This new edition of the Phosphor Handbook comprises three volumes and provides a comprehensive source of knowledge for researchers interested in synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of phosphor materials. The first volume covers the theoretical background and fundamental properties of luminescence as applied to solid-state phosphor materials. New sections include the rapid developments in principal phosphors in nitrides, perovskite, and silicon carbide. The second volume provides the descriptions of synthesis and optical properties of phosphors used in different applications, including the novel phosphors for some newly developed applications. New sections on smart phosphors, quantum dots for display applications, up-conversion nanophosphors for photonic application, phosphors for solar cells. The third volume addresses the experimental methods for phosphor evaluation and characterization and the contents are widely expanded from the Second Edition, including the theoretical and experimental designs for new phosphors as well as the phosphor analysis through high pressure and synchrotron studies.

Developing environmental sensing and monitoring technologies become essential especially for industries that may cause severe contamination. Intelligent environmental sensing uses novel sensor techniques, intelligent signal and data processing algorithms, and wireless sensor networks to enhance environmental sensing and monitoring. It finds applications in many environmental problems such as oil and gas, water quality, and agriculture. This book addresses issues related to three main approaches to intelligent environmental sensing and discusses their latest technological developments. Key contents of the book include: Agricultural monitoring Classification, detection, and estimation Data fusion Geological monitoring Motor monitoring Multi-sensor systems Oil reservoirs monitoring Sensor motes Water quality monitoring Wireless sensor network protocol.

Research on the ecosystems has emerged in recent decades as a vital, successful, and sometimes controversial approach to environmental science. Ecosystem science has addressed issues such as human alteration of biogeochemical cycles, ecological complexity and biodiversity, and ecological response to climate change. As a central and integrating science, ecosystem-level studies have been highly successful. This book emphasizes the idea that much of the progress in ecosystem research has been driven by the emergence of new environmental problems that could not be addressed by existing approaches. By focusing on successes, limitations, and frontiers in ecosystem studies, it will be welcomed by students and scientists throughout the ecological and environmental communities.

