1 Aufgaben, Wirkungsweise und Bedeutung von Lagerungen.- 1.1 Funktionsweise.- 1.2 Geschichtlicher Ruckblick.- 1.3 Lagerarten.- 2 Tribologische Grundlagen und Kenngroessen der Schmierstoffe.- 2.1 Reibung und Verschleiss.- 2.1.1 Reibungsarten.- 2.1.2 Reibungszustande.- 2.1.3 Stribeck-Kurve.- 2.2 Schmierstoffe.- 2.2.1 Aufgaben und Einteilung der Schmierstoffe.- 2.2.1.1 Aufgaben.- 2.2.1.2 Einteilung.- 2.2.2 Kenngroessen von Schmierstoffen.- 2.2.2.1 Viskositat und Dichte.- 2.2.2.2 Thermische Kenngroessen von Schmierstoffen.- 2.2.3 Viskositatsklassifikation der Schmieroele.- 2.2.3.1 ISO-Normoele.- 2.2.3.2 SAE-Klassifikation.- 2.2.3.3 Weitere Motorenoel-Klassifikationen.- 2.2.4 Additive fur Motorenoele.- 2.2.5 Prufung von Motorenoelen, Gebrauchtoel-Eigenschaften.- 2.2.5.1 Motorenoelprufung.- 2.2.5.2 Veranderung von Motorenoelen im Gebrauch.- 3 Schmiersysteme von Verbrennungsmotoren.- 3.1 Funktion und Bestandteile von Schmiersystemen.- 3.2 Schmierstoffpumpen.- 3.3 Schmierstoffilter und Filtersysteme.- 3.3.1 Anforderungen.- 3.3.2 Filterbauarten.- 3.4 Schmieroelkuhlung.- 3.5 Steuerungs- und Sicherheitsbauteile.- 3.6 Schmiersysteme unterschiedlicher Motorentypen.- 3.6.1 PKW-Motoren.- 3.6.2 LKW- und kleinere Industrie-Motoren.- 3.6.3 Mittelschnell laufende Motoren.- 3.6.4 Motorradmotoren und schnell laufende Zweitaktmotoren.- 4 Die Lagerung von Verbrennungsmotoren und ihre Belastung.- 4.1 Dynamisch beanspruchte Gleitlager.- 4.2 Lager des Kurbeltriebes.- 4.2.1 Kolbenbolzenlager.- 4.2.2 Pleuellager.- 4.2.3 Grundlager.- 4.2.4 Weitere Lagerstellen.- 4.3 Kraftezerlegung.- 4.3.1 Kolbenbolzenlager.- 4.3.2 Pleuellager.- 4.3.3 Grundlager.- 4.4 Berechnungsmethoden bei Mehrzylindermotoren.- 5 Hydrodynamische Berechnung von Verbrennungsmotoren-Gleitlagern.- 5.1 Theoretische Grundlagen.- 5.1.1 Druckaufbau durch Tangentialbewegung (Keildruck).- 5.1.2 Druckaufbau durch Radialbewegung (Verdrangungsdruck).- 5.2 Berechnung der Wellenverlagerungsbahn.- 5.2.1 Ausgangspunkt und Berechnungsverfahren.- 5.2.2 Verfahren der uberlagerten Tragkrafte.- 5.3 Berechnung der Reibungsleistung.- 5.4 Berechnung der OEldurchsatzmenge.- 5.5 Warmebilanz.- 5.6 Maximaler Schmierfilmdruck.- 5.7 Umwandlung der raumfesten in koerperfeste Koordinaten.- 5.7.1 Grundlager.- 5.7.2 Pleuellager.- 5.7.3 Kolbenbolzenlager.- 5.8 Winkelgeschwindigkeiten der Lager eines Kurbeltriebes.- 5.9 EDV-Paket zur Auslegung dynamisch beanspruchter Radialgleitlager.- 5.10 Elastohydrodynamische Lagerberechnung - EHD.- 5.10.1 Vorteile und Aussagefahigkeit der elastohydrodynamischen Berechnung.- 5.10.2 Theoretische Grundlagen der EHD-Berechnungsmethode.- 5.10.3 Vergleich der Berechnungs- und Messergebnisse.- 6 Auslegung von Verbrennungsmotorenlagerungen.- 6.1 Auslegungskenngroessen und ihre Optimierung.- 6.1.1 Betriebszustand (Lagerbelastung).- 6.1.2 Lagerabmessungen.- 6.1.3 Schmierstoff und Schmierung.- 6.2 Optimierung der Einflussgroessen - Optimalauslegung.- 6.2.1 Bedeutung und Moeglichkeiten.- 6.2.2 Beurteilungsgroessen fur eine Optimalauslegung, ubliche Grenzwerte.- 6.2.3 Einfluss des relativen Lagerspieles.- 6.2.4 Einfluss von OElzufuhrungstemperatur und -druck.- 6.2.5 Art und Lage der Schmierstoffzufuhrung.- 6.2.6 Steifigkeit von Kurbelwelle, Lager und lagerumgebenden Bauteilen.- 6.2.7 Einfluss der Kurbelwellengestaltung (Massenausgleich).- 6.3 Schlussfolgerungen fur die Lagerauslegung aus der Anwendung von EDV-Programmpaketen.- 7 Konstruktive Gestaltung von Lagern.- 7.1 Lagerbauarten und konstruktive Details.- 7.1.1 Lagerbuchsen.- 7.1.2 Dunnwandige Lagerschalen mit und ohne Anlaufring.- 7.1.3 Schmierstoffzufuhrungselemente.- 7.1.4 Axiallager.- 7.2 Lagerschalenpresssitz.- 7.3 Grobgestaltung - Ruckwirkung der Lagerumgebung auf die Lagerparameter.- 7.4 Feingestaltung von Lagern.- 7.4.1 Kleines Pleuelauge.- 7.4.2 Kolbenbolzenaugen.- 7.4.3 Grosses Pleuelauge.- 7.4.4 Grundlager und Anordnung der OElbohrungen in den Kurbelwellen.- 7.4.5 Nockenwellenlager.- 7.4.6 Ausgleichswellenlager

