This book provides readers with the latest developments in environmental research. Chapter One is an exertion providing up-to date information on mass concentration levels, sources, different types of particles associated with particulate matter (PM) and their effects on human health, climate and natural environment along with controlling methods. Chapter Two evaluates the impact of the foliar applications of seaweed extract (SWE) obtained from Ulva rigida species on salt stress tolerance in wheat plants (Triticum durum L.). Chapter Three addresses polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) origins, uptake dinamics, biotransformation, bioaccumulation and documented impacts over these marine animals, approaching a 'state of knowledge and setting an integrated basis for future tiered studies to estimate the actual human exposure risk through seafood consumption and giving support for future conservational measures. Chapter Four uses the Delphi method, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy logic theory to establish a system of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) to illustrate the influence of community resident participation on the effectiveness of sustainable green community development. Chapter Five reviews an empirical analysis on the factors influencing energy efficient residential renovations in Taiwan by using the Delphi method, analytical hierarchy process, and utility theory. Chapter Six focuses on dental caries, enamel hypoplasia and dental wear, which were observed in the populations of the Syrian lower Euphrates valley representing six cultures dated from the Early Bronze Age to the modern Islamic period. Chapter Seven discusses perfluoroalkylation of organic compounds by photoredox catalysis with organic dyes.

This book presents an overview of current renewable energy sources, challenges and future trends. Drawing from their longtime expertise and deep knowledge of the field, the authors present a critic and well-structured perspective on sustainable power sources and technologies, including solar, wind, hydrogen and nuclear, both in large and small scale. Using accessible language they provide rigorous technological reviews and analyze the main issues of practical usage. The book addresses current questions in this area, such as: "Is there enough biomass to make a difference in energy needs? Should biomass be used in Energy Generation?"; "How mature is battery technology? Will it finally become cost effective, and will it make a significant difference this next decade?"; "How big a role will small and modular nuclear power generation play in the coming decades?"; "What will be the influence of national tax policies?". No prior technical knowledge is assumed of the reader. It is, therefore, ideal for professionals and students in all areas of energy and power systems, as well as those involved in energy planning, management and policy.

Air pollution originating from rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth and economic development has disturbed the urban ecosystems of ecologically sensitive regions like the Indo-Burma hot spot, and they are under severe air pollution stress with limited resources to collect data on what is happening. Air pollutants comprised of both particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants may cause adverse health effects in human, affect plant life and impact the global environment by changing the atmosphere of the earth. It is now well established that urban PM may also contain magnetic particles along with other air pollutants. Biomonitoring of PM through magnetic properties, known as biomagnetic monitoring, measures the magnetic parameters of dust loaded plant leaves, giving a new opportunity to monitor. Compared to existing conventional technologies, biomagnetic monitoring is an eco-friendly technique perfect in urban areas. Biomagnetic Monitoring of Particulate Matter reviews the issues with PM and the potential of these methods to on tropical vegetation on a variety of flora which represent the biodiversity of the Indo-Burma Hot Spot.

This series covers leading-edge research focusing on the environment, including current research data on sustainable agricultural development and the environment: new perspectives and policy proposals; impacts assessment of success stories in natural resources management in Togo; cultural predictors of perceived environmental responsibility and sustainable behavior; degraded karst relief; erosion dynamics in lateritic santiniketan badland, west Bengal, India; study of oil recovery in naturally fractured reservoirs considering impact of parameters included in performance of spontaneous imbibition mechanism; prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chile and potential use of antagonistic bacterial strains for its control in aquaculture; the environmental perception amongst the inhabitants of Taperoa, an urban area in the state of Paraiba; ecosystem's role in empowering communities to face global environmental change: community-based ecological mangrove restoration in Thailand; bowalisation; and evaluation of comfort in indoor spaces.

This series covers leading-edge research focusing on the environment, including current research data on the impact of forest canopy structure on simulations of atmosphere-biosphere NOX exchange; numerical simulation of CO2 sequestration in saline aquifer influenced by heterogeneous capillary pressure and wettability; the estimation of riverine nutrient fluxes from an urban watershed in New Jersey; a field survey on the Iberian Peninsula; pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in river sediments based on calculation of pollution indices; rainfall patterns and the relation to atmospheric circulation in Northern Patagonia; a case study of a dry deciduous forest in Kratie, Cambodia; a case study on wastewater management in Nepal; methane interactions with an atmospheric moisture; anthanides and actinides in soils of Khibiny-Lovozero Province; safer irrigation technology adoption under uncertainty perception in Ghana; and nano biomaterial for decontamination of carcinogenic metal from waste water.

