The Monterey coast, home to an acclaimed aquarium and the setting for John Steinbeck's classic novel Cannery Row, was also the stage for a historical junction of industry and tourism. Shaping the Shoreline looks at the ways in which Monterey has formed, and been formed by, the tension between labor and leisure. Connie Y. Chiang examines Monterey's development from a seaside resort into a working-class fishing town and, finally, into a tourist attraction again. Through the subjects of work, recreation, and environment -- the intersections of which are applicable to communities across the United States and abroad -- she documents the struggles and contests over this magnificent coastal region. By tracing Monterey's shift from what was once the literal Cannery Row to an iconic hub that now houses an aquarium in which nature is replicated to attract tourists, the interactions of people with nature continues to change. Drawing on histories of immigration, unionization, and the impact of national and international events, Chiang explores the reciprocal relationship between social and environmental change. By integrating topics such as race, ethnicity, and class into environmental history, Chiang illustrates the idea that work and play are not mutually exclusive endeavors.

Forestry cannot be isolated from the forces that drive all economic
activity. It involves using land, labour, and capital to produce goods
and services from forests, while economics helps in understanding how
this can be done in ways that will best meet the needs of people.
Therefore, a firm grounding in economics is integral to sound forestry
policies and practices.

This book, a major revision and expansion of Peter H. Pearse's
1990 classic, provides this grounding. Updated and enhanced with
advanced empirical presentation of materials, it covers the basic
economic principles and concepts and their application to modern forest
management and policy issues. Topics range from valuation of forest
investments and unpriced forest goods and services to property rights,
taxation, and global issues of forests and the environment. Review
questions and suggestions for further readings appear at the end of
each chapter.

Forest Economics draws on the strengths of two of the
field's leading practitioners who have more than fifty years of
combined experience in teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in
forest economics in the United States and Canada. Its comprehensive and
systematic analysis of forest issues makes it an indispensable resource
for students and practitioners of forest management, natural resource
conservation, and environmental studies.

Daowei Zhang is a professor of forest economics
and policy in the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences at Auburn
University. Peter H. Pearse is a professor emeritus at
the University of British Columbia, a forester RPF (Ret), and a member
of the Order of Canada.

Protecting the unique plants and animals that live on Madagascar while fueling economic growth has been a priority for the Malagasy state, international donors, and conservation NGOs since the late 1980s. Forest and Labor in Madagascar shows how poor rural workers who must make a living from the forest balance their needs with the desire of the state to earn foreign revenue from ecotourism and forest-based enterprises. Genese Marie Sodikoff examines how the appreciation and protection of Madagascar s biodiversity depend on manual labor. She exposes the moral dilemmas workers face as both conservation representatives and peasant farmers by pointing to the hidden costs of ecological conservation."

Fruits from the Amazon region are highly appreciated for their exotic characteristics and have been a subject of interest and research since European pioneers discovered this rainforest. Numerous edible fruits from the Amazon region are considered to be rich sources of protein, though their bioactive metabolites are not used wisely worldwide despite being partly consumed by local communities. However, some of them are globally recognised and commercialised, such as guarana, acai, chestnuts from the Amazon (Brazilian nuts), and cacao. Some other exotic fruits like babacu, bacuri, buriti, euterpe, camu-camu, cupuacu, cubiu, dende, graviola, piquia, pupunha and tucuma may be better exploited in order to be aggregated to feed the general population. The application of these fruits was always explored by the traditional medicine of pre-Colombian tribes living in the Amazon region; however, the modern pharmaceutical industry is showing great interest in these fruits as a source of potential bioactive molecules with potential applications in the treatment of several diseases, including some types of cancers, diabetes, Alzheimers disease, the control of blood pressure, etc., Perhaps this is a realisation of Hippocrates dream -- that one day our food will be a form of medicine.

This book provides a broad-ranging textbook on the relationships between forests and society. It discusses the ways in which society can interact with forest landscapes without adversely affecting their sustainability. Topics covered include attitudes to, and uses of forests, the creation of today's forest landscapes, the impact of humans on forests, and forest sustainability and human health. The book also examines emerging issues in forestry such as possible solutions to balancing societies' needs with forest sustainability, managing forests in the urban-wildland interface, and the impact of illegal logging. It is packed with real-world case studies from the USA, Australia, Bolivia, Botswana, Canada, China, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Thailand.