"Combustion of Pulverised Coal in a Mixture of Oxygen and Recycled Flue Gas" focuses on a niche technology, combustion of coal in an oxygen rich environment, which is one approach to obtaining clean coal, by making it easier to capture carbon that is released in the combustion process. Toporov s book breaks ground on covering the key fundamentals of oxycoal technologies, which have not yet been covered in this depth.

"Combustion of Pulverised Coal in a Mixture of Oxygen and Recycled Flue Gas" summarizes the main results from a pioneering work on experimental and numerical investigations of oxyfuel technologies. It provides the theoretical background of the process, the problems to be faced, and the technical solutions that were achieved during these investigations.
Summarizes results from investigations of oxyfuel technologies performed at Aachen University, GermanyProvides theoretical background, as well as the primary problems of these technologies and how they can be solved"

Nanotechnology is already having a dramatic impact on improving water quality and the second edition of "Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water" highlights both the challenges and the opportunities for nanotechnology to positively influence this area of environmental protection. This book presents detailed information on cutting-edge technologies, current research, and trends that may impact the success and uptake of the applications.

Recent advances show that many of the current problems with water quality can be addressed using nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic membranes, and nanoparticle enhanced filtration. The book describes these technologies in detail and demonstrates how they can provide clean drinking water in both large scale water treatment plants and in point-of-use systems. In addition, the book addresses the societal factors that may affect widespread acceptance of the applications.

