Discussions of economic policy argue that an adequate level of profitability is a precondition for avoiding future unemployment. This book studies the rationale for this statement. The analysis is built round a simple model of the Harrod Doman type and extends the study of fixed-price equilibria by considering a dynamic process whose major components are capital accumulation and shifts in income distribution. The Keynesian depression, characterized by a sustained lack of demand, is found to be particularly stable. Lack of productive capacity may also occur when profitability has been too low. In this case, the resulting unemployment stimulates corrective shifts of prices and wages. However, such unemployment may last for some time and is more likely to be followed by Keynesian unemployment than by inflationary full employment. The first and last chapters consider the problem in less formal but more general terms. They discuss both the methodology for the study of the relationship between profitability and unemployment, and the role of various factors that the simple model neglects.

This book provides an empirical and theoretical examination of the short- and medium run impacts of technological advances on the employment and wages of workers which differ in their earned educational degree. Furthermore, by introducing labor market frictions and wage setting institutions the author shows the importance of such imperfections in order to replicate empirical facts.

This 2007 book addresses important contemporary concerns about social justice. It presents detailed economic evidence, but analyses it in a manner that is engaging and readily accessible to the non-specialist reader. Who Gets What? examines what has been happening to incomes and wealth in Australia, what causes increased economic inequality, and the possibility of creating a more egalitarian society. It looks at who is rich, which social groups are still in poverty, and the policies that could redistribute income and wealth more effectively.

Why our workplaces are authoritarian private governments--and why we can't see it One in four American workers says their workplace is a "dictatorship." Yet that number probably would be even higher if we recognized most employers for what they are--private governments with sweeping authoritarian power over our lives, on duty and off. We normally think of government as something only the state does, yet many of us are governed far more--and far more obtrusively--by the private government of the workplace. In this provocative and compelling book, Elizabeth Anderson argues that the failure to see this stems from long-standing confusions. These confusions explain why, despite all evidence to the contrary, we still talk as if free markets make workers free--and why so many employers advocate less government even while they act as dictators in their businesses. In many workplaces, employers minutely regulate workers' speech, clothing, and manners, leaving them with little privacy and few other rights. And employers often extend their authority to workers' off-duty lives. Workers can be fired for their political speech, recreational activities, diet, and almost anything else employers care to govern. Yet we continue to talk as if early advocates of market society--from John Locke and Adam Smith to Thomas Paine and Abraham Lincoln--were right when they argued that it would free workers from oppressive authorities. That dream was shattered by the Industrial Revolution, but the myth endures. Private Government offers a better way to talk about the workplace, opening up space for discovering how workers can enjoy real freedom. Based on the prestigious Tanner Lectures delivered at Princeton University's Center for Human Values, Private Government is edited and introduced by Stephen Macedo and includes commentary by cultural critic David Bromwich, economist Tyler Cowen, historian Ann Hughes, and philosopher Niko Kolodny.

This doctoral dissertation, submitted to the University of Mannheim, was written during my employment as a research fellow at the Zentrum fiir Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research) in Mann- heim. My work profited very much from the fruitful environment provided by the ZEW and particularly by the Department of Labour Markets, Human Resources and Social Policy. I am very grateful to my advisor, Professor Wolfgang Franz, for his support and inspiration. I am also indebted to Friedhelm Pfeiffer for encouraging me to work on the topicoftransition from unemployment to self-employment. Also, Part IIIof this study gained very much from the joint work with FriedheIm Pfeiffer. Fur- thermore, I am much obliged to Professor JosefBniderl for evaluating this disser- tation. I would like to thank the "Forderverein Wissenschaft und Praxis am Zentrum fiir Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung e.V." for financial support of part of this study. My work also benefited from the comments and the help of numerous people other than those mentioned above. Knowing that the list of acknowledgement is incomplete, I would like to thank Professor Francois Laisney and Matthias Almus for their valuable comments on the selection models, Professor William Greene for his helpful remarks on the bivariate probit model, Professor John Ham and an anonymous referee for their very valuable comments on preliminary work of this study, and Joachim Keller, Jens Kohlberger and Yibo Ren for providing excellent research assistance. Obviously, all remaining errors are my own responsibility.

In a modern economy, production and competition require internal interaction of individuals in firms. The book provides a systematic treatment of the macroeconomic consequenses of this fact. For this purpose the concept of a two-stage monopolistic competition equilibrium is introduced into macroeconomic theory. Firms choose the capacity to organize internal interaction at stage 1 and compete at stage 2. The concept allows a rigorous analysis of the provision of work places and the economic determinants of the employable work force. The book explains why in the equilibrium of a market economy, even under flexible wages, no jobs may be provided for people who are employable from an efficiency point of view. The economic determinants of equilibrium employment covered by the analysis of the book are: New forms of work organization, changes in the skill structure of the labor force, market power of key factors for organization, expectations of investors and international capital movements.

This book describes the beginning and development of unemployment reform until the New Deal. As a consequence of large scale industrialization after the Civil War, joblessness could no longer be understood to be caused by a character defect, but had to be ascribed to societal forces. It became clear to the concerned that traditional remedial measures could not adequately cope with the problem. By the time of the entry of the United States into World War I reformist thinking had devised the major instruments that were later employed in dealing with unemployment. After the war and during most of the 1920s these instruments underwent thorough examination and refinement, and the early years of the Great Depression saw their tentative use. At the eve of the New Deal a well reasoned and experimentally tried group of social instruments was available. The book essentially refutes a social control explanation for this process and stresses the progressive motivation of the reformers involved.

This thought-provoking and challenging book is about sex and profits. It is not a book about Women's Lib, but it is a book that will lead to the recognition of women carried along by the wholehearted support of men; it is not another call for charitable donations, but it is a book about investment. It is not about improving the education of women. It is all about income generation. The poorest women of the Indian sub-continent and Africa represent a vast untapped resource which, if harnessed, could bring about a huge improvement in the worst-affected parts of the world. Women could feed the whole of Africa since they look after 80% of the agriculture. They are hard-working and eager to learn - the perfect workforce. But they have no sense of self-worth and too often are regarded as little more than beasts of burden or are hidden away, deprived of education and position. And yet a mother will not squander money, she will nourish her children rather than drinking herself into oblivion and she will remain loyal to her family. Shreela Flather cogently and powerfully argues that women must be central to every initiative, business project and political goal rather than being merely after-thoughts or decoration. She believes this is just as applicable to many countries in the West where the glass ceiling still constitutes an impenetrable barrier for women. She challenges politicians to turn talking shops into practical action; the much-vaunted United Nations' Millennium Development Goals' (MDGs) dream cannot be fulfilled by the target date of 2015. Its only hope is to shift the focus to women. While the UN rightly identifies the private sector as the engine of innovation and growthA" it fails itself by not targeting that effort at women. As part and parcel of that re-focusing it should start talking about family planning. As we continue to struggle in global economic depression this above all is a hopeful book offering a practical, affordable way forward. It requires no new energy source, it demands no vast capital investment and it will have no destructive impact on the environment. The workforce is vast, willing and able ...with no vices. Woman - Acceptable Exploitation for Profit is a solution for a world in trouble, a roadmap to greater opportunities, profit, prosperity, health and happiness for all, regardless of gender. We live in a world struggling to feed itself, fund itself, preserve itself so why reject the only asset and talent we have failed to consider?

