The hand commonly is considered to have exerted great influence on the evolution of typically human characteristics, like upright posture, stereoscopic vision, "manipulative" handling of parts of the environment. The German term "Begreifen", which is commonly used for the understanding of complex relationships in a generalised, abstract sense, always implies the original meaning of seizing objects with the aid of the hands. The hands are also of greatest importance for the survival of the other, non-human primates. Hands are absolutely essential for locomotion in an arboreal habitat, and the intake of food is dependant on the use of the hands as well: primates very rarely take in food directly with their mouths, in the wast majority of cases they seize food items with their hands. Even drinking is often performed by dipping the hand into the water and licking the drops from hand and forearm. An organ of such importance will very probably be "adapted" to its "function". This statement is made so often, that any further considerations seem superfluous. Nobody doubts, that the hands of primates are highly adaptive organs, the general form and internal structure of which are closely related to the necessities of life. However, if one tries to go beyond this general statement, he finds himself confront ed with several problems: First of all, a point which W. GUTMANN has emphasized repeatedly: according to the results obtained by genetics, the first thing to appear is the mutated character.

In a single volume, the authors bring together a review of current biological understanding of planktonic foraminifera and apply it to developments in sedimentology. With the growing interest in the shells of this class of protozoa as indicators of the history of the earth, revealed through the sedimentary record, a comprehensive analysis of the biology of contemporary foraminifera has become necessary. Main topics covered include Taxonomy, Collecting and Culture Methods, Cellular Ultrastructure, Host and Symbiont Relationships, Trophic Activity and Nutrition, Reproduction, Shell Ontogeny and Architecture, Ecology and Sedimentation and Settlement of Shells.

The emergence of pathogens resistant to conventional antimicrobial agents has forced us to intensify the efforts in search for new approaches to prevent infectious diseases. Such a direction was indicated in studies over the last two decades showing that adhesion of pathogens, primarily via glycoconjugate or protein receptors of the host tissue, is crucial for the infectious process. Moreover, it was found that infection can be prevented by blocking adhesion of the pathogen to mucosal surfaces of the host. The various aspects of interference with the process of microbial adhesion as a way of preventing diseases were the subject of the Bat-Sheva Seminar, "Towards Anti-Adhesion Therapy of Microbial Infectious Diseases," held in Zichron Yaakov, Israel, February 25 to March I, 1996. A major aim of the Bat-Sheva de Rothschild Foundation for the Advancement of Science in Israel, which sponsors a series of seminars, ours among them, is to provide the necessary tools and settings for international forums and exposure of young scientists and promising students to the state of the art of the field. This goal has been achieved during the week's discussions, and its major aspects are presented in this compendium. The seminar's participants, as well as the readers of this book, thank the founder and Foundation for their support. This book includes the major themes of this rapidly growing area. However, by no means do we intend to cover every bit and piece in it. The book's first section deals with the lectin-sugar interactions and their inhibitors.

The opportunity to explore a developing new technology in a single biological system, chitin, from the molecular basis and with the inter relationship of the utilization of benzoylphenyl ureas in effective pest agroecosystem management strategies, represents a new evolution for integration of knowledge in this highly complex area. The degree of great progress and interest in the understanding of the interaction of chitin uItrastructures, biochemistry, and the unique ben zoylphenyl ureas attest to the timeliness of this effort. The purpose of the book that follows is to provide up-to-date and well illustrated details of current research knowledge including the latest of research results. The combination of the basic to the applied aspects rarely occurs specifically at the levels presented by the international contributors within. The original contributions composed the symposium "Chitin and Ben zoylphenyl Urea" organized by the co-editors at the International Con gress of Entomology in Hamberg, Germany, August 1984. We extend our appreciation to everyone who made the conference an outstanding success and highlight of the Congress, as well as making this book possible. We thank the authors, especially for their excellent international presenta tions, discussions, and preparation of the manuscripts. The knowledge evolved from many areas in chitin research, as well as the intricate com plexity of successful utilization of specific knowledge involving benzoylp henyl ureas in system management strategies for insects will continue to be in the forefront throughout the world's agroecosystems; and hopefully this book will enhance further research and development."