Sections are also featured oncarbon nanotube arrays and graphene-based sensors forcontaminant sensing, nanostructured membranes for water purification, and multifunctional materials incarbon microspheresfor the remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Addresses both the technological aspects of delivering clean water supplies and the societal implications that affect take-upDetails how the technologies are applied in large-scale water treatment plants and in point-of-use systemsHighlights challenges and the opportunities for nanotechnology to positively influence this area of environmental protection"

This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the global health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, conducted on the basis of a high-resolution emission inventory, global chemical transport modeling, and probabilistic risk assessment. One of the main strengths of the thesis is the concentration downscaling process, which provides a linkage between emissions and exposure concentrations at a comparatively high resolution. Moreover, by focusing on individual susceptibility, the thesis proposes an instrumental revision of current risk assessment methodology and argues that, if individual susceptibility were not taken into consideration, the overall risk would be underestimated by 55% and the proportion of highly vulnerable populations would be underestimated by more than 90%.

"Chemistry of Advanced Environmental Purification Processes of Water" covers the fundamentals behind a broad spectrum of advanced purification processes for various types of water, showing numerous applications through worked examples. Purification processes for groundwater, soil water, reusable water, and raw water are examined where they are in use full-scale, as a pilot approach, or in the laboratory. This book also describes the production of ceramic particles (nanochemistry) and materials for the creation of filtration systems and catalysts that are involved.
Uses chemistry fundamentals to explain the mechanisms behind the various purification processes Explains in detail process equipment and technical applicationsDescribes the production of ceramic particles and other new materials applicable to filtration systemsIncludes worked examples

The Handbook of Environmental Engineering series is an incredible collection of methodologies that study the effects of pollution and waste in their three basic forms: gas, solid, and liquid. This exciting new addition to the series, Volume 15: Modern Water Resources Engineering , has been designed to serve as a water resources engineering reference book as well as a supplemental textbook. We hope and expect it will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, to designers of water resources systems, and to scientists and researchers. A critical volume in the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, chapters employ methods of practical design and calculation illustrated by numerical examples, include pertinent cost data whenever possible, and explore in great detail the fundamental principles of the field. Volume 15: Modern Water Resources Engineering, provides information on some of the most innovative and ground-breaking advances in the field today from a panel of esteemed experts.

This book provides the detail information about nanoparticles, their types, characterization techniques such as TEM, FESEM, AFM, XRD etc. nanogenotoxicity, metal and metal oxide nanoparticle's toxicity, physical and chemical characterization of nanomaterials, entry routes, cell-nano interaction studies, possible impacts to the human kind, and on the methods of evaluating the toxicity. It puts together comprehensive and up-to-date information about sustainable approaches in making an eco-friendly environment using advanced nanotechnologies. It educated readers about the new frontiers and scope of employing various state-of-art nano-technologies to clean-up and save our environment. This book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, environmental biotechnologists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, environmental sciences, environmental engineering and biotechnology.

This book provides a timely and insightful analysis of the expansion of biofuels production and use in recent years. Drawing on interviews with key policy insiders, Ackrill and Kay show how biofuels policies have been motivated by concerns over climate change, energy security and rural development.

The production of wastewater from various human and industrial activities has a harsh impact on the environment. Without adequate treatment, the disposal of this wastewater poses a threat to the quality of water globally. Technologies for the Treatment and Recovery of Nutrients from Industrial Wastewater investigates emergent research and best practices within the field of wastewater management. Highlighting novel technological tools in wastewater treatment, effective nutrient removal technologies, and innovative solutions to quality water preservation practices, this book is a critical reference source for professionals, scientists, academics, and students.

This book is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book summarizes presentations and discussions from the two-day international workshop held at UC Berkeley in March 2015, and derives questions to be addressed in multi-disciplinary research toward a new paradigm of nuclear safety. The consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011 have fuelled the debate on nuclear safety: while there were no casualties due to radiation, there was substantial damage to local communities. The lack of common understanding of the basics of environmental and radiological sciences has made it difficult for stakeholders to develop effective strategies to accelerate recovery, and this is compounded by a lack of effective decision-making due to the eroded public trust in the government and operators. Recognizing that making a society resilient and achieving higher levels of safety relies on public participation in and feedback on decision-making, the book focuses on risk perception and mitigation in its discussion of the development of resilient communities.