1 Zusammenfassung.- Konzept der Studie.- Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Kombination beider Ansatze.- Ergebnisse.- Sachbilanz Top-down-Ansatz (Momentaufnahme 1991).- Sachbilanz Bottom-up-Ansatz (Bestandsmodell).- Gegenuberstellung der Ergebnisse.- Eingebrachte Problemstoffe.- Trendfortschreibung.- Leitbilder fur den Baubereich.- 2 Methodischer Ansatz.- 2.1 Bottom-up-Ansatz: Das Modell des Gebaudebestands.- 2.1.1 Stoffflussrelevante Beschreibung des Bestandes in Nutzungs-und Altersklassen.- 2.1.2 Aufbau des Dynamischen Gebaudebestandsmodells.- 2.1.3 Zustand des Bestands - Alterung von Gebauden.- 2.2 Top-down-Ansatz.- 2.2.1 Berechnung kumulierter Groessen im Top-down-Ansatz.- 2.2.2 Vor-und Nachteile des Top-down-Ansatzes.- 2.2.3 Erganzende Erlauterungen zur Vorgehensweise und Datenbasis beim Top-down-Ansatz.- 2.3 Methodik und Datenbasis fur die Bestimmung der eingebrachten Problemstoffe.- 2.3.1 Vorgehensweise.- 2.3.2 Datenquellen und Datenqualitat.- 2.4 Systemgrenzen.- 2.5 Gegenuberstellung des Top-down und Bottom-up-Ansatzes.- 2.6 Sachbilanz.- 2.7 Szenario.- 3 Ergebnisse der Sachbilanz.- 3.1 Bottom-up-Ansatz.- 3.1.1 Stofflager.- 3.1.2 Stoffstroeme.- 3.1.3 Flachen.- 3.1.4 Energie.- 3.1.5 Emissionen und Umweltindikatoren.- 3.1.6 Kosten.- 3.2 Stoffstroeme, Energiestroeme, Luftschadstoffemissionen und Kosten - Top-down-Ansatz.- 3.2.1 Methodik.- 3.2.2 Erstellung der Sachbilanzen.- 3.2.3 Bestimmung jahrlich anfallender Mengen an Abfallen aus den Bereichen "Bauen und Wohnen" fur verschiedene Jahre, Angaben uber weiterverwertete und weiterverwendete Anteile.- 3.2.4 Die Kosten im Sektor "Bauen und Wohnen" im Spiegel der Statistik.- 3.2.5 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse.- 3.3 Eingebrachte Problemstoffe.- 3.3.1 Aufgabenstellung.- 3.3.2 Allgemeiner Untersuchungsgang.- 3.3.3 Vorgehensweise und Begrenzungen.- 3.3.4 Stofflisten und Problemstofffrachten.- 3.3.5 Ausgewahlte Stoffe.- 3.3.6 Ausgewahlte Tatigkeitsbereiche und zugeordnete Problemstoffe.- 3.3.7 Problemstoffe im Bauschutt.- 3.3.8 Zusammenfassung und Kommentar.- 3.4 Bilanzierung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Bottom-up und Top-down-Ansatze.- 3.4.1 Stoffstroeme.- 3.4.2 Energie und Umweltbelastungen.- 3.5 Vergleich mit anderen Studien.- 3.5.1 Stoffstroeme.- 3.5.2 Kosten.- 3.6 Internationaler Vergleich.- 3.7 Landschafts-und Bodenverbrauch.- 3.7.1 Flacheninanspruchnahme durch Wohnungsbauflachen.- 3.7.2 Katasterdaten.- 3.7.3 Baufertigstellungen und Baugenehmigungen.- 3.7.4 Stadtebauliche Strukturtypen und ihr Flachenbedarf.- 4 Szenario.- 4.1 Modellannahmen.- 4.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse.- 4.3 Kommentar zum Szenario.- 5 Strategische UEberlegungen zur Bestandsbewirtschaftung.- 6 Forschungsbedarf.- 6.1 Methodische Probleme.- 6.2 Untersuchungsbereich.- 6.3 Regionale Erfassung.- 6.4 Gebaudebestand.- 6.4.1 Beschreibung der Gebaude.- 6.4.2 Abriss, Entsorgung, Recycling.- 6.5 Externe Kosten.- 6.6 Bautatigkeit und Baukosten.- 6.7 OEkobilanzen von Baustoffen.- 6.8 Problemstoffe.- 6.9 Datenlage.- 7 Ziele, Massnahmen und Instrumente fur eine nachhaltige Entwicklung im Sektor "Bauen und Wohnen".- 7.1 Nachhaltigkeit im Bereich Bauen und Wohnen - Ziele und gegenwartige Entwicklungstrends.- 7.2 Handlungsfelder fur eine nachhaltige Politik im Sektor "Bauen und Wohnen".- 7.3 Perspektiven zur Fortschreibung des Bestands.- Anhang A: GISBAU-Inhaltsstoffe.- Anhang B: BUWAL-Zusatzstoffe.- Anhang C: Problemstoffe im Bauschutt.

This volume discusses the challenges of Latin America in global environmental geopolitics. Written by leading experts, this book brings together Latin American research on global environmental change. They cover a range of topics such as climate change, water, forest and biodiversity conservation connected with science policies, public opinion, priorities of international funds, and international politics of Latin American countries. The book describes the discrepancy between the international priorities and the regional needs or country interests. It includes several case studies and analyses the cooperation in multilateral negotiations on climate change. It also offers a synthesis of debates around global environmental changes and Latin American politics, which the authors have previously promoted in different academic events in South America, including in Santiago de Chile in Chile, and Buenos Aires and Ushuaia in Argentina. This book assesses the environmental problems from different perspectives, highlights the scientific development in the environmental changes affecting Latin America and offers a new view on geopolitics to help face those issues. Specialist readers in international relations, political sciences, environmental sciences, geography and geopolitics will appreciate this up-to-date examination of Latin America and the global environmental change.