Cell and Molecular Biology of the Cytoskeleton focuses on the three major fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm that are collectively known as the cytoskeletal sys- tem. These polymorphic cytoskeletal proteins are microtubules (25-nm diam- eter), microfilaments (6-nm diameter), and intermediate filaments (l O-nm diameter). Microtubules consist of tubulin and several well-characterized mi- crotubule-associated proteins (MAPs) such as MAPl, MAP2, and tau. Micro- filaments consist of actin and associate with actin-binding proteins, including alpha-actinin, filamin, myosin, tropomyosin, vinculin, and others. Intermedi- ate filaments consist of at least five different tissue-specific classes, including desmin or skeletin (muscle), prekeratin (epithelial), vimentin (mesenchymal), neurofilament (nerve), and glial acidic fibrillary protein (astrocytes). In this volume distinguished researchers in the field cover the interaction of these fibrous proteins, not only with each other and other cytoplasmic components, but also with such biological processes as cell shape changes, growth, motility, secretion, and division. These comprehensive reviews ex- plore the cytoskeleton's molecular, biochemical, and structural properties with an emphasis on their manifestation in the living cell.

Limnology - the study of inland waters - had its genesis in Europe about the turn of the century. The studies of Fore1 on Lake Geneva were of seminal value at this time. It prospered under the early guidance of Thienemann, Naumann and Wesenberg-Lund in Europe and, soon transplanted, of Birge and Juday in North America (to name just a few early spirits). Now, liminology is a respectable scientific discipline taught at many universities, and limnologists are recognized as important contributors to our understanding of how this fragile spaceship functions. All this acknowledged, it must also be acknowledged that limnology is not yet a globally comprehensive science. To be sure, much is known about globally applicable processes, and the structural elements of aquatic ecosystems worldwide, but limnological emphases, interests and concerns remain essentially European and North American in balance. Much is known about lakes and rivers in less than one fifth of the world's land area (northern temperature regions); rather little is known about inland waters elsewhere.

A great truth is a truth whose opposite. is also a great truth. Thomas Mann (Essay on Freud, 1937) This volume centers on pseudorabies (PR V), herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and fulfills three objectives. The chapters on the epidemiology and latency of HSV, and on the glycoproteins specified by HSV and CMV, set the stage for the discussions of the immunobiology and pathogenesis of human herpesvirus infections in Volume 4. The epidemiology of HSV is the basis of our understanding of the spread and survival of this virus in the human populations. Central to the epidemiology of HSV and its pathogenesis in humans is the ability of the virus to remain in a latent state for the life of its host. The viral membrane glycoproteins are among the most interesting virion proteins, primarily because of their critical role in the initiation of infection. Since they are the surface membrane proteins of the virion and appear on the surface of productively infected cells, they are also the obvious if not the exclusive targets of the immune response. The chapters on the transforming potential of HSV and CMV, and on the role of HSV in human cancer, deal with challenging problems requiring rather different experimental tools.

'!he present volune Herpesvirus Diseases of cattle, Horses and pigs in the series "Developnents in Veterinal:y Virology" gives a review on herpesvirus infections in (a) cattle by bovine herpesvirus I (lEV-I), lEV-2 and lEV-4, alcelaphine herpesvirus I (malignant catanbal. fever) and Aujeszky"s disease virus, (b) horses by equine herpesvirus I (EHV-1), EHV-2 and EHV-3 and (c) pigs by Aujeszky's disease virus and porcine cytomegalovirus. Some of these viruses also infect small ruminants, therefore sheep and goats are included in this review as far as they are concemed. The different chapters include the latest knowledge on the viruses and the resulting diseases. Bearing in m:irrl the rapid development of oolecular biology and genetechnology in the last years a comprehensive survey on the oolecular aspects of the viruses and genetically engineered vaccines is presented, as far as data have been available. However, the other fields have not been neglected. large space is given to the description of clinical synptams, pathology, pathogenesis, latent infection, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the viruses, hmnoral and cell-mediated imnunity, vaccines and vaccination, epizootiology, control, eradication, economics considerations and future aspects.