This collection features five peer-reviewed reviews on ecosystem services delivered by forests. The first chapter summarises the current state of knowledge on the interactions between forest ecosystems and the climate system and the way in which forests influence the water cycle. The second chapter reviews the wealth of research on the range of species, functional groups and ecological processes which can develop as a result of the biodiversity in tropical forests. The chapter also considers the main threats to tropical forest biodiversity. The third chapter examines the importance of forest carbon content and the methods currently used to monitor it. The chapter also explores the mechanisms driving forest carbon storage and offers a considered discussion on whether forests should be considered sources or sinks of carbon. The fourth chapter highlights how sustainable forest management (SFM) can be used to maintain or enhance biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests. The chapter utilises two case studies to demonstrate successful implementation of SFM in Ireland and Canada. The final chapter considers the benefits of introducing agroforestry into agroecosystems, focussing on its influence on soil health. The chapter discusses the benefits of agroforestry systems on key soil physical, chemical and biological properties.

Forests are enormously important to mankind. They not only supply essential harvestable products, but also ornamental landscapes, regulate climate, hydrology, mineral cycling and soil erosion. Over the last few decades, crucial changes have taken place in the views and demands on forests by society at large. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of forestry ecology and policy. Topics discussed include forest management in Finland and Sweden; forestry-related GPS research; forestry trade and population growth in the Philippines and forestry education towards ecological civilization.

Too often, the ideas and practices of professional foresters have beenviewed as monolithic. This book argues that forestry is a more diverseand complex activity than has been generally recognized. It alsounderlines the political character of the profession. Difference liesat the root of politics, and Nova Scotia forestry has been punctuatedby fundamental debates on matters of science, policy, and management.In different ways, the subjects of this volume all have run"against the grain," raising challenges in pursuit of newforestry practice. Many of their challenges have failed, in the face ofa determined consensus. Nonetheless, the plurality of views andexperiences they reveal are an apt reflection of the inherentlypolitical character of modern forestry and of the need to push beyondappearance to find the foundations of both orthodoxy and dissent.

Timber is a vital resource that is all around us. It is the house that shelters us, the furniture we relax in, the books we read, the paper we print, the disposable diapers for our babies, and the boxes that contain our cereal, detergent, and new appliances. The way we produce and consume timber, however, is changing. With international timber companies and big box discount retailers increasingly controlling through global commodity chains where and how much timber is traded, the world's remaining old-growth forests, particularly in the developing world, are under threat of disappearing - all for the price of a consumer bargain.

This trailblazing book is the first to expose what's happening inside corporate commodity chains with conclusions that fundamentally challenge our understanding of how and why deforestation persists. Authors Peter Dauvergne and Jane Lister reveal how timber now moves through long and complex supply chains from the forests of the global South through the factories of emerging economies like China to the big box retail shelves of Europe and North America. Well-off consumers are getting unprecedented deals. But the social and environmental costs are extraordinarily high as corporations mine the world's poorest regions and most vulnerable ecosystems.

The growing power of big retail within these commodity chains is further increasing South-North inequities and unsustainable global consumption. Yet, as this book's highly original analysis uncovers, it is also creating some intriguing opportunities to promote more responsible business practices and better global forest governance.

Ce cadre d'evaluation peut servir de base pour comprendre l'impact au niveau national de la foresterie participative (FP) sur les forets et les moyens d'existence locaux (par exemple, l'amelioration de la gouvernance forestiere, la conservation participative, la gestion conjointe des forets). Il presente egalement des indicateurs pouvant etre utilises dans differents pays, et met l'accent sur les initiatives formelles de la FP reconnues par le droit positif. L'etude rapporte qu'il y a eu une augmentation substantielle, au cours des vingt dernieres annees, des superficies forestieres regies selon differentes formes de gestion par les populations locales. Le transfert de pouvoirs afferant aux populations locales intrinsequement associees a ces regimes implique une variete de combinaisons de droits des utilisateurs, de responsabilites et de prises de decisions. Toutefois, il n'y a pas eu d'evaluation systematique de l'etendue et de l'efficacite des divers types de regimes de FP dans le monde. Le rapport conclut qu'une FP performante peut restaurer rapidement les forets en termes ecologiques et intensifier la gestion durable des forets au niveau national, tout en ameliorant les moyens d'existence de milliards de personnes parmi les plus marginalisees au monde. Ce faisant, la FP peut potentiellement contribuer de maniere significative a une serie d'Objectifs de developpement durable, notamment l'ODD 15 visant a soutenir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles, et l'ODD 1 visant a reduire la pauvrete.