This book examines the issues at stake in transboundary water governance, it spotlights the Rhone River, a biophysical entity of enormous historical, political and economic importance. The Rhone has long been viewed essentially as a tool for energy production, heavily canalized and exploited by a series of dams and nuclear power plants - with the result that those who live along this great river have simply turned away. Basing their work on a detailed analysis of the history and the current management of the Rhone, the authors explore the challenges linked with transboundary river basin governance including relevant international water law, appropriation of river and river resources by Nation States. Finally, they discuss a diverse range of institutional architectures and outlines several solutions that might cope with the growing complexity of transboundary management of a major river. The book will be of interest to scholars in fields such as environment studies, water policy and Natural Resource Management, it also has relevance to water managers and entrepreneurs concerned with staying abreast of developments in water policy and governance.

This volume provides essential information on the origin and evolution of Greek rivers, as well as their ecological and anthropogenic characteristics. The topics covered include geomythology, biogeography, hydrology, hydrobiology, hydrogeochemistry, geological and biogeochemical processes, anthropogenic pressures and ecological impacts, water management - both in the antiquity and today - and river restoration. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which explores the importance of rivers for ancient Greek civilization and the natural processes affecting their evolution during the Holocene. In the second part, the hydrological, hydrochemical and biological features of Greek rivers and the unique biogeographical characteristics that form the basis for their high biodiversity and endemism are highlighted, while the third part comprehensively discusses the impacts of environmental pollution on the structure and function of Greek river ecosystems. In turn, the final part describes the current socio-economic factors in Greece that are affecting established water management practices, the application of ecohydrological approaches in restoring fragmented rivers, and the lessons learned from restoring aquatic ecosystems in general as a paradigm for understanding and minimizing anthropogenic impacts on water resources, at the Mediterranean scale. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students and environmental managers alike.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become the recognized instrument to assess the ecological burdens and human health impacts connected with the complete life cycle (creation, use, end-of-life) of products, processes and activities, enabling the assessor to model the entire system from which products are derived or in which processes and activities operate. This volume introduces the major new book series "LCA Compendium - The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment." In this volume, the main drivers in the development of LCA are explored. The volume also discusses strengths and limitations in LCA as well as challenges and gaps, thus offering an unbiased picture of the state-of-the-art and future of LCA.

The book covers a wide range of materials used in biocomposite products, from biopolymer, wood fiber, wood, and non-wood species. It discusses the preparation of the material, processing and end applications, and also reviews wood quality improvement through different types of treatments.

1. Introduces students to current and emerging environmental hazards to human and related ecosystem health. 2. Explains detrimental policy changes of existing policies and recently developed policies that impact the health of the environment and that of communities. 3. Presents a perspective for global sources of pollution and how international actions have emerged for control of environmental hazards such as climate change and global air pollution. 4. Includes foundation lectures, case studies, and practice questions to help create student-led discussions for both in-class and homework assignments. 5. Describes the integrated One Health concept and critically examines the interconnectedness of human- and ecosystem health. 6. Written by environmental health experts with a long teaching career on policy and public health.

This book presents a socio-economic analysis of the issues linking technological innovation in providing arsenic-safe drinking water in rural areas. It presents concrete field based experiences of experiments and case studies depicting the plight and sufferings of people due to failed technological deployment strategies over the past two decades in West Bengal, the most arsenic-exposed state in India and also the first to act for remediation of the crisis. One of the greatest challenges in arsenic-exposed zones is to provide sustainable access to reliably arsenic-safe free water. For nearly twenty years the Government of India and national water distribution institutions in collaboration with multi-lateral funding agencies have sought to pump in money, push technology collected through global tenders, and enlist the support of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), but their efforts have yielded little success. This book is the outcome of the authors' intensive fieldwork, guided by the conceptual framework of the latest literature on environmental economics and consumer behaviour. It presents a framework and estimates based on field level primary data. Secondary official source-based data are also collated from various scattered sources into a valuable, comprehensive collection. Lastly, the book includes a revealing analysis of factors affecting households' participation.

