacoby analyzes the complex relations between personnel managers, labor unions, and government from the late 19th century to the present.
"Employing Bureaucracy: "
*analyzes the origins of the modern employment relationship's distinctive features;
*combines a variety of disciplinary perspectives, from business and labor history to economics, sociology, and management;
*shows the transformation of the American workplace over the course of the 20th century, from market-oriented to bureaucratic to recent efforts to move back to a market orientation; and
*provides the single-best and most sophisticated history of the origins and development of the modern "HR" profession.
For historians, social scientists, and practitioners, this book is a readable and rewarding study. With the future of work currently under debate, it is critical that the historical process that produced the modernAmerican workplace is understood.
Read the "Workforce Management Magazine" review about "Employing Bureaucracy" at www.erlbaum.com.

Annis May Timpson demonstrates how Canadian women's calls for family-friendly employment policies have translated into inaction or inappropriate action on the part of successive federal governments. She focuses on debates, public inquiries, and policy evolution during the Trudeau, Mulroney, and Chretien eras, contextualizing these developments with a discussion of the changing patterns of women's employment since the Second World War. Drawing on a wealth of interviews and close analysis of primary documents, Driven Apart explains why federal governments have been able to implement employment equity policies but have failed to develop a national system of child care. Driven Apart was selected as an Outstanding Academic Title by CHOICE and was awarded The Pierre Savard Prize by the International Council for Canadian Studies.

Annis May Timpson demonstrates how Canadian women's calls for family-friendly employment policies have translated into inaction or inappropriate action on the part of successive federal governments. She focuses on debates, public inquiries, and policy evolution during the Trudeau, Mulroney, and Chretien eras, contextualizing these developments with a discussion of the changing patterns of women's employment since the Second World War. Drawing on a wealth of interviews and close analysis of primary documents, Driven Apart explains why federal governments have been able to implement employment equity policies but have failed to develop a national system of child care. Driven Apart was selected as an Outstanding Academic Title by CHOICE and was awarded The Pierre Savard Prize by the International Council for Canadian Studies.

First published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

An HSRC study on South African labour market trends and future workforce needs for 1998-2003 forecasts low levels of job creation, job losses in unskilled labour and an increasing demand for IT and other professionals. Career decisions can no longer be ma

"Job-centered economic development" integrates approaches from the fields of economic development, employment training, social services, and community development, making access to good jobs a primary outcome. Its strategies focus on connecting disadvantaged adults and youth to family-supporting jobs in their neighborhoods, cities, and regional economies, and ensuring that those jobs are sustainable, providing the basis for long-term careers. Workable policies and practices for job-centered economic development are vitally important to agencies responsible for implementing welfare reform and workforce policy reform. It is a key element of the emerging "new federalism" in U.S. government, and therefore a development strategy critical to the future success of state and local governments. The collection of perspectives in Jobs and Economic Development combines an understanding of today's labor market with evaluations of current approaches to poverty alleviation. Case studies of successful jobs projects illustrate the ingredients needed for effective programs while also identifying the key factors related to program replication and bringing workforce innovations to scale. Finally, the book explores and documents the role of community organizing to bring about effective workforce development, the challenges for evaluators as they seek to understand the impact of these jobs projects, and how the politics of jobs plays out at the local and state levels.

With the end of the post-war boom in the early 1970s, the world economy has experienced large scale unemployment. From an assumption that the unemployment problem had been solved, and that full employment could be maintained through demand management techniques, we now live in an entirely different world. Any suggestion of a return to full employment is met with questions of whether such a thing is possible, whether it would not lead to inflation or to excessive trade union power, or in the case of individual economies to unsustainable balance of payment deficits. The contributors to this volume ask whether full employment policies would be affordable. Would they lead to yawning fiscal deficits which would in the end require a U-turn in policy with unemployment reappearing? This contribution to current policy debate faces up to these questions and considers what would be involved in a move to much lower levels of unemployment.

This book is about influencing, shaping and designing policies and programmes that affect the international migration and employment of foreign women domestic workers. It provides an overview and synthesis of the causes, mechanisms and consequences of the trade in domestic workers. It also traces the full cycle of international migration, examining both ends of the migration process, from sending to receiving countries. This book is intended as a contribution to the shaping and designing of policies and programmes that would improve the situation of women workers in international migration. It will thus be of use to policy makers, researchers, community and women's groups, international agencies and migrant workers themselves.

Detailed, empirical, micro-level data back up Bernal's arguments as she explores labor markets, rural-to-urban migration, wage levels, patterns of work, capital accumulation, and their impact on Sudanese agriculture and the lives of peasant workers.

In this broad survey of the subject of unemployment, the authors consider a number of key issues, such as why unemployment is so high and why it fluctuates so wildly; how unemployment affects inflation; and whether full employment can ever be combined with price stability. This book provides answers and explains the puzzling postwar history of the OECD countries. It integrates macroeconomics with a detailed micro-analysis of the labour market and shows how unemployment and inflation are affected by systems wage bargaining and unemployment insurance. For each issue it develops new relevant theory, followed by extensive empirical analysis, drawing on material from both Europe and America. The authors are leading world experts on the subject, and the book gives their definitive treatment. It is based largely on new research, but also incorporates the best of existing knowledge of economics. The rest of the book provides key elements for courses in macroeconomics and labour economics at advanced undergraduate levels. The basic aim of the book, however, is to provide the basis for better policy. As the book shows by learning from theory and experience we can greatly reduce the waste and

The International Labor Organization (ILO), founded in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference, was the first international organization established prior to World War II to mention women in its constitution. Organized to promote the protection of young children, young persons and women, its original Labor Charter stood by the principle that men and women should receive equal renumeration for work of equal value. Social Justice for Women provides the first comprehensive and analytical history of the ILO with respect to women, examining the origins, operations, and successes and weaknesses of its policies.
Carol Riegelman Lubin, a staff member of ILO for seventeen years, and Anne Winslow, for twenty-two years editor for the Carnegie Endowment, explore the important role played by women of the American and British trade union movement in the founding of the ILO. In surveying the organization's history and structure, they ask how the ILO's concern with women has manifested over the years, if it was faithful to its constitution, how it dealt with conflicting needs of women from industrialized nations and Third World countries, and what its relationship was to the international feminist movement. Drawing on case studies and analyses of literature on women and work, the authors identify the role of other international organizations in response to the ILO in fostering, or sometimes hindering, women's development in the labor area.