The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of comprehen sive and synthetic reviews of the fundamental topics in modern auditory research. The volumes are aimed at all individuals with interests in hearing research including advanced graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and clinical investigators. The volumes are intended to introduce new investi gators to important aspects of hearing science and to help established inves tigators to better understand the fundamental theories and data in fields of hearing that they may not normally follow closely. Each volume is intended to present a particular topic comprehensively, and each chapter will serve as a synthetic overview and guide to the lit erature. As such, the chapters present neither exhaustive data reviews nor original research that has not yet appeared in peer-reviewed journals. The volumes focus on topics that have developed a solid data and conceptual foundation rather than on those for which a literature is only beginning to develop. New research areas will be covered on a timely basis in the series as they begin to mature. Each volume in the series consists of five to eight substantial chapters on a particular topic. In some cases, the topics will be ones of traditional interest for which there is a substantial body of data and theory, such as auditory neuroanatomy (Vol. 1) and neurophysiology (Vol. 2). Other volumes in the series will deal with topics which have begun to mature more recently, such as development, plasticity, and computational models of neural processing."

Not everybody cares about the fate of wild animals or the state of the natural environment. I met a lady who said it wouldn't worry her if all the wild animals in the world disappeared overnight. She was a city person~ she said. There are also people who would prefer to let animals become extinct than to have them kept in captivity - no matter how progressive the zoo. There are those who, on principle, will not eat meat, let alone do the killing, and there are those who enjoy nothing so much as shooting birds. People in the last two camps may oppose each other in claiming to be con servationists. Extremists are unlikely to find their opinions being reversed by this book but, because of the scope of the subject, I believe there is a good chance that anybody with an interest in wildlife will find in it something new to think about. It may not be too much to hope that a few disagreements might also be settled because I suspect there is more common ground than is generally realized among those with opposing views.

This volume represents the published proceedings of an international conference on the Neurobiology and Evolution of the Mechanosensory Lateral Line System held August 31 to September 4, 1987, at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld, West Germany. The goal of this confer ence was to bring together researchers from all over the world to share informa tion about a major aquatic sensory system, the evolution and function of which have largely remained an enigma since the 18th century. The "lateral line" or "lateralis" system has been used as an umbrella term to describe what originally (without the aid of modern anatomical techniques) looked like a series of pits, grooves, and lines on the head and trunk of fishes and some amphibians. For at least the past 30 years, however, it has been recognized that the lateralis system comprises not one, but at least two functional classes of receptors: mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors. The relative ease with which the appropriate stimulus could be defined and measured for the electroreceptive class has resulted in an explosion of information on this submodality during the past 20 years. As a result, there is little ambiguity about the overall function of the electrosensory system, now generally regarded as an independent system in its own right. A similarly clear definition for the function of the mechanosensory lateralis system has not been as forthcoming."

Volume 9 in this series consists of four chapters on vectors that affect human or animal health and six chapters on plant pathogens and their vectors. In Chapter 1, Alex S. Raikhel discusses vitellogenesis in mosquitoes: the cornerstone of the reproductive cycle involving massive production of yolk precursors by the fat body and their accumulation in developing oocytes. In anautogeneous mosquitoes, vitellogenesis is dependent on the availability of a blood meal and, as a consequence, is linked to transmission of pathogens. Therefore, elucidation of mechanisms governing the mosquito vitellogenesis is critical for the successful development of novel strategies in vector and disease management. Previous reviews on mosquito vitellogenesis have dealt predominantly with hormonal control. The goal of this review, however, is to summarize significant progress which has been achieved in understanding mosquito vitellogenesis at the cellular, biochemical and molecular levels. It is with these disciplines that we expect to fully understand the mechanisms governing this key process in mosquito reproduction.

