Minimize your taxes and maximize your refund with this expert guide to your small business tax return Taxes remain one of the biggest headaches and costs for small businesses around the United States. J.K. Lasser's Small Business Taxes 2021 delivers an approachable but expert guide in legally limiting your tax liabilities while maximizing your deductions and credits. You'll be in great hands as Barbara Weltman - attorney, expert, and author - shows you what tax relief is available to you and how to claim it. You'll discover how to: Make tax-savvy business decisions Take advantage of COVID-19-related tax breaks Pick the right forms to claim available deductions and credits Use legal and effective tax strategies to minimize your taxes payable Use sample forms and checklists to get organized Keep the right records in case the IRS comes calling Whether you're filing your small business' taxes or you work with a tax professional, J.K. Lasser's Small Business Taxes 2021 will walk you through the tax process for 2020 returns and tax planning for 2021 to optimize your tax savings and minimize your audit exposure.

This topical book is the first publication that focuses on the impact of the CCCTB project on relations between the European Union and third countries. Although the CCCTB system will only be applicable within the European Union, it will also have wide-ranging impacts for non-resident companies.The book considers the impact of the CCCTB from the perspective of non-EU-based enterprises that are carrying on business in the EU through the operation of branches or subsidiaries in member states. It incorporates the perspectives of leading scholars from all over Europe as well as from third countries such as the United States, and provides in-depth analysis of the key aspects which would affect third countries, such as: withholding taxation, taxation of transparent entities, and transfer of assets to third countries. Corporate Income Taxation in Europe will provide essential insights to academics, practitioners and policymakers in the field of taxation. It will also interest those looking ahead to future tax reforms in the EU, or considering how a similar model may be applied elsewhere. Contributors: K. Andersson, K. Becker, Y. Brauner, J. Englisch, D. Gutmann, C.-A. Helleputte, W. Hellerstein, C. HJI Panayi, C. Kaeser, M.A. Kane, T. Keijzer, E.C.C.M. Kemmeren, R. Lyal, G. Maisto, P. Pistone, R. Seer, D.S. Smit, C. Spengel, J. van de Streek, E. Traversa, D. Weber

Transactions involving intellectual property play an increasingly significant role in economic activity at every level from global to local, with particular challenges for taxation and revenue authorities. Moreover, the manifold complexities associated with identifying, valuing and transferring intangibles make this an issue requiring a creative review of existing transfer pricing methodologies and techniques. In this ground-breaking new study, Michelle Markham offers an in-depth examination of attitudes at the forefront of this rapidly evolving area of taxation law, focusing her work on a comparative analysis of the US, OECD, and Australian perspectives on the transfer pricing of intangible assets. "The Transfer Pricing of Intangibles" not only highlights the current problems encountered in inter-affiliate transactions of intangible property, but also attempts to offer a variety of solutions to these problems. Among the issues explored are the following: how the tax treatment of intangibles in the context of transfer pricing has become a major international tax concern; definitional issues which are vital to an understanding of transfer pricing; application of the arm's length principle to intangible asset transactions; determination of legal and economic ownership of group intangible assets; intangible asset valuation and transfer; transfer pricing methodologies; global formulary apportionment; transfer pricing documentation requirements; penalties for non-compliance; resolution of transfer pricing disputes; and advance pricing agreements. Revenue authorities, multinational enterprise executives, and tax practitioners around the world will greatly appreciate the recommendations and solutions proposed in this knowledgeable and thoughtful book. Its acute sense of the opportunities and pitfalls of an ever-more-complex area of economic activity place it in a category of its own, of inestimable benefit to interested parties.