This volume contains reviews on different aspects of human, animal and plant bioclimatology; the mechanisms linking human melanoma with radiation from both the sun and artificial sources; field and experimental studies on the health of farm animals in adverse climatic environments and the impact of climatic extremes on airborne disease organisms and their hosts' defense mechanisms; measurement techniques used in plant bioclimatology, including thermoelectric methods of measuring sap flow and transpiration in plants, remote sensing techniques: the use of lasers in both spectrofluorometry, and the study of the geometrical structure of plant canopies and the use of radar mounted in aircraft and satellites to monitor forest size and state.

Antimony (Sb) is an exciting chemical element ubiquitously present in our daily lives. This book provides a coherent and interdisciplinary picture of our current understanding of this element. Subjects ranging from its mineralogy, mining and environmental chemistry to its potential impact in ecosystems and human health are discussed in this monograph.

This book addresses the core issues involved in the dynamic modeling, simulation and control of a selection of energy systems such as gas turbines, wind turbines, fuel cells and batteries. The principles of modeling and control could be applied to other non-convention methods of energy generation such as solar energy and wave energy. A central feature of Dynamic Modeling, Simulation and Control of Energy Generation is that it brings together diverse topics in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electro-chemistry, electrical networks and electrical machines and focuses on their applications in the field of energy generation, its control and regulation. This book will help the reader understand the methods of modelling energy systems for controller design application as well as gain a basic understanding of the processes involved in the design of control systems and regulators. It will also be a useful guide to simulation of the dynamics of energy systems and for implementing monitoring systems based on the estimation of internal system variables from measurements of observable system variables. Dynamic Modeling, Simulation and Control of Energy Generation will serve as a useful aid to designers of hybrid power generating systems involving advanced technology systems such as floating or offshore wind turbines and fuel cells. The book introduces case studies of the practical control laws for a variety of energy generation systems based on nonlinear dynamic models without relying on linearization. Also the book introduces the reader to the use nonlinear model based estimation techniques and their application to energy systems.

This book reviews and analyzes emerging challenges in water policy, governance and institutions in India. Recent times have seen the contours of water policy shaped by new discourses and narratives; there has been a pluralization of the state and a changing balance of power among the actors who influence the formulation of water policy. Discourses on gender mainstreaming and Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) are influential, though they have often remained rhetorical and difficult to put into practice. Debate over property rights reform and inter-linking of rivers has been polarized. At the same time, there has been a rising disenchantment with policy initiatives in participatory irrigation management, cleaning up of water bodies and pollution control. Fast depletion of groundwater resources and the importance of adopting new irrigation methods are getting increased focus in the recent policy dialogue. The contributors review current debate on these and other subjects shaping the governance of water resources, and take stock of new policy developments. The book examines the experience of policy implementation, and shows where important weaknesses still lie. The authors present a roadmap for the future, and discuss the potential of alternative approaches for tackling emerging challenges. A case is made for greater emphasis on a discursive analysis of water policy, to examine underlying policy processes. The contributors observe that the ongoing democratization of water governance, coupled with the multiplication of stresses on water, will create a more visible demand for platforms for negotiation, conflict resolution and dialogue across different categories of users and uses. Finally, the authors propose that future research should challenge implicit biases in water resources planning and address imbalances in the allocation of water from the perspectives of both equity and sustainability.