those who deal with infectious diseases on a daily This two volume work stems from the belief of the Editors that infectious diseases are not only very basis. much with us today but, more importantly, that they There are several excellent textbooks dealing will continue to playa significant global role in mor with medical microbiology, and there are equally well-recognized books devoted to infectious dis bidity and mortality in all people. A continuing need for an informed and knowledgeable community of eases. The Editors of this work, on the other hand, laboratory scientists is fundamental. Data describing were persuaded that there was a need for a publica the global impact of infectious diseases are difficult tion that would bring together the most pertinent and to come by. Fortunately, a recent thoughtful and relevant information on the principles and practice of provocative publication by Bennett et al. (1987) pro the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases and vides us with data derived from several consultants include clinical relationships. While this two volume that clearly delineate the impact of infectious dis text is directed toward the role of the laboratory in eases on the United States today."

Although many pursue understanding of the relationship between protein structure and function for the thrill of pure science, the pay-off in a much broader sense is the ability to manipulate the Earth's chemistry and biology to improve the quality of life for mankind. Immediately goals of this area of research include identification of the life-supporting functions of proteins, and the fundamental forces that facilitate these functions. Upon reaching these goals, we shall have the understanding to direct and the tools required to implement changes that will dramatically improve the quality of life. For example, under standing the chemical mechanism of diseases will facilitate development of new therapeutic drugs. Likewise, understanding of chemical mechanisms of plant growth will be used with biotechnology to improve food production under adverse climatic conditions. The challenge to understand details of protein structure/function relationships is enormous and requires an international effort for success. To direct the chemistry and biology of our environment in a positive sense will require efforts from bright, imaginative scientists located throughout the world. Although the emergence of FAX, e-mail, and the World Wide Web has revolutionized international communication, there remains a need for scientists located in distant parts of the world to occasionally meet face to face."

The cyst nematodes are a major group of plant pathogens of economic importance in many countries throughout the world. Considerable yield losses have been attributed to cyst nematodes attacking potatoes, sugar beet, soybean and cereals. Because of the protective cyst that is formed, which encloses the eggs, they pose special problems in their control and also in preventing their distribution in soil from infested areas. There has been much research on many aspects of the biology of cyst nematodes and the large number of publications are testimony to their importance as crop pests and of the interest of nematologists in the group. Nevertheless, they continue to pose problems because of the complexity of their phylogeny and taxonomy and there is still much to be investigated on their biology, particularly with those aspects which relate to improving the effectiveness of control. In many respects the biology of the various cyst nematode species is similar, although with variations due to different interactions with hosts and geographical location. Thus, research on any one species has general applicability and this is particularly so with regard to evaluation of control measures, or to the methodology of soil sampling for the assessment of populations prior to growing crops.

"For the blood is the life . . . . "(Deut. 12 :23) " . . . because the blood, in its value as life, makes atonement" (Lev. 17: 11) HemoPhilia is a rare disease, severe hemophilia rarer still, yet the written history of hemophilia extends back over a millennium and a half. In the ancient Middle East, blood and life were coupled. Blood was the primary substance necessary for life, given to God in sacrifice and forbidden as a food to mortals by Levitical law. Blood was essential for rites of purification and consecration. But the flow of blood during menstruation or parturition rendered a woman unclean. The circumcision of a male child required 33 days of "blood purification" by the mother. ' Circumcision, the visible reminder of the covenant of Abraham lijith Yahweh, was required of newborn Jewish males. It "connote(d) suitability for participation in what God is doing. "2 Hence, free and uncontrolled bleeding of the male child during circumcision, during the ratification of God's covenant, would be noted with awe and concern by those of the Jewish faith. It should not be surprising that the first genetic counseling offered to families with hemophilia is found in the Babylonian Talmud (compilation of Jewish law dated to about the third century AD) and concerns the necessity for circumcision in families with what we would now call hemophilia.