Islam encourages business and financial transactions as a way of securing the basic needs for all human beings, but these need to be conducted in accordance with the principles contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah. However, these legal concepts are not classified subject-wise, and the verses on commercial law, like all other topics, are scattered throughout the Qur'an, making it difficult for readers to gain a full understanding of the topic. This, therefore, is the first comprehensive book to demystify Islamic contract law and specifically Islamic financial contracts, and to examine its roots and history. The book is written in a clear style to allow for a greater understanding of the more challenging and misunderstood areas pertaining to Islamic business and financial contracts. It also contributes a series of chapters which address the market niche and need, concerning Shariah compliance for Islamic financial products and services. The book is divided into 16 chapters in order to provide a holistic and thorough overview of Islamic law of contract. It covers the objections and misconceptions surrounding Islamic business and financial contracts. It also includes the key features and guiding principles of Islamic law of contract and offers technical know-how, illustrating the concept of formation of a contract, as well as the essential elements of a valid contract. The authors also offer a discussion on the system of options under Islamic business and financial contracts and potential solutions to breach of contracts. The book will serve as a handy reference for scholars and students of Islamic business and finance and Islamic commercial law and will also be beneficial for practitioners as well as legal and judicial officers. It will open new doors for further research in the field of Islamic financial contracts.

How can it be that people and businesses are ever unable to obtain credit? Why do lenders not simply increase the interest rate for high-risk borrowers? And if increased interest rates cant solve the problem, then surely the use of collateral can?As it turns out, things are not that simple. It seems that the laws of supply and demand do not fully apply to the credit market: low interest rates attract high demand, a part of which is never met, no matter what the interest rate. What is more, excessive interest rates seem to exacerbate the problem. Common knowledge holds that security interests provide at least a part of the answer, and yet economic theory has been ambiguous about them, to say the least.This book provides an in-depth analysis of both the general economic theory of secured lending, as well as the very concrete and detailed aspects of the legal framework in which it takes place, in Belgium and the United States. Legal practitioners will find a deeper economic understanding of how credit works, and answers to legal questions that no traditional, inside-the-box legal handbook will ever ask. Economists will find theory applied to, and checked by, the legal reality in which they necessarily operate, down to minute detail.

Now established as the definitive text in the important area of Revenue Law. This completely revised edition incorporates all of the most recent changes in the law in this important area and now incorporates an entire section on the law relating to Value Added Tax. The principles and policy behind the development and application of revenue law are explored through a contextual approach which helps the reader develop an understanding of their many complex rules and reform. The book will be invaluable to undergraduate and professional students of law, accountancy, business and taxation on traditional as well as open learning courses. It will also serve as an essential reference guide for practitioners of law, accountancy and taxation.

The Foundations of Public Finance presents the most important articles and papers tracing the development of public finance from the earliest tolls and customs duties levied on goods and land to more complex tax systems up to 1950.A signal contribution of this collection is that it allows the founding fathers to describe the development of different schools or doctrines in their own words. It is a fascinating story showing how economic analysis develops partly as a response to the need to gain a deeper insight into practical questions such as 'how progressive should a tax systems be?'. The volume is a companion to and complements Modern Public Finance edited by A.B. Atkinson (also in The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics series) which covers the recent developments in public finance from 1950.

This book tracks the phenomenon of international corporate personhood (ICP) in international law and explores many legal issues raised in its wake. It sketches a theory of the ICP and encourages engagement with its amorphous legal nature through reimagination of international law beyond the State, in service to humanity. The book offers two primary contributions, one descriptive and one normative. The descriptive section of the book sketches a history of the emergence of the ICP and discusses existing analogical approaches to theorizing the corporation in international law. It then turns to an analysis of the primary judicial decisions and international legal instruments that animate internationally a concept that began in U.S. domestic law. The descriptive section concludes with a list of twenty-two judge-made and text-made rights and privileges presently available to the ICP that are not available to other international legal personalities; these are later categorized into 'active' and 'passive' rights. The normative section of the book begins the shift from what is to what ought to be by sketching a theory of the ICP that - unlike existing attempts to place the corporation in international legal theory - does not rely on analogical reasoning. Rather, it adopts the Jessupian emphasis on 'human problems' and encourages pragmatic, solution-oriented legal analysis and interpretation, especially in arbitral tribunals and international courts where legal reasoning is frequently borrowed from domestic law and international treaty regimes. It suggests that ICPs should have 'passive' or procedural rights that cater to problems that can be characterized as 'universal' but that international law should avoid universalizing 'active' or substantive rights which ICPs can shape through agency. The book concludes by identifying new trajectories in law relevant to the future and evolution of the ICP. This book will be most useful to students and practitioners of international law but provides riveting material for anyone interested in understanding the phenomenon of international corporate personhood or the international law surrounding corporations more generally.