Jack Ward Thomas, an eminent wildlife biologist and U.S. Forest Service career scientist, was drafted in the late 1980s to head teams of scientists developingstrategies for managing the habitat of the northern spotted owl. That assignment led to his selection as Forest Service chief during the early years of the Clinton administration. It is history's good fortune that Thomas kept journals of his thoughts and daily experiences, and that he is a superb writer able to capture the moment with clarity and grace. The issues Thomas dealt with in office and noted in his journals lie at the heart of recent Forest Service policy and controversy, starting with President Clinton's Timber Summit in Portland, Oregon, dealing with the spotted owl issue, and the 1994 loss of fourteen firefighters in the Storm King Mountain fire in Colorado. Against a constant backdrop of partisan politics in the White House and Congress, Thomas discusses issues ranging from grazing in the national forests, long-term pulp timber sales in Alaska, and the Forest Service Law Enforcement Division to the New World Mine near Yellowstone National Park. He considers the timber salvage rider and its linkage to forest health, the Department of Justice and Counsel on Environmental Quality influence on Forest Service policies, and interagency management for the Columbia River Basin. Woven throughout these excerpts from his diary is Thomas's conviction that the effective, ethical management of wildlife depends on how the management effort is situated within the broader human context, with all its intransigence and unpredictability. Writing in 1995, Thomas says, "Things simply don't work the way that students are taught in natural resources policy classes--not even close. . . .There is simply no way that scholars of the subject can understand the ad hoc processes that go on within only loosely defined boundaries." Wildlife management, he says, is "90 percent about people and 10 percent about animals," and when it comes to learning about people, wildlife managers are on their own. This book is the record of how one man met that challenge.

In the years following World War II, the world's biggest dam was almost built in Hells Canyon on the Snake River in Idaho. Karl Boyd Brooks tells the story of the dam controversy, which became a referendum not only on public-power expansion but also on the environmental implications of the New Deal's natural resources and economic policy.

Private-power critics of the Hells Canyon High Dam posed difficult questions about the implications of damming rivers to create power and to grow crops. Activists, attorneys, and scientists pioneered legal tactics and political rhetoric that would help to define the environmental movement in the 1960s. The debate, however, was less about endangered salmon or threatened wild country and more about who would control land and water and whether state enterprise or private capital would oversee the supply of electricity.

By thwarting the dam's construction, Snake Basin irrigators retained control over water as well as economic and political power in Idaho, putting the state on a postwar path that diverged markedly from that of bordering states. In the end, the opponents of the dam were responsible for preserving high deserts and mountain rivers from radical change.

With "Public Power, Private Dams," Karl Brooks makes an important contribution not only to the history of the Pacific Northwest and the region's anadromous fisheries but also to the environmental history of the United States in the period after World War II.

Karl Boyd Brooks is associate professor of history and environmental studies at the University of Kansas.

""Public Power, Private Dams" provides a thorough discussion of the controversies surrounding the Hells Canyon High Dam, with a detailed examination of the regional and national forces that struggled over the dam, how their differing visions of the future were embodied in developmental alternatives, and how the region's salmon runs and tribes and fishers were the big losers." --Dale Goble, University of Idaho

The year 2005 marked the centennial of the founding of the United States Forest Service (USFS). Samuel P. Hays uses this occasion to present a cogent history of the role of American society in shaping the policies and actions of this agency.

From its establishment in 1905 under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, timber and grazing management dominated the agency's agenda. Due to high consumer demand for wood products and meat from livestock, the USFS built a formidable system of forest managers, training procedures, and tree science programs to specifically address these needs. This strong internal organization bolstered the agency during the tumultuous years in the final one-third of the century--when citizens and scientists were openly critical of USFS policies--yet it restricted the agency's vision and adaptability on environmental issues. A dearth of ecological capabilities tormented the USFS in 1960 when the Multiple-Use and Sustained-Yield Act set new statutes for the preservation of wildlife, recreation, watershed, and aesthetic resources. This was followed by the National Forest Management Act of 1976, which established standards for the oversight of forest ecosystems. The USFS was ill equipped to handle the myriad administrative and technological complexities that these mandates required.

In "The American People and the National Forests, " Hays chronicles three distinct periods in USFS history, provides a summarizing "legacy" for each, and outlines the public and private interests, administrators, and laws that guided the agency's course and set its priorities. He demonstrates how these legacies affected successive eras, how they continue to influence USFS policy in the twenty-first century, and why USFS policies should matter to all of us.

Australia's long-unresolved forest conflict has been the make-or-break factor in federal elections for the last few decades, with both parties often arguing that the four-decade-old forest conflict has no practical solution. They are wrong. Australia's existing plantations can meet virtually all the nation's wood needs and replace all native forest woodchipping. Australia can have a large, highly competitive and prosperous forest industry without logging native forests. Since irreconciliable development versus environment interests cannot explain Australia's ongoing forest conflict, what does? Australia's forest conflict persists only because government has not let new, economically superior products displace environmentally inferior products in the market. Behind this failure lies silenced plantation processors, failing bureaucracies, government-created extraordinary native-forest-woodchipping profits and destructive union behaviour. Judy Clark documents and examines each in detail, and proposes a new forest policy for Australia, calling on individuals in the power sector - business people and politicians - to commit themselves to breaking down the obstructions.

This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on sustainable forest management. The first chapter discusses the varying definitions of sustainable forest management (SFM) in tropical landscapes, as well as the trade-offs associated with SFM. The chapter also reviews the spatial scales of assessing SFM and explores expanding the scope of SFM from individual strands to forested landscapes. The second chapter provides a comprehensive review of the current research undertaken in sustainable forestry. It considers the concept and evolution of sustainable forestry and the challenges which arise as a result of implementing SFM practices. The third chapter reviews the role and impact of forest certification schemes in the achievement of SFM. The chapter summarises the wealth of research available on the development of forest certification and how individual elements can be optimised to further improve the model. The fourth chapter discusses the recent history and implementation challenges of SFM across the Congo Basin, including logging concessions, land zones and the processes and institutions required to implement effective SFM policies. The final chapter analyses the potential trade-offs between ecosystem services and biodiversity in the southern Patagonian forests. The chapter explores the implementation of SFM as a strategy to mitigate these trade-offs at a landscape level.

This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on tropical agroforestry. The first chapter addresses the challenges associated with incorporating agroforestry into agroecological intensification and sustainable landscapes. The chapter also considers the challenge of developing policies in support of agroforestry, and the challenge of developing agroforestry at scale. The second chapter reviews to what extent agroforests are able to meet the objectives of sustainable forest management, focusing on biodiversity conservation, supply of forest products and carbon capture. The chapter also highlights the potential limits of system intensification in delivering ecosystem goods and services. The third chapter presents an overview of the ecosystem services that can be delivered by tropical agroforestry systems. The chapter presents practical approaches for trade-off analysis between ecosystem services and plant biodiversity for better design (or redesign) and how management of agroforestry systems can be optimised. The final chapter summarises the importance of cocoa-based agroforestry systems to global agricultural landscapes. The chapter reviews the different cocoa system technologies (e.g. cocoa-timber systems) and presents a four-step guide for analysing the shade canopy of shaded cocoa systems to ensure a diverse, resilient agroforestry system is in place.

ISA has developed a series of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the purpose of interpreting tree care standards and providing guidelines of practice for arborists, tree workers, and the people who employ their services. This BMP provides practitioners with what industry experts consider to be the most appropriate integrated vegetation management (IVM) techniques in use today. This edition provides an approach that can be applied to a broad array of applications, while appendices provide more specific information on: Electric Utility IVM. Pipeline IVM. Railway IVM. Roadway IVM. Environmental Stewardship. Soil Health. Herbicide. It also serves as a companion publication to the American National Standard for Tree Care Operations-Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management-Standard Practices (Integrated Vegetation Management) (ANSI A300, Part 7). The second edition of this BMP is also available in Spanish.

Can private standards bring about more sustainable production practices? This question is of interest to conscientious consumers, academics studying the effectiveness of private regulation, and corporate social responsibility practitioners alike. Grabs provides an answer by combining an impact evaluation of 1,900 farmers with rich qualitative evidence from the coffee sectors of Honduras, Colombia and Costa Rica. Identifying an institutional design dilemma that private sustainability standards encounter as they scale up, this book shows how this dilemma plays out in the coffee industry. It highlights how the erosion of price premiums and the adaptation to buyers' preferences have curtailed standards' effectiveness in promoting sustainable practices that create economic opportunity costs for farmers, such as agroforestry or agroecology. It also provides a voice for coffee producers and value chain members to explain why the current system is failing in its mission to provide environmental, social, and economic co-benefits, and what changes are necessary to do better.

This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on developing forestry products. The first chapter discusses trade-offs between timber products from plantation forests and the need to protect ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. It reviews ways of innovating business practices, the use of solid wood, reconstituted products and woody biomass as products. The second chapter explores hardwood tree management within agroforestry systems for the production of veneer and high-quality sawlogs. It reviews how to optimise production in alley cropping, riparian buffers and silvopasture systems. The third chapter assesses the range of non-timber forest products from tropical forests. These include non-wood fiber resources, including bamboo, rattan and agricultural biomass. These can be used to replace traditional wood fibers in both building and non-structural applications. The fourth chapter focusses on new processes and applications of forestry products. It discusses cellulose pulp conversion into cellulosic nanomaterials, hydrolysis of hemicelluloses from wood to produce sugars for use in the food industry, as well as extraction of polyphenols from bark for nutraceuticals. The final chapter reviews alley cropping practices to produce overstory nut crops. It discusses genetic improvement of nut trees, orchard design and management as well as pest management in nut tree alley cropping.