The papers included in this volume were amongst day running of the conference, and Ms Julia those presented at the 5th International Epheme Reed, Ms Kim James, Ms Anne Devereaux, roptera Conference and the 9th International Mr Peter Green, Ms Catriona Smith who assist Plecoptera Conference at the Marysville Hotel, ed them, Mr David Ginn and all the staff at the Marysville Australia from the 18th to the 24th of Marysville Hotel also deserve special thanks for February 1987. The conference was attended by the the superb catering and relaxed atmosphere 62 participants from 21 countries. This was the they created which contributed so much to the frrst time the two conferences had been held conference. together, and the frrst time either had been held in All the papers included in this volume were the southern hemisphere. refereed prior to acceptance, and I would like to The papers included here cover a broad spectrum thank the following referees: Dr J. Davis, of research into the two orders of aquatic insects, Dr L. Barmuta, Dr R. Marchant, Mr T. Doeg, with the emphasis on life histories, which was the Dr P. Bailey, Dr S. Bunn, Dr R. Rowe, Dr R. theme of a joint symposium held during the con Pearson, Ms C. Yule and Dr P. Suter. Ms Sue ference. The paper by Dr Brittain was presented Mitchell assisted with the typing and Ms Kerrle as a keynote address to that symposium. The Swadling with the proof-reading of the text."

Insects as a group occupy a middle ground in the biosphere between bac at one extreme, amphibians and mammals at the other. teria and viruses of insects present special problems to the The size and general nature study of entomology. For example, many commercially available instru ments are geared to measure in grams, while the forces commonly en countered in studying insects are in the milligram range. Therefore, tech niques developed in the study of insects or in those fields concerned with the control of insect pests are often unique. Methods for measuring things are common to all sciences. Advances sometimes depend more on how something was done than on what was measured; indeed a given field often progresses from one technique to another as new methods are discovered, developed, and modified. Just ofthese techniques find their way into the classroom when as often, some the problems involved have been sufficiently ironed out to permit students to master the manipulations in a few laboratory periods. Many specialized techniques are confined to one specific research lab oratory. Although methods may be considered commonplace where they are used, in another context even the simplest procedures may save con siderable time. It is the purpose of this series (1) to report new devel opments in methodology, (2) to reveal sources of groups who have dealt with and solved particular entomological problems, and (3) to describe experiments which may be applicable for use in biology laboratory courses."

In Volume 25, leading experts present studies on the value of increased ascorbic acid intake and explore its specific contributions to human and animal health.

The sixth annual research conference of the American Institute for Cancer Research was held August 31 and September 1, 1995, at the Loews L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washing ton, DC. In view of the promising leads in the diet/nutrition and cancer research field, the conference was devoted to "Dietary Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. " The number of sessions was increased over that in previous conferences in order to accommodate the topics of interest. The conference overview, entitled "Plants and Cancer: Food, Fiber, and Phytochemicals," provided a framework for the following sessions. In addition, the attendees were reminded that for several decades epidemiologists have noted a lower risk of lung, esophageal, stomach, and colon cancer in populations consuming diets high in fruits and vegetables. However, isolation and ingestion of individual protective factors are not the preferred action since the complexity of the food and the matrix in which nutritional factors are embedded are important. The individual sessions then provided more insight as to why eating fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. The first of these sessions was on "Isothiocyanates" that induce both the Phase I and Phase II enzymes that increase detoxification and conjugation reactions, thus causing more rapid removal of any xenobiotic or carcinogen. Thus, less carcinogen is available for interaction with DNA or other critical cellular macromolecules."