The contributions in this volume elucidate both 'synthetic securitization' (which involves the investors in exposure-based securities to particular risks in exchange for a fee) and conventional securitization (issuance of securities for the primary purpose of raising funds for the originator or owner of the assets being securitized). The various contributions illustrate how the structures employed in securitizations are readily capable of being applied to a wide range of income-generating assets, including such innovative asset classes as the following:
- commercial mortgages
- student rents
- intellectual property rights
- carbon emission allowances
- life insurance policies
- project and infrastructure loans
- microfinance loans
- sovereign aid grants
- non-performing loans
- loans to finance corporate takeovers
- tax receivables and other public sector assets
In addition, this volume covers the emergence of new markets for securitization in Asia, Latin America, Islamic countries, and South Africa, as well as major developments in the accounting treatment of securitizations and evolving judicial attitudes to the underlying sale and credit derivative components of securitizations.

Taxation has long been the subject of study by both lawyers and economists - pre-dating the law and economics movement - but the gap in the understanding of one another's methodology appears to have widened over time. This important two-volume set aims to address this gap, presenting a selection of papers which have been carefully chosen by the editor not only for their application of economics to distinctly legal issues in the field of taxation, but also for their use of an economic analysis that is relevant and penetrable for lawyers and legal scholars. The collection begins with papers that explore the difference between economic and traditional legal approaches to tax problems. Volume I then focuses on commodity taxation, tax incidence and distribution, progressivity, income taxation, consumption and the choice of tax base. Volume II then turns to more procedural aspects of tax, such as the implementation of the tax base, administration and compliance (including tax shelters), the taxable unit and tax expenditures. This collection will provide an invaluable reference source for lawyers, economists and any student of tax law.

As populations become increasingly concentrated in urban centres and mega cities, while demands on transportation continue to grow, the question of how to mitigate the environmental footprint of these trends is ever more pressing. This comprehensive book demonstrates the potentially significant role of environmental taxation and other market-based instruments in meeting these challenges. Providing global insights, the book features international contributions from specialists in economics, law, technology, political economy and policy analysis. Studying environmental pricing policies in the context of urban sustainability and transportation, the contributing scholars identify cross-cutting issues to demonstrate how the use and evaluation of policy instruments can be improved. In addition to addressing the pervasive environmental impact of cities and transportation, novel case studies illustrate how the digital economy, as well as increasing globalization, necessitate a more sustainable approach in which environmental fiscal solutions could play a vital role. Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport will have broad appeal for researchers and will also be a useful resource for students in law, economics and politics with an interest in urban and environmental issues. Policymakers and their staff will find its use of real-world examples and nontechnical language particularly beneficial.

Banking and Capital Markets Companion, 6th edition provides a clear and concise examination of the law, practice and procedure of fund raising in the banking and capital markets. It covers loans, debt securities, derivatives and security for debt using graphics, flowcharts, bullets and summaries to present the subject in an analytical format that is easy to read and recall. It is based on industry standard materials of the Loan Market Association, the International Capital Markets Association, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association and the British Bankers Association and the new edition has been comprehensively revised and updated to take account of new legislation, regulation and case law. There has been considerable change in this area of law since the last edition published. The book is updated to reflect the LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) practice and sovereign debt short selling restrictions and significant case law on Marshalling and ISDA Master Agreements. The tax section is updated to take account of the 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 Finance Acts. Legislation and case law includes: . Financial Services Act 2012 setting up the new UK financial structure; .2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 Finance Acts; . Capital Requirement Directives 3 and 4; . Regulation on derivative market infrastructure (EMIR); . Short Selling Regulation; . Amendments of Prospectus Directive, Financial Collateral Arrangements, Credit agencies regulations, regulation of restrictions on selling of securities - resulting in UK orders amending domestic law. Contents: 1. Debt Finance; 2. Basics; 3. Banking; 4. Loans; 5. Debt Securities; 6. Collateral and guarantees; 7. Derivatives; 8. Opinions; 9. Sovereign Debt; 10. Taxation. Banking and Capital Markets Companion is a much-needed guide for postgraduates studying for their MA, LLM or LPC. It is also an excellent single-volume reference guide for all banking executives, practitioners and newly qualified lawyers seeking a quick answer, or a starting point for in-depth research, on a particular aspect of the subject. Previous print edition ISBN:9781847663085