This series covers leading-edge research focusing on the environment, including current research data on coastal wetlands and their role in human health; electro-kinetic enhanced phytoremediation for the restoration of multi-metal(loid) contaminated soils; French neotropical solanum genus; advances in production of value-added products from sugarcane straw ash; influence of organic load, fill time and cycle length on biohydrogen production in an AnSBBR treating glucose-based wastewater; AnSBBR operated in batch and fed-batch modes applied to biohydrogen production treating lactose-based wastewater; and impact assessment of mining and metallurgical activities on the distribution of trace elements in the Stavnja Valley, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The authors of this book examine the latest developments in environmental research. Chapters include community and societal perspectives and strategies on learning to co-exist with environmental hazards; an overview of the current knowledge of biomonitoring of environmental heavy metals pollution; important insights on climate variables in water demand modelling which can be useful in conducting a more rigorous climate change impact analysis on urban water demand in other cities and regions; the applications of renewable energy in buildings and other various environments; an evaluation of SRCs as a potential carbon neutral source of biomass for energy and chemicals; a discussion on the distribution of certain chemical elements which in higher contents represent hazards to the environment and cause certain unwanted consequences on human health; and an analysis of dynamic linear modeling of homogenized monthly temperatures which demonstrated a rise in monthly temperature records with a seasonal pattern.

Heavy metals, algae, and microbial activities in marine systems are the main targets of this book. The book is divided into 8 sections and covers heavy metal assessment, bio-monitoring of organic pollutants, pollutant removal, biota, biological activity, algae, energy, and global systems and greenhouse environments.

Ecological modelling is a fast growing science. More and more innovative methodologies and theories on ecological modelling are emerging around the world. This book presents models, methods and theories on ecological modelling. Topics discussed include artificial neural networks; individual-based modelling; ecological nich models; landscape and GIS modelling; population dynamics; nutritional ecology; remote sensing and decision support systems. This book reflects recent achievements of scientists in the study of ecological modelling.

Book & DVD. Biomonitoring is the assessment of human exposure to chemicals by measuring the chemicals of their metabolites in such human specimens as blood and urine. Most chemicals or their metabolites were measured in blood, serum and urine samples from random subsamples of about 2500 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). This book explores the ongoing assessment of the exposure of the U.S. population to environmental chemicals by the use of biomonitoring. It provides unique exposure information to scientists, physicians, and health officials to help prevent exposure to some environmental chemicals.

Marine and freshwater biotoxins are a well-known problem in food safety, mainly for filter-feeding mollusks and for freshwater aquaculture. This is a challenging matter since, in recent years, toxic algal blooms seems to grow in frequency and duration, leading to longer closure of harvesting areas, disruption in trade, mortality in farmed fish and a growing concern in producers, consumers and health authorities. Unfortunately, in recent years toxins from far latitudes are emerging, leading to new human health problems. Research and exhaustive knowledge of a problem makes it easier to draw a scenario where the best management strategies are gathered. This book combines all if the information related to food-borne illness associated with marine or freshwater biotoxins, the anthropogenic and environmental factors that cause the appearance of toxic episodes and all available analytical procedures for phycotoxins detection.

This text examines control techniques and measures to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from specific industrial sectors such as coal-fired electric generating units; the petroleum industry and the iron and steel industry.

A compelling expose of the highly problematic scholarship of Bjorn Lomborg, the world's leading global warming skeptic In this major assessment of leading climate-change skeptic Bjorn Lomborg, Howard Friel meticulously deconstructs the Danish statistician's claim that global warming is "no catastrophe" by exposing the systematic misrepresentations and partial accounting that are at the core of climate skepticism. His detailed analysis serves not only as a guide to reading the global warming skeptics, but also as a model for assessing the state of climate science. With attention to the complexities of climate-related phenomena across a range of areas-from Arctic sea ice to the Antarctic ice sheet-The Lomborg Deception also offers readers an enlightening review of some of today's most urgent climate concerns. Friel's book is the first to respond directly to Lomborg's controversial research as published in The Skeptical Environmentalist (2001) and Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming (2007). His close reading of Lomborg's textual claims and supporting footnotes reveals a lengthy list of findings that will rock climate skeptics and their allies in the government and news media, demonstrating that the published peer-reviewed climate science, as assessed mainly by the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has had it mostly right-even if somewhat conservatively right-all along. Friel's able defense of Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth against Lomborg's repeated attacks is by itself worth an attentive reading.

The term ecotoxicology is the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial. This book discusses the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment; the effects of various ecotoxicants on nematodes; salinity threats to agricultural productivity; sorption and the ecological risk assessment of non-ionic organic contaminants; and the application of ecotoxicological tools in the assessment, monitoring of Brazilian waters; and others.

An ecosystem model was developed and applied to Atsumi Bay, Japan, to evaluate the effects of reclaiming seagrass beds and creating artificial shallows with seagrass beds to mitigate the effects of the reclamation. The model can demonstrate the ecological mechanisms in the pelagic and benthic ecosystems including seagrass beds and tidal flats. The objectives of the application of the ecosystem model to Atsumi Bay are presented in this book, as well as a discussion of the effects of the reclamation of seagrass beds and the creation of artificial shallows on the water quality in the estuary.

R. Wagner The European list of wastes (LOW) (Commission Decision 2000/532/EC and updates) is the basic foundation for the implementation of waste legislation in Europe. It contains a harmonized list of different types of waste and categorizes them according to their origin or generation process. It provides for a uniform description of wastes through the application of a uniform nomenclature and the assignation of certain waste code numbers, for example, in permits or for monit- ing purposes. It also labels those hazardous wastes that are subject to a number of special provisions in both European and national legislation, for example, with regard to monitoring, licenses for installations, and national obligations regarding giving notice and transfer of responsibilities. The Waste Catalogue Ordinance (AVV) transposed the European LOW into German legislation in late 2001. This ordinance encompasses 840 codes of waste in 20 main chapters, classifies 400 types of waste as hazardous, and contains mirror entries for about 200 types of waste. The latter term classifies waste either as hazardous or non-hazardous, depending on certain physical or chemical properties. The ordinance defines 14 hazard criteria (H criteria), including criterion H14 "ecotoxic," in order to classify waste with regard to properties that render it hazardous. Unfortunately, the LOW is incomplete. Depending on the classification of h- ard, specific concentrations of solids are laid down for the majority of properties relevant for health and workers' protection.

This volume is a collection of papers produced within the framework of the Italian National Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA) on the monitoring and control of environmental contamination. The volume represents a contribution of the PNRA to the study of planetary contamination and to the understanding of the processes of global change.;The research focuses on the measurement and analysis of trace elements and organic micropollutants in the following matrices: snow/firn, seawater, soils, sediments, suspended particulate matter, pack ice, atmosphere, and biota.;The results presented extend beyond the development of specific analytical methodologies, to explicitly tackle significant environmental issues concerning global changes. Particularly relevant are the results concerning time changes of CFCs in the troposphere and lead concentration in Antarctic snow in Victoria Land, the presence of organic micropollutants in various Antarctica matrices, and the seasonal evolution of trace elements and organics in seawater.

This book offers an up-to-date guide to the concepts, procedures, statistical methods and models used to assess human exposure to environmental chemicals. Noting that exposure assessment is a comparatively new discipline of the environmental sciences, the book aims to encourage its use as a powerful tool for measuring actual levels of exposure and determining whether interventions are needed to protect public health. With this goal in mind, the book gives researchers expert advice on the design and conduct of studies, the interpretation of findings, and the best methods for ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of results. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the ways in which well-designed exposure assessments can enhance the practical value of findings from traditional epidemiological and toxicological investigations. The book has twelve chapters. The first six cover conceptual and methodological issues. Chapter one introduces basic concepts used in exposure assessment, and describes direct and indirect methods of measuring or estimating actual exposure and determining whether intervention is required. The uses of human exposure data are covered in chapter two, which explains how studies of human exposure can reduce the uncertainty of estimates used in epidemiology, risk assessment and risk management. Chapter three considers several generic study designs and approaches, and compares their advantages and limitations. Chapter four, on statistical methods, discusses selective applications of descriptive and inferential statistics, using data on lead exposure as an example. Subsequent chapters review methods for the collection and application of time-use data and introduce the principles, methods and data requirements of exposure modeling. Against this background, chapters in the second half of the book offer practical advice on the design and conduct of studies aimed at assessing exposure to chemicals in different environmental media. Separate chapters describe sampling methods used to analyze chemical concentrations in air, water, and food, and in soil and settled dust. Environmental allergens that can contribute to disease or alter susceptibility are considered in chapter nine, which concentrates on methods for measuring particles from house dust mites and their feces, allergens from pets and cockroaches, and allergens or toxins from fungi, bacteria and pollen. Subsequent chapters describe the use of biological markers in exposure assessment, and discuss issues surrounding the quality assurance of exposure studies and results. The final chapter presents brief summaries and examples of exposure studies in order to illustrate different study designs for different objectives, target pollutants, and populations. Studies that show how exposure assessment supports epidemiology and risk management, particularly in developing countries, are also included.