Despite the dominance of unemployment in the historiography of interwar Britain, there is as yet no comprehensive single volume study of government reactions to the problem over the entire period down to 1939. British Unemployment 1919-1939 aims to fill that gap. W.R. Garside draws upon an extensive range of primary and secondary sources to analyze official ameliorative policy toward unemployment and contemporary reactions to such intervention. He assesses the nature and scale of interwar unemployment assistance. Careful study is also made of the impact of unemployment on related areas of economic concerns such as monetary and fiscal policy, industrial change, overseas trade, colonial development, labor supply and the impact of collective bargaining. Comprehensive, informative and clearly written, this book is the fullest account of policy responses to unemployment in the interwar period. It will be invaluable to specialists in recent British economic history and public policy, as well as an essential reference work for students coming to the subject for the first time.

The movement for European integration has yielded a European Union of fifteen states with a unified monetary system that will eventually embrace over 370 million people. If current trends continue, an average of one in ten of these people will be unemployed. This book is about unemployment and European unification. It examines the consequences of each and their interconnections. It presents general essays on Europe as a whole, on labor unions and on a variety of case studies including Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. Its central argument is that the European economy should be reformed but that it should retain many of its managed aspects and be wary of modeling itself on the United States. The book contributes to the literature on European politics, political economy, and comparative public policy.

There is an important question lost in the debate over the number of jobs created or destroyed by trade liberalization: as the dynamic American economy continues to change, with freer trade and technological advances, what kind of work will Americans do? In a dynamic economy jobs are created and lost, and workers are displaced. Moving beyond the recent public policy focus on how many workers will be affected, this study focuses on understanding how these workers will be affected. Using worker-level data from the Displaced Worker Surveys, Lori G. Kletzer asks and answers a number of key questions about the cost of trade-related job loss. How do these workers compare to those displaced from other manufacturing industries? How sizeable are the earnings losses? What can we learn from the pattern of reemployment and earnings that will aid in the (re)design of adjustment services? The costs of import-competing job loss are high for some workers, but not starkly higher than the costs of other types of manufacturing job loss. For many manufacturing displaced workers, the best outcome, in terms of minimizing medium-term earnings losses, is to regain employment in the "old economy," back in manufacturing. New jobs in the service economy tend to result in larger earnings losses. This report reveals a narrow, but significant, group of workers for whom import-competing job loss is very costly. For other workers, realized costs are smaller. Understanding this range of outcomes should assist policymakers in targeting assistance to address the real costs of import-competing job loss.

The "informal" economy economic activity and income outside government regulation, taxation and observation is, by its very nature, difficult to quantify. Recent estimates suggest it accounts, in OECD countries, for around 13% of national income (in the UK, the equivalent of GBP150 billion) and in developing nations it can make up as much as three-quarters of all non-agricultural employment. Whatever the exact figures, it is clear that the informal economy plays a significant role in national incomes (eventhough excluded from calculations of GDP or GNP) and affects a large share of the global workforce. Colin C. Williams provides an authoritative introduction to the topic, explaining what the informal economy is (and what it isn't) and how it can best be measured. Taking a global perspective, he examines its characteristics in developed, developing and transitional economies, and looks at its role as a driver of economic growth. The theoretical underpinnings are explored, from conceptual origins in the development models of the 1950s, through to present-day discussions, which question whether a formalised economy is always the ideal. The book considers the economic motivations of the informal economy workforce, which may include tax evasion, circumventing regulations and maintaining state benefits, and assesses the different policy options available to governments to combat them, whether a punitive policy of deterrence, or one of accommodation that recognises the value of the sector in generating income and in meeting the needs of poor consumers. The book provides a masterly summation of the published research on the informal economy and an expert assessment of the key areas for research going forward. It will be welcomed by students taking courses in development economics, economic growth, labour economics, welfare economics and public policy.

Since the 1970s the average level of unemployment in Australia has risen each decade. This has imposed huge economic, social and human costs, making unemployment one of the most pressing problems confronting Australia. Governments, however, seem powerless in the face of this problem. Drawing on the expertise of some of Australia's leading economists, this book, first published in 2000, argues that the currently fashionable approaches of wage cuts and further steps towards labour market flexibility will not solve the unemployment problem. In reality, unemployment and rising inequality are symptoms of the growing failure of contemporary labour markets to distribute jobs and incomes effectively. The contributors argue that the main solution to this problem is not wage cuts but jobs growth. This important book points to a way beyond the current policy malaise and offers detailed solutions to unemployment.