Fundamental environmental challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and pollution are still widely relevant in today's world. Many of these problems have been associated with the architecture, engineering, and construction industries due to the level of resources used in these professions. In recent years, many manufacturers in these fields have expressed the motivation to make necessary changes that would be beneficial to the environment. Despite this progress, there remains a lack of research and assessment on the methods to achieve environmental stability within these architectural fields. Examining the Environmental Impacts of Materials and Buildings provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of ecological performance within modern building design and materials-based construction. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as life cycle assessment, material flows analysis, and sustainability, this book is ideally designed for architects, civil engineers, construction professionals, environmentalists, ecologists, business practitioners, scientists, policymakers, designers, researchers, and academicians seeking research on current trends in environmental performance within building design.

This book provides a timely and insightful analysis of the expansion of biofuels production and use in recent years. Drawing on interviews with key policy insiders, Ackrill and Kay show how biofuels policies have been motivated by concerns over climate change, energy security and rural development.

The Evolution of the Genome provides a much needed overview of genomic study through clear, detailed, expert-authored discussions of the key areas in genome biology. This includes the evolution of genome size, genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polypoidy, comparative genomics, and the implications of these genome-level phenomena for evolutionary theory. In addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge of these fields in an accessible way, the various chapters also provide historical and conceptual background information, highlight the ways in which the critical questions are actually being studied, indicate some important areas for future research, and build bridges across traditional professional and taxonomic boundaries.
The Evolution of the Genome will serve as a critical resource for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and established scientists alike who are interested in the issue of genome evolution in the broadest sense.
-Provides detailed, clearly written chapters authored by leading researchers in their respective fields
-Presents a much-needed overview of the historical and theoretical context of the various areas of genomic study
-Creates important links between topics in order to promote integration across subdisciplines, including descriptions of how each subject is actually studied
-Provides information specifically designed to be accessible to established researchers, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students alike

This book develops a fundamental understanding of geophysical fluid dynamics based on a mathematical description of the flows of inhomogeneous fluids. It covers these topics: 1. development of the equations of motion for an inhomogeneous fluid 2. review of thermodynamics 3. thermodynamic and kinetic energy equations 4. equations of state for the atmosphere and the ocean, salt, and moisture effects 5. concepts of potential temperature and potential density 6. Boussinesq and quasi-geostrophic approximations 7. conservation equations for vorticity, mechanical and thermal energy instability theories, internal waves, mixing, convection, double-diffusion, stratified turbulence, fronts, intrusions, gravity currents Graduate students will be able to learn and apply the basic theory of geophysical fluid dynamics of inhomogeneous fluids on a rotating earth, including: 1. derivation of the governing equations for a stratified fluid starting from basic principles of physics 2. review of thermodynamics, equations of state, isothermal, adiabatic, isentropic changes 3. scaling of the equations, Boussinesq approximation, applied to the ocean and the atmosphere 4. examples of stratified flows at geophysical scales, steady and unsteady motions, inertia-gravity internal waves, quasi-geostrophic theory 5. vorticity and energy conservation in stratified fluids 6.boundary layer convection in stratified containers and basins

The book provides a cross-sectoral, multi-scale assessment of development-directed investigations in the main rivers of wider Central Asia and Afghanistan. The book highlights the development of river systems, water reservoirs, ecosystems and risks as well as the impact of climate change on water resources in Central Asian countries and Afghanistan. It provides information on the genesis of river basins, physical and chemical properties of water in rivers, and the hydrological regimes of the rivers of Central Asia and Afghanistan. The book is useful for scientists and researchers whose work focuses on rivers and the use of water resources, irrigation, ecosystems, risks, water supply, climate change and remote sensing, as well as for students and planners, administrations and other stakeholders in the water sector.

Technology has long been an essential consideration in public discussions of the environment, with the focus overwhelmingly on creating new tools and techniques. In more recent years, however, activists, researchers, and policymakers have increasingly turned to mobilizing older technologies in their pursuit of sustainability. In fascinating case studies ranging from the Early Modern secondhand trade to utopian visions of human-powered vehicles, the contributions gathered here explore the historical fortunes of two such technologies-bicycling and waste recycling-tracing their development over time and providing valuable context for the policy successes and failures of today.