Beginning with Native American women, this volume traces the history of farm women of all races in the United States. The complex working lives of rural women - European immigrants, black slaves and then farmers, Hispanic women in the new border states - emerge through letters, songs, fiction, official documents, journal entries, poetry, and oral history. The texts testify to women's love of the land, to their consciousness of racism and sexism, and to their energies for social change.

Forty-five contributions from renowned international specialists in the field provide readers with expert analysis of the core issues related to the welfare state, including regional depictions of welfare states around the globe. The second edition of the Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State combines essays on methodologies, core concepts and central policy areas to produce a comprehensive understanding of what 'the welfare state' means around the world. In the aftermath of the credit crunch, the Handbook addresses some of the many questions about the welfare state. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include an in-depth analysis of societal changes in recent years. New articles can be found on topics such as: the impact of ideas, well-being, migration, globalisation, India, welfare typologies, homelessness and long-term care. This volume will be an invaluable reference book for students and scholars throughout the social sciences, particularly in sociology, social policy, public policy, international relations, politics and gender studies.

Being independent is like growing up again - challenging but highly satisfying. It is important to shape life and bring your own into the world. The reward for that? The feeling of self-determination as well as a high level of personal and professional satisfaction. Systemic know-how offers a variety of opportunities to position yourself independently on the market. Anyone who succeeds in repeatedly generating technical focal points based on their own interests and skillfully placing them does not have to fear for their entrepreneurial success. Duty equals virtue. Shaping your own independence repeatedly creates invitations to internal and external growth. Systemic attitudes - orientation towards the needs of clients, appreciation and empathy, resource orientation and a variety of perspectives - are the ideal tool to align yourself internally and entrepreneurially.

Universal Basic Income (UBI) is one of the most hotly-debated ideas in development and social protection. Drawing from global evidence and experiences, this volume provides a compass to help navigate key issues and trade-offs, as well as offering new data and insights to better inform choices around the appropriateness and feasibility of UBI in different contexts. Structured around seven chapters and based on one of the most comprehensive reviews of the literature available, the book provides a framework to understand the interplay between objectives, design, incentives, micro-simulations, financing, political economy, and implementation of UBI as well as of social assistance more generally.

David Card and Alan B. Krueger have made substantial contributions to the field of Labor Economics. Their influential work focuses on policy-relevant issues and spans vast and important topics, including: unemployment, minimum wage, migration, measurement error, unions, wage differentials among various groups in the U.S., labor demand, social insurance, and technological change. Card and Krueger have also been extremely influential in econometrics methodology; they were at the forefront of employing an "experimental" approach in their research design and implementation. Both of these IZA prize winners have made significant methodological contributions on instrumental variable estimation, measurement error, regression discontinuity methods, and the use of "natural" experiments. This book provides an overview of their most important work and is divided two main parts: the first section focuses on school quality and the differences in wages across groups in the U.S.; the second part concentrates on the effect of changes in the minimum wage on employment and wage setting. In section introductions, Card and Krueger offer their insight into these two areas and discuss the historical context for their research.

Why is unemployment higher in some countries than others? Why does it fluctuate between decades? Why are some people at greater risk than others?
Layard and Nickell have worked on these issues for thirty years. Their famous model, first published in 1986, is now used throughout the world. It asserts that unemployment must be high enough to reduce the real wages for which workers settle to the level justified by productivity. So what affects 'wage push'? The authors showed early on that the key factors affecting 'wage push' are how unemployed workers are treated and how wages are negotiated. If unemployed people get benefits without being required to accept jobs, vacancies go unfilled and mass unemployment results. The solution is welfare-to-work policies like those now introduced in most parts of the world.
The authors have proposed these policies for the last twenty-five years in a series of key articles reproduced in this book. Their original analysis explains the subsequent movement of unemployment over the last two decades. They conclude the book with a new chapter on what should be done in the recession: no-one, they say, should be given unemployment benefit beyond a year, after which they should be offered work.

Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides are the recipients (with Peter Diamond) of the Nobel memorial Prize in Economics 2010. They have made path-breaking contributions to the analysis of markets with search and matching frictions, which account for much of the success of job search theory and the flows approach in becoming a leading tool for microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis of labor markets. Both scientists have gained groundbreaking insights through individual as well as joint research. Consequently, this volume not only features several papers which helped shape the equilibrium search model, including some early contributions which have initiated the research on what is known today as the search and matching model of the labor market, but it also presents a joint paper by the IZA Prize Laureates, which is a complete statement of the equilibrium search and matching model with endogenous job creation and job destruction. As part of the IZA Prize Series, the book presents a selection of their most important work which has highly enriched research on unemployment as an equilibrium phenomenon, on labor market dynamics, and on cyclical adjustment.

This broad survey of unemployment is a benchmark summary of the authors position which became hugely influential. This second edition brings the analysis up to date by relating it to recent empirical developments. This book is a major source of reference for both scholars and students.