This volume seeks to cover the latest scientific developments in the field of air pollution modeling. It contains papers and posters presented at the 26th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application held in Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, May 2003.
Major topics covered include: the role of atmospheric models in air pollution policy and abatement strategies (air quality, risk assessment, emergency responses). Integrated regional modelling (local and urban effects, mesoscale phenomena, regional modelling, one and two way nesting, application of existing models). Global and long-range transport (synoptic, hemispheric & global scales, application of existing models). Aerosols as atmospheric contaminants (human exposure and health effects, direct and indirect climate effects, visibility reduction). New developments (microscale to global scale, new models, new extensions to existing models, inverse modelling, data assimilation). Model assessment and verification (model assessment, design of field experiments, use of on-site meteorological data, limits to predictability).
Applications of new concepts in different regions of the world are also presented. The domain of the modeling covers all geographical sizes from global down to regional, local, urban and canyon sizes.

This book introduces readers to the status quo and recent advances in China's low-carbon development. From the evolution of human civilization, to the proposal of low-carbon concepts, up to the choice of China's low-carbon path, the book provides a comprehensive review of low-carbon development, while also elaborating on the core concept, goals and methods. In addition, it addresses a series of questions and issues closely tied to today's social development, such as: "Why is it so vital to pursue low-carbon development?" and "How can China implement low-carbon development?" Accordingly, readers will gain a better grasp of low-carbon development, including low-carbon production and low-carbon lifestyles.

Pulp and paper mill industries are always associated with the disposal problem of highly contaminated sludge or bio-solids. The development of innovative systems to maximize recovery of useful materials and/or energy in a sustainable way has become necessary. The management of wastes, in particular of industrial waste, in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner is one of the most critical issues facing modern industry, mainly due to the increased difficulties in properly locating disposal works and complying with even more stringent environmental quality requirements imposed by legislation. This book presents a general Introduction on waste management in the pulp and paper industry and contains topics on the generation of waste in pulp and paper mills, waste composition, methods of sludge pre-treatment, processes and technologies for conversion of pulp and paper mill waste into valuable products, waste reduction techniques employed in the pulp and paper Industry worldwide and future trends.

Edited in collaboration with TEN ECOPORT project, this volume contains the proceedings of the 1st International Conference on 'Sustainable Development of the Sea-corridors and Coastal Waters'. The book highlights the advances of environmental pollution management on ports and coastal zones. Particular attention is given to water quality, issues that concern the marine environment of sea corridors and coastal waters, especially in regions surrounding ports. In addition to these topics the chapters explore novel methodologies and technologies, IT solutions, data and instrumentation of monitoring water quality. The book is organized into five parts: assessment, monitoring, sustainable management system, port processes and historical ports. TEN ECOPORT (Transnational ENhancement of ECOPORT8 network) is a project co-financed by the South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme.

Responsible Care - A Case Study is the first book of its kind to provide insight into the development and evolution of Responsible Care and its influence of societal outcomes on the basis of case studies. It provides readers in industry, government, and academia with the principles and innovative thinking associated with the Responsible Care ethic as a means to promote and implement such advanced concepts in their own institution. The book is not only a teaching aid for university curriculum, it also serves as a practical tool to industrial management and staff to improve industrial policies. The last chapter illustrates a practical example of a workshop held at McMaster University, Canada, which can be used as a model for readers to use this book as an educational tool.

Volume 7, devoted to the vital and rapidly expanding research area around metal-carbon bonds (see also MILS-6), focuses on the environment. With more than 2500 references, 35 tables, and nearly 50 illustrations, many of these in color, it is an essential resource for scientists working in the wide range from organometallic chemistry, inorganic biochemistry, environmental toxicology all the way through to physiology and medicine. In 14 stimulating chapters, written by 29 internationally recognized experts, Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology highlights in an authoritative and timely manner environmental cycles of elements involving organometal(loid) compounds as well as the analytical determination of such species. This book examines methane formation involving the nickel coenzyme F430, as well as the organometal(loid) compounds formed by tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, and mercury. In addition, it deals with the environmental bioindication, biomonitoring, and bioremediation of organometal(loid)s, and it terminates with methylated metal(loid) species occurring in humans by evaluating assumed and proven health effects caused by these compounds.

This book highlights the importance of various emerging technologies that are used to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities. It assesses several existing applied and environmental microbiological techniques and introduces new technologies through applied aspects. Select topics covered include municipal wastewater treatment, environmental microorganisms, metal pollutants in the environment, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bringing together key research on bisphenol A (BPA) removal to allow students, and designers and operators of treatment plants to gain knowledge and insight into operating practices, this book presents developments in the technology of wastewater treatment for the removal of micropollutants, using BPA as an example. The difficulties in removing BPA from wastewater in traditional wastewater treatment plants are addressed along with a detailed analysis on integrated technologies for BPA removal; wastewater microorganisms that biodegrade BPA, and physical and chemical methods to support the biodegradation of BPA and its removal from wastewater. Readers are able to gain a general understanding of up-to-date techniques for removing BPA from wastewater, and are able to use the book as a reference for specific questions that they have.