Social science theorists from various scholarly disciplines have contributed to a recent literature that examines how the finance industry has expanded and now wields increasing influence across a variety of economic fields and industries. In some cases, this tendency towards a more sizeable and influential finance industry has been referred to as "the financialization" of the economy. This book explains how what is referred to as the finance-led economy (arguably a more neutral and less emotionally charged term than financialization) is premised on a number of conditions, institutional relations, and theoretical propositions and assumptions, and indicates what the real economic consequences are for market actors and households. The book provides a theoretically condensed but empirically grounded account of the contemporary finance-led economy, in many cases too complicated in its design and rich in detail to be understood equally by insiders-empirical research indicates-and lay audiences. It summarizes the relevant literature and points at two empirical cases, the construction industry and life science venturing, to better illustrate how the expansion of the finance industry has contributed to the capital formation process, and how the sovereign state has actively assisted this process. It offers a credible, yet accessible overview of the economic conditions that will arguably shape economic affairs for the foreseeable future. The book will find an audience amongst a variety of readers, including graduate students, management scholars, policymakers, and management consultants.

This textbook examines the legal and regulatory approaches to digital assets and related technology taken by United States regulators. As cryptoassets and other blockchain applications mature, and regulatory authorities work hard to keep pace, Daniel Stabile, Kimberly Prior and Andrew Hinkes invite students to consider the legal approaches, challenges and tension points inherent in regulating these new products and systems. The authors explore the attempts to apply securities laws and money transmission regulation, the growth of smart contracts, the taxation of digital assets, and the intersection of digital assets and criminal law. This innovative and unique textbook features: Commentary and analysis by three leading attorneys engaged with the regulation of digital assets and blockchain technology, offering practical, real-world acumen A comprehensive overview of the origins, key features and mechanisms of blockchain technology, as well as a broad intimation of the divisive debates that will shape the future of digital assets, to guarantee a thorough introduction to the topic for students Excerpts of authorities and other materials from key regulators, including the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodities Futures Trade Commission, and the Internal Revenue Service, to add insight and nuance to classroom discussions. In this, the first textbook of its kind, students of law, business, or technology will find crucial insights into the law and regulation of blockchain and a comprehensive overview of significant public debates on the topic.

The book presents a collective action perspective to explain how extraterritoriality functions and assess when, and to what extent, extraterritoriality is effective. A collective action perspective provides a new account of foreign anti-bribery laws and their extraterritorial enforcement that draws on theories discussed in the field of economic governance. Within this framework, the book offers an intensive analysis of US foreign anti-bribery law such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), international law as it emanates from the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, and comparative insights into UK law and German law. To test the theory in practice, the book provides a unique data set of more than 40 foreign anti-bribery enforcement actions conducted by the US Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and other examples from comparative jurisdictions. Extraterritoriality and International Bribery is ideal reading for academics and students with an interest in global governance, economic crime, criminology, and law and economics, as well as practitioners concerned with foreign anti-bribery enforcement, including compliance officers, lawyers, investigating and prosecuting authorities, and business leaders. The book also discusses governance alternatives existing outside international anti-bribery law and offers policy and legal reforms proposals. The book suggests a decentralized enforcement model with the delegation of some enforcement tasks to an external body as the most appropriate governance alternative.

The authors of this study emphasize the effectiveness of collectively funded public insurances as opposed to genetic information regulation within the private insurance sector. Genetics has provided tools to determine individuals' risk of future disease, which is of key interest for insurance companies in determining insurance premiums; but persons with high enough risk may remain uninsured. For this reason, genetic information has been regulated. But, regulation may not be the solution, according to the authors, and they call for the resumption of social insurance, a key element of the welfare state.

Although EU Member States have retained national sovereignty in tax matters, a consistent line of decisions by the European Court of Justice requires them to exercise these powers consistent with superseding Community law. In other words, the Member States are not wholly autonomous. This in turn creates serious tensions. This timely resource covers a variety of critical issues, including the current and possible future effects of the internal market on the fiscal sovereignty of Member States; the limits that European law imposes on Member States' policy sovereignty in matters of international tax law; the effect of European law on taxes levied by local authorities; and the consequences the Treaty of Lisbon may have for Member States' fiscal sovereignty.

In excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer covers the amount of a loss exceeding the policy's deductible but not piercing its cover limit. Accordingly, a policy's quantitative scope of cover is significantly affected by the parties' agreement of a deductible and a cover limit. Yet, the examination of whether a loss has exceeded deductible or cover limit necessitates an educated understanding of what constitutes one loss. In so-called aggregation clauses, the parties to (re-)insurance contracts regularly provide that multiple individual losses are to be added together for presenting one loss to the reinsurer when they arise from the same event, occurrence, catastrophe, cause or accident. Aggregation mechanisms are one of the core instruments for structuring reinsurance contracts. This book systematically examines each element of an aggregation mechanism, tracing the inconsistent usage of aggregation language in the markets and scrutinizing the tests developed by courts and arbitral tribunals. In doing so, it seeks to support insurers, reinsurers, brokers and lawyers in drafting aggregation clauses and in settling claims. Focusing on an analysis of primary sources, particularly judicial decisions, the book interprets each judicial decision to describe a system of inter-related rules, collating, organising and describing the English law of aggregation as applied by the courts and arbitral tribunals. It further draws a comparison between the English position and the corresponding rules in the Principles of Reinsurance Contract Law (PRICL).

In a world of tight legal and economic networks, tax disputes are on the increase. Mutual agreement procedures have virtually been the only means of settling such tax disputes amicably. In practice, mutual agreement procedures have not always proved satisfactory. The Convention on the Elimination of Double Taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises, can serve as an alternative dispute settlement vehicle. However, only transfer pricing disputes fall within the applicability of this EU Convention and its geographic scope is restricted to EU territory. As part of their treaty policy, some countries have therefore added arbitration clauses to newly negotiated tax treaties. These arbitration clauses extend the competence of an arbitration board not only to transfer pricing disputes but to the entire scope of a tax treaty, thereby avoiding most of the disadvantages of a simple mutual agreement procedure. In addition, related legal areas such as the arbitration provisions of the WTO, NAFTA, ICSID or social security systems may provide interesting inputs for future developments in the settlement of tax treaty disputes. Presented as 18 national reports from leading international authorities, coverage includes not only to the EU, but also Norway, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Latvia. Settlement of Disputes in Tax Treaty Law builds on the work published in Tax Treaty Interpretation (Lang, 2001). The volume distills the findings of a research conference sponsored by the European Commission, and held in Austria in September 2001. At a time of increasing convergence of global financial systems, tax considerations are more vital than ever.

National debts incurred by illegitimate regimes against the best interests of the citizens is a serious problem of international economics and politics. These sovereign debts, often referred to as odious debts, deplete the public purse and create an ongoing financial liability that serves to constrain investment and economic growth, and conspires to keep millions in poverty. This important and timely book explains the legal principles and politics involved in the issue of odious debts, and sovereign debt arrangements more generally. The author goes beyond abstract arguments and proposes legal rules and international regulation that should be put in place to create the right incentives to stop the transmission of odious debts. Her proposal is for a registration scheme for sovereign debt, and the imposition of positive duties on financiers who provide loans to sovereign borrowers. Sovereign Finance and the Poverty of Nations will appeal to students, academics, debt activists, policymakers, international finance practitioners and anyone with a general interest in sovereign finance affairs.

This book addresses the questions of discrimination, vulnerable consumers, and financial inclusion in the light of the emerging legal, socioeconomic, and technological challenges. New technologies - such as artificial intelligence-driven consumer credit risk assessment and Fintech platforms, the changing nature of vulnerability due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the sophistication of digital technologies, which help circumvent legal barriers and protections - necessitate the continuous study of the existing legal frameworks and measures that are capable of tackling these challenges. Organized in two major parts, the first addresses, from multiple national angles, the idea of a human rights approach to consumer law, in order to replace the mantra of economic efficiency that characterizes financial services with those of human dignity and freedom from discrimination and from debt-induced servitude. The second tackles the challenges posed by increased usage of technology in connection with financial services, which tends to solve, but also creates, additional issues for consumers in general, and for vulnerable groups in particular.