This book explores how integrated management of environmental resources via a Nexus Approach can help to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It takes a process-oriented view on what should or needs to be done to implement a Nexus Approach and how this relates to SDGs. After sketching the background and conceptual outline, contributions to the book explore key aspects of monitoring and implementation. Specifically, they: focus on the importance of monitoring resource use and how to advance it at the international level to support SDG implementation, exemplify the resources perspective on the nexus approach by exploring how to close the nitrogen cycle and stay within planetary boundaries, elaborate on proven and emerging strategies for nexus implementation, highlighting means to enhance, monitor and analyse stakeholder participation, explain how the horizontal and vertical nexus dimensions interact and can support SDG implementation. The book sheds new light on key aspects of the interrelation between SDGs and the Nexus Approach and provides specific recommendations how to advance it.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Air Pollution and Its Application in Public Health reviews, in detail, the tools needed to understand the spatial temporal distribution and trends of air pollution in the atmosphere, including how this information can be tied into the diverse amount of public health data available using accurate GIS techniques. By utilizing GIS to monitor, analyze and visualize air pollution problems, it has proven to not only be the most powerful, accurate and flexible way to understand the atmosphere, but also a great way to understand the impact air pollution has in diverse populations. This book is essential reading for novices and experts in atmospheric science, geography and any allied fields investigating air pollution.

Time-series analysis is used to identify and quantify periodic features in datasets and has many applications across the geosciences, from analysing weather data, to solid-Earth geophysical modelling. This intuitive introduction provides a practical 'how-to' guide to basic Fourier theory, with a particular focus on Earth system applications. The book starts with a discussion of statistical correlation, before introducing Fourier series and building to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and related periodogram techniques. The theory is illustrated with numerous worked examples using R datasets, from Milankovitch orbital-forcing cycles to tidal harmonics and exoplanet orbital periods. These examples highlight the key concepts and encourage readers to investigate more advanced time-series techniques. The book concludes with a consideration of statistical effect size and significance. This useful book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in the Earth system sciences who are looking for an accessible introduction to time-series analysis.

Chemicals are an essential part of everyday life and all too-often taken for granted, yet often portrayed negatively in the media. Concern over the deleterious effects of chemicals to the environment and human health have prompted governments in the developed world to establish screening programmes such as REACH and HPV Challenge to identify chemicals presenting the greatest degree of risk to health and the environment. While such programmes identify chemicals with the greatest risk, there is no ranking system for alternative chemicals, which while being potentially less harmful, still carry a degree of risk. This volume of the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology series investigates how the alternatives can be assessed and their risk determined. With contributions from experts across the globe, this volume addresses some of the key concepts behind risk assessment of alternative chemicals. Some of the current protocols adopted are discussed, and several chapters explore the topic in the context of industry, making this book essential reading for industrialists as well as academics, postgraduate students and policy makers.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in environmental research. Chapter One presents the strongest wind erosions of the Sinjsko polje, a karst field situated in the Dalmatia, Croatian south region. Chapter Two provides an analysis for sediment formation by model experiments in karstic depressions. Chapter Three presents the effects of different water pollutants on different assays, biomonitors and biomarkers to evaluate the aquatic environment, as well as justify the importance of inclusion of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests in water monitoring programs. Chapter Four focuses upon the role of spatial analysis in informing water management into the future and reviews the spatial analysis literature in water resources management/economics from a global and local scale. Chapter Five discusses the impact of climatic variation on reference crop evapotranspiration in the North-East hydrological region of Bangladesh. Chapter Six reviews the causes and impacts of land degradation in Pakistan and devises some improvement measures. Chapter Seven evaluates the impact of partially harvesting the lavender biomass. Chapter Eight introduces benefits and cost of green roof installation, and also gives a new insight into the cost-related issues of green roof installation from owners developers and governments perspectives. Chapter Nine examines the potential environmental risk of food waste management. Chapter Ten discusses the ecophysiology of entomopathogenic fungi used against insect pests of storage maize.

The aim of this book is to assist environmental authorities and technicians in the design of effective environmental monitoring programs. Consensus exists that any good management program must be able to distinguish between natural variability and changes induced by anthropogenic activities. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement continuous monitoring programs. Sampling design is critical for the success of these programs due to the high spatio-temporal variability of coastal ecosystems. No potential sources of pollution should be neglected in sampling design, such as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), which has been recognised as an important link between the continent and the ocean. Additionally, sampling design should avoid Type II decision errors (false negatives), which means a problem is not found when in fact it does exist. Being able to detect undesired effects is indispensable to adopt preventive and corrective measures. It is essential that these programs change their primarily anthropocentric focus to an ecocentric focus. The need to cover large spatial regions periodically makes necessary the development and application of new technologies such as remote sensing data into monitoring programs. The development of environmental "diagnostic" tools to allow early warning detection of pollution exposure, such as biomarker measurements in bioindicator organisms, are also valuable tools for environmental monitoring, which are examined in this book.