Since the 1970s the average level of unemployment in Australia has risen each decade. This has imposed huge economic, social and human costs, making unemployment one of the most pressing problems confronting Australia. Governments, however, seem powerless in the face of this problem. Drawing on the expertise of some of Australia's leading economists, this book, first published in 2000, argues that the currently fashionable approaches of wage cuts and further steps towards labour market flexibility will not solve the unemployment problem. In reality, unemployment and rising inequality are symptoms of the growing failure of contemporary labour markets to distribute jobs and incomes effectively. The contributors argue that the main solution to this problem is not wage cuts but jobs growth. This important book points to a way beyond the current policy malaise and offers detailed solutions to unemployment.

This book presents a revisionist view of monetary policy and monetary regimes. It presents several new mechanisms, indicating that money affects long-term production. The consequent policy implications are also discussed, including: the uses of monetary policy and monetary regimes in achieving macroeconomic goals; the impact of an independent central bank; the effects of a movement from floating exchange rates to fixed exchange rates in a monetary union. In addition to the theoretical and policy discussions the book also contains a comprehensive survey of the current state of scholarship in this area.

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) has declared the U.S. economy to be in recession since December 2007. In response to high unemployment, some members of Congress proposed job creation bills, following several policy steps taken since the economy entered the recession, including stimulus bills in 2008 and 2009, an unprecedented expansion in direct assistance to the financial sector by the Federal Reserve, and the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). This book discusses the current unemployment outlook and analyses policy proposals to address the issues and options for financing proposals.

This book examines the main policies available to government in dealing with the problem of high unemployment. It thereby gives policy makers and academics a convenient basis for making policy decisions in this area. The book attempts to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a wide range of policy options including demand management versus supply-side policy, subsidizing employment and training, restructuring labor market regulations, and reforming the welfare state. It also investigates the political process whereby unemployment policy decisions are made.

'Have we given up trying to gain full employment?' 'If not, what should we be trying to do about it?' These are the fundamental questions that James Meade poses, and attempts to answer, in this short but timely book. As the issue of full employment moves once again to the centre of the political debate, Professor Meade draws our attention to a number of economic and financial factors which are neglected in debate, and suggests a novel package of changes which could be used to tackle the full employment problem. He condemns the neglect of macroeconomic analysis in designing full-employment policies, and asserts that the money value of total domestic production rather than the price level should be the object of a combined fiscal-monetary policy, which itself should focus on low interest rates rather than low tax rates.

For 25 years, theory about the causes of, and possible solutions to, the problem of unemployment has been dominated by Phelps' and Friedman's natural rate of unemployment hypothesis. This postulates that the equilibrium rate of unemployment consistent with steady inflation is determined by structural variables: sustainable reductions in unemployment can be achieved only by measures to change underlying microeconomic structures, such as benefit and pay bargaining systems. Belief in the hypothesis has faltered since the 1980s, the hypothesis being unable to explain the dramatic upward shifts in European unemployment rates. These essays reflect upon the fundamental structures underlying the hypothesis, assess the related evidence, and look forwards, suggesting possible modifications. In contrast to the single rate postulated by the natural rate hypothesis, several of the contributors propose that there are ranges of unemployment rates consistent with steady inflation.

In this collection of essays. Edmond Malinvaud aims at explaining what he learned as a government statistician, particularly with respect to the unemployment problems of the last two decades. The government expert must forecast for diagnosing spontaneous trends or assessing the likely impact of public decisions. Such forecasts rely on a more or less intensive analysis. To understand the main distinction between frictional and disequilibrium unemployment requires a more rigorous conceptual apparatus than is often acknowledged; this leads to a properly defined Beveridge curve playing the major role. The most vexing issue concerns the effect of real wages on the medium term trend of labour demand; it cannot be well grasped without a good understanding of investment, for which the author presents his reference model.