La presente publication expose une palette d'options envisageables pour financer la restauration des forets et des paysages au niveau local, a court terme et long terme, et met en evidence le caractere unique de chaque situation et la difficulte de tirer des conclusions generales.

This book provides a comprehensive socio-legal examination of how global efforts to fight climate change by reducing carbon emissions in the forestry sector (known as REDD+) have affected the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities in developing countries. Grounded in extensive qualitative empirical research conducted globally, the book shows that the transnational legal process for REDD+ has created both serious challenges and unexpected opportunities for the recognition and protection of indigenous and community rights. It reveals that the pursuit of REDD+ has resulted in important variations in how human rights standards are understood and applied across multiple sites of law in the field of REDD+, with mixed results for indigenous peoples and local communities in Indonesia and Tanzania. With its original findings, rigourous research design, and interdisciplinary analytical framework, this book will make a valuable contribution to the study of transnational legal processes in a globalizing world. This title is also available as Open Access.

Es la primera vez que se publican directrices mundiales sobre la restauración de las tierras secas. El objetivo urgente es apoyar los esfuerzos necesarios para restaurar y detener la degradación de las tierras secas, que cuentan con casi la mitad de la superficie terrestre y albergan un tercio de la población mundial. El 20 % de las zonas áridas del mundo están degradadas, y las personas que allí habitan se encuentran a menudo en un círculo vicioso de pobreza, prácticas no sostenibles y degradación ambiental. Como lo ilustran los estudios de casos, las directrices abarcan una amplia gama de acciones, desde el terreno –con actividades como la protección del hábitat, la regeneración natural asistida y la plantación y estabilización de dunas– hasta el nivel político, con iniciativas financieras, de seguimiento, y de desarrollo de capacidades. Queda claro que la restauración debe considerarse a lo largo de toda la cadena de valor de todos los sectores, desde la semilla hasta el producto final, teniendo en cuenta los diferentes usos de la tierra y las necesidades y expectativas de todos los grupos interesados.

In the past few decades, sustainability of natural resources and the social and environmental issues that surround them have become increasingly topical. This multidisciplinary book discusses the complex relationships between society, natural resources and the environment. Major resources including water, agriculture, energy, minerals and forests are considered, as well as different facets of the environment including climate, landforms and biodiversity. Each resource is discussed in the context of both environmental and socio-economic factors affecting their present and future distribution and demand. Presenting a balanced, comprehensive overview of the issues surrounding natural resources and sustainability, this accessible volume will be of interest to policy makers, resource managers, graduate students and researchers in the natural and social sciences.

Explaining the natural limits on the carrying capacity of forest ecosystems to natural and human-induced disturbances underpinned the goal of this study. Hypothesised mutually reinforcing beneficial effects of sustainable forest ecosystem management (SFEM) practices and total factor productivity growth (TFPG) in regionally segmented Canadian logging industries were examined. Two complementary methodologies were applied: (1) A normative bioeconomic analysis of SFEM, and (2) an analysis of TFPG, which is a commonly accepted indicator of technological progress. Sluggish, but upward trends in TFPG appeared to support the hypothesised outcomes that logging operations were technically efficient, that firms in each regional industry had comparative cost advantages in the marketplace, and that the unavoidable adverse effects of logging operations on integrity of forest ecosystems were tolerable, given the economic fact that logging sustains the forest sectors significant role in the overall performance of the national economy. However, low TFPG implied a need for strategic policy that would boost investments in research and development to promote technological progress, so as to ensure environmental quality, sustainable timber supply, and competitiveness in the Canadian forest sector. Society derives multiple benefits from TFPG that include: (i) A synergetic combination of factor accumulation and TFPG, which is one of the engines of economic growth; (ii) a minimisation of the natural capital stock, timber, and depletion; (iii) the mitigation of the wasteful use of scarce-productive resources; (iv) the mitigation of adverse impacts of inflation on economic growth; (v) the maximisation of profits due to economic savings made in production processes; (vi) the reallocation of freed productive resources to the production of other goods and services, leading to technical and economic efficiency; and (vii) the improvements in the competitive position of the Canadian forest sector. Accordingly, this book concluded with a list of policy recommendations.