1 Einleitung.- 1.1 Problemstellung.- 1.2 Vorgehensweise.- 2 Handelspolitische Konzepte und Umweltpolitik.- 2.1 Freihandel und Handelsliberalisierung.- 2.1.1 Smith, Ricardo und die Natur.- 2.1.2 Marktversagen und naturliche Ressourcen.- 2.1.3 OEkonomische Loesungen bei Marktversagen mit negativen Umweltauswirkungen.- 2.1.4 Die oekologische Kritik am neoliberalen Ansatz des Umweltschutzes.- 2.1.5 Konstanter Rohstoffverbrauch.- 2.2 Entwicklung der Umweltoekonomie nach oekologischer Kritik.- 2.2.1 Neue Impulse durch die OEkologische Umweltoekonomie.- 2.2.2 Der Mainstream der Umweltoekonomie.- 2.3 Zusammenfassung.- 3 Handel, Umweltschutz und zwischenstaatliche Beziehungen.- 3.1 Handelspolitische Effekte auf die Umweltpolitik.- 3.1.1 Produkteffekte.- 3.1.2 Skaleneffekte.- 3.1.3 Struktureffekte.- 3.2 Auswirkungen der Umweltpolitik auf internationalen Handel.- 3.2.1 Umweltpolitische Instrumente.- 3.2.2 Politisch relevante Effekte umweltpolitischer Instrumente.- 3.3 Empirische Beobachtungen.- 3.3.1 Negative Auswirkungen.- 3.3.2 Positive Effekte.- 3.3.3 Umweltpolitische Handlungsmoeglichkeiten.- 3.4 Bewertung.- 3.4.1 Effekte des internationalen Handels auf internationale Umweltpolitik.- 3.4.2 Internationale Umweltschutzabkommen.- 3.5 Konflikte zwischen Entwicklungs- und Industrielandern.- 3.5.1 Positionen des Sudens im Querschnittsbereich von Handels- und Umweltpolitik.- 3.5.2 "Gruner Protektionismus" und "OEkoimperialismus".- 3.6 Fazit.- 4 Umweltschutz im GATT/WTO-System.- 4.1 Die Entwicklung des Welthandelssystems und die Integration von Umweltschutz.- 4.1.1 Vom GATT zur WTO.- 4.1.2 Grundprinzipien.- 4.1.3 Ausnahmen und institutionelle Probleme.- 4.1.4 Multilaterale Handelsrunden.- 4.1.5 Wichtige Weichenstellungen.- 4.1.6 Die WTO.- 4.2 Die WTO und Umweltschutz.- 4.2.1 Institutionelle Entwicklungen.- 4.2.1 Die Konferenz von Seattle und moegliche Folgen.- 4.2.2 Grunde fur das "Scheitern" und Blick in die Zukunft.- 4.3 Streitschlichtungsverfahren aufgrund umweltpolitischer Handelsmassnahmen.- 4.3.1 Entwicklung im GATT.- 4.3.2 Streitschlichtung in der WTO.- 4.3.3 Streitschlichtung bei umweltpolitischen Handelsmassnahmen.- 4.4 Eine vorlaufige Analyse der Schlichtungsverfahren.- 4.4.1 Internationale Umweltschutzabkommen.- 4.4.2 Produktions- und Prozessmethoden.- 4.4.3 ArtikelXX-Praambel.- 4.4.4 Artikel XX (b).- 4.4.5 Artikel XX (g).- 4.5 Das Komitee fur Handel und Umwelt.- 4.5.1 Institutionelle Entwicklung.- 4.5.2 Das CTE in der WTO.- 4.5.3 Das CTE-Arbeitsprogramm.- 4.5.4 Aktueller Diskussionsstand.- 4.5.5 OEffentliche Kritik.- 4.6 Implikationen.- 4.6.1 Die Suche nach dem Ausgleich.- 4.6.2 Implikationen der Streitfalle.- 4.6.3 Politoekonomische Zusammenhange.- 4.6.4 Grenzen der Abwagung.- 5 Die EU, Umweltschutz und Handelspolitik.- 5.1 Umweltpolitik im Binnenmarkt.- 5.1.1 Die Entwicklung der Umweltpolitik in der EU.- 5.1.2 Die Rechtsgrundlagen europaischer Umweltpolitik.- 5.1.3 Umweltpolitik und politische Integration.- 5.1.4 Kritik und Unzulanglichkeiten europaischer Umweltpolitik.- 5.1.5 Der Europaische Gerichtshof und umweltpolitische Handelsmassnahmen.- 5.2 Die internationale Dimension europaischer Umweltpolitik.- 5.2.1 Die Entwicklung internationaler Umweltpolitik der Gemeinschaft.- 5.2.2 Die EU als Akteur.- 5.2.3 Das 5. Umweltaktionsprogramm - "Hin zu Nachhaltigkeit".- 5.3 Die internationale Handelspolitik der Gemeinschaft.- 5.3.1 Die Position der Gemeinschaft im Welthandel.- 5.3.2 Die Rechtsgrundlagen.- 5.3.3 Handelspolitische Instrumente.- 5.3.4 Allgemeine Aspekte der gemeinschaftlichen Handelspolitik.- 5.4 Die Gemeinschaft und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Umweltschutz und Handel.- 5.4.1 Die programmatische Diskussion uber Handel und Umwelt in der Gemeinschaft.- 5.4.2 Umweltpolitische Handelsmassnahmen der Gemeinschaft.- 5.4.3 Schlussfolgerungen.- 6 Schlussbetrachtung.- 6.1 Handelspolitische und umweltpolitische Konzepte.- 6.2 Die Wechselwirkungen in den zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen.- 6.3 Die WTO und di

This book summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning bacteria that use halogenated organic compounds as respiratory electron acceptors. The discovery of organohalide-respiring bacteria has expanded the range of electron acceptors used for energy conservation, and serves as a prime example of how scientific discoveries are enabling innovative engineering solutions that have transformed remediation practice. Individual chapters provide in-depth background information on the discovery, isolation, phylogeny, biochemistry, genomic features, and ecology of individual organohalide-respiring genera, including Dehalococcoides, Dehalogenimonas, Dehalobacter, Desulfitobacterium and Sulfurospirillum, as well as organohalide-respiring members of the Deltaproteobacteria. The book introduces readers to the fascinating biology of organohalide-respiring bacteria, offering a valuable resource for students, engineers and practitioners alike.