Collective Labour Law deals with all the issues that may arise in the relationship between organised labour and employers.

Beginning with a description of the main players in the field - trade unions and employers' organisations - the book undertakes a systematic exploration of the available bargaining forums, the collective bargaining process, the conclusion of collective agreements, the legal requirements covering strikes and lockouts, and the consequences of unlawful industrial action.

This volume is a companion to three others (Employment Rights, Dismissal, and Labour Litigation and Dispute Resolution), which together provide a comprehensive overview of the entire body of current labour law. On its own or as a component of the four-volume set, Collective Labour Law represents an indispensable addition to the libraries of all concerned with or involved in labour law.

As the members of the "baby boom" generation -- people born between 1946 and 1964 -- approach retirement, the demographic profile of the U.S. workforce will undergo a substantial shift: a large number of older workers will be joined by relatively few new entrants to the labour force. According to the Census Bureau, while the number of people between the ages of 55 and 64 will grow by about 11 million between 2005 and 2025, the number of people who are 25 to 54 years old will grow by only 5 million. This trend could affect economic growth because labour force participation begins to fall after age 55. In 2007, 91% of men and 75% of women aged 25 to 54 participated in the labour force. In contrast, just 70% of men and 58% of women aged 55 to 64 were either working or looking for work in 2007. The rate of employment among persons age 55 and older is influenced by general economic conditions, eligibility for Social Security benefits, the availability of health insurance, and the prevalence and design of employer-sponsored pensions. Labour force participation among people 55 and older may, for example, be affected both by the trend away from defined-benefit pension plans that offer a monthly annuity for life to defined contribution plans that typically pay a lump-sum benefit. The declining percentage of employers that offer retiree health insurance also may result in more people continuing to work until they are eligible for Medicare at 65.

This book examines a wide range of evidence about the long-term growth of employment from the countries around the world, including industrialised, developing and formerly Communist economies. The empirical investigation distinguishes between normal and abnormal employment growth (and decline), including the decline of employment due to war, transition shock, and system breakdown, the growth of underemployment, jobless growth and job-destroying economic growth, and identifies various political, demographic and economic processes that explain long-term growth and decline of employment. Major related theories are discussed, including theories of unemployment, economic growth, technological progress, and structural change. The concept of an 'employment possibility frontier' is proposed. The relationships between employment growth, underemployment, and unemployment are examined. The book concludes with comments on the politics of job creation and on various macroeconomic and globalisation-related policies.

Though best known for aircraft and aerospace technology, Boeing has invested significant time and money in the construction and promotion of its corporate culture. Boeing's leaders, in keeping with the standard of traditional American social norms, began to promote a workplace culture of a white, heterosexual family model in the 1930s in an attempt to provide a sense of stability for their labor force during a series of enormous political, social, and economic disruptions. For both managers and workers, the construction of a masculine culture solved problems that technological innovation and profit could not. For managers it offered a way to govern employees and check the power of unions. For male employees, it offered a sense of stability that higher wages and the uncertainties of the airline market could not. For scholar Polly Reed Myers, Boeing's corporate culture offers a case study for understanding how labor and the workplace have evolved over the course of the twentieth century and into the present day amid the rise of neoliberal capitalism, globalization, and women's rights. Capitalist Family Values places the stories of Boeing's women at the center of the company's history, illuminating the policy shifts and economic changes, global events and modern controversies that have defined policy and workplace culture at Boeing. Using archival documents that include company newspapers, interviews, and historic court cases, Capitalist Family Values illustrates the changing concepts of corporate culture and the rhetoric of a "workplace family" in connection with economic, political, and social changes, providing insight into the operations of one of America's most powerful and influential firms.