This volume of Molecular Biology of Hematopoiesis is dedicated to John W. Adam son, M. D. , Tadamitsu Kishimoto, M. D. , Robert C. Gallo, M. D. , Arthur W. Nienhuis, M. D. , and Franco Mandelli, M. D. , for their contributions in developing an overall view of the state-of-the-art knowledge in the field of hematopoiesis. Richard Champlin, among other renowned clinicians, presented updated information on stem cells and T-cell depletion for bone marrow transplant. A clinical update on thrombopoietin was presented by Pamela Hunt of Amgen and by Kenneth Kaushansky. Arthur Nienhuis' and Katherine Turner's contribu tions to our current knowledge and advances in the fields of growth factors and gene transfer were also recognized during the 9th Symposium on Molecular Biology of Hematopoiesis in Genoa. The chapters cover such diverse areas as preclinical and clinical updates on growth factors and positive and negative regulatory molecules. "Advances in Leukemia: Mechanism and Treatment by Interferon" was presented by Professor Sante Tura. Readers will find presentation of exciting advances that have occurred in the area of hematopoiesis. The elucidation of gene structures of key growth factor proteins such as IL-12 and IL-II will lead to new insights and new approaches in understanding the regulation of hematopoiesis, as well as application of new growth factors.

The four-day international Conference on Pest Management in Rice, which is the subject of this volume, was the third in an ongoing series of meetings on tropical crops organised by the Pesticides Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, London. The participants came from both the public and private sectors and from many different countries. All the major groups of pests-weeds, microorganisms, arthropods and rodents-were considered, as the organisers believe that it is necessary to address the total pest management problems in each particular growing area, and the variety of the papers indicates the importance of a multi disciplinary approach to their solution. Rice is one of the most important world crops and is the major source of food for around 60% of the world's population, with a world production of 500 million tonnes from 150 million hectares of land. Since world stocks amount to only two months supply, many people are at risk from famine. Moreover, it has been esti mated that the world requirement in 2020 will be about 760 million tonnes, an increase of 50%. This pressure of population on food makes efficient pest management vital and is the reason for bringing together experts from all over the world to this major conference."

It is not often that a century of scholarly activity breaks conveniently into halves, but ornithology of the first half of the 20th century is clearly different from that of the second half. The break actually can be marked in 1949, with the appearance of Meyer and Schuz's Ornithologie ais Biologische Wissenschaft. Prior to this, ornithologists had tended to speak mostly to other ornithologists, experiments (the testing of hy potheses) were uncommon, and a concern for birds as birds was the dominant thread in our thinking. Subsequent to 1949, ornithologists have tended to become ever more professional in their pursuits and to incorporate protocols of experimental biology into their work; more importantly perhaps, they have begun to show a concern for birds as agencies for the study of biology. Many of the most satisfying of recent ornithological studies have come from reductionist research ap proaches, and have been accomplished by specialists in such areas as biochemistry, ethology, genetics, and ecology. A great many studies routinely rely on statistical hypothesis testing, allowing us to come to conclusions unmarred by wishful thinking. Some of us are ready to tell the world that we are a "hard" science, and perhaps that time is not so very far off for most of us. Volume 2 examines several solid examples of late 20th-century ornithology."

This series is dedicated to serving the growing community of scholars and practitioners concerned with the principles and applications of environ mental management. Each volume is a thorough treatment of a specific topic of importance for proper management practices. A fundamental ob jective of these books is to help the reader discern and implement man's stewardship of our environment and the world's renewable resources. For we must strive to understand the relationship between man and nature, act to bring harmony to it, and nurture an environment that is both stable and productive. These objectives have often eluded us because the pursuit of other in dividual and societal goals has diverted us from a course of living in balance with the environment. At times, therefore, the environmental manager may have to exert restrictive control, which is usually best applied to man, not nature. Attempts to alter or harness nature have often failed or backfired, as exemplified by the results of imprudent use of herbicides, fertilizers, water, and other agents. Each book in this series will shed light on the fundamental and applied aspects of environmental management. It is hoped that each will help solve a practical and serious environmental problem. Robert S. DeSanto East Lyme, Connecticut Acknowledgments Compilation of the materials reviewed in this inventory was facilitated greatly by several staff members of the Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware (formerly at The Ohio State University) and the Natural Haz ards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado."