A benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on 'Experimental Methods for Phosphor Evaluation and Characterization' addresses the theoretical and experimental methods for phosphor evaluation and characterization. The chapters in the book cover: First principle and DFT analysis of optical, structural, and chemical properties of phosphors Phosphor design and tuning through structure and solid solution Design for IR, NIR, and narrowband emission and thermally stable phosphors and nanophosphors Detailed illustration for measurement of the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of phosphors Phosphor analysis through photoionization, high pressure, and synchrotron radiation studies

This book explains the application of recent advances in computational intelligence - algorithms, design methodologies, and synthesis techniques - to the design of integrated circuits and systems. It highlights new biasing and sizing approaches and optimization techniques and their application to the design of high-performance digital, VLSI, radio-frequency, and mixed-signal circuits and systems. This first of two related volumes addresses the design of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) and radio-frequency (RF) circuits, with 17 chapters grouped into parts on analog and mixed-signal applications, and radio-frequency design. It will be of interest to practitioners and researchers in computer science and electronics engineering engaged with the design of electronic circuits.

Optical and Molecular Physics: Theoretical Principles and Experimental Methods addresses many important applications and advances in the field. This book is divided into 5 sections: Plasmonics and carbon dots physics with applications Optical films, fibers, and materials Optical properties of advanced materials Molecular physics and diffusion Macromolecular physics Weaving together science and engineering, this new volume addresses important applications and advances in optical and molecular physics. It covers plasmonics and carbon dots physics with applications; optical films, fibers, and materials; optical properties of advanced materials; molecular physics and diffusion; and macromolecular physics. This book looks at optical materials in the development of composite materials for the functionalization of glass, ceramic, and polymeric substrates to interact with electromagnetic radiation and presents state-of-the-art research in preparation methods, optical characterization, and usage of optical materials and devices in various photonic fields. The authors discuss devices and technologies used by the electronics, magnetics, and photonics industries and offer perspectives on the manufacturing technologies used in device fabrication.

- the book provides a short and accessible introduction to AI for learners - it examines seven different educational roles and settings, from AI as a peer to AI as a tutor and AI as textbook, among others - it considers both opportunities and risks: technological developments as well as ethical considerations

Nature-based algorithms play an important role among artificial intelligence algorithms. Among them are global optimization algorithms called swarm intelligence algorithms. These algorithms that use the behavior of simple agents and various ways of cooperation between them, are used to solve specific problems that are defined by the so-called objective function. Swarm intelligence algorithms are inspired by the social behavior of various animal species, e.g. ant colonies, bird flocks, bee swarms, schools of fish, etc. The family of these algorithms is very large and additionally includes various types of modifications to enable swarm intelligence algorithms to solve problems dealing with areas other than those for which they were originally developed. This book presents 24 swarm algorithms together with their modifications and practical applications. Each chapter is devoted to one algorithm. It contains a short description along with a pseudo-code showing the various stages of its operation. In addition, each chapter contains a description of selected modifications of the algorithm and shows how it can be used to solve a selected practical problem. This book should also be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying nature-based optimization algorithms, and can be a helpful tool for learning these algorithms, along with their modifications and practical applications. In addition, it can be a useful source of knowledge for scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence, as well as for engineers interested in using this type of algorithms in their work. If the reader wishes to expand his knowledge beyond the basics of swarm intelligence algorithms presented in this book and is interested in more detailed information, we recommend the book "Swarm Intelligence Algorithms: A Tutorial" (Edited by A. Slowik, CRC Press, 2020). It contains a detailed explanation of how each algorithm works, along with relevant program codes in Matlab and the C ++ programming language, as well as numerical examples illustrating step-by-step how individual algorithms work.

Two large international conferences on Advances in Engineering Sciences were held in London, UK, 29 June - 1 July, 2016, under the World Congress on Engineering (WCE 2016), and San Francisco, USA, 19-21 October, 2016, under the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science (WCECS 2016) respectively. This volume contains 42 revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the conferences. Topics covered include electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, computer science, engineering mathematics and industrial applications. The book offers state-of-the-art advances in engineering sciences and also serves as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working with/on engineering sciences.

MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitride, was discovered in 2011. MXene has great potential as a cocatalyst in the field of photocatalysis due to its unique properties and structure. MXene-Based Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Applications introduces readers to the fundamentals, preparation, microstructure characterization, and a variety of applications of MXene-based photocatalysts. The book is a comprehensive reference for MXene materials and provides an overview of the current literature on MXene-based photocatalysts. FEATURES Discusses preparation methods of MXenes Describes the morphology and microstructure of MXenes Offers strategies for fabricating MXene-based photocatalysts Details the reaction mechanism of MXene-based photocatalysts Covers applications in photocatalytic water-splitting, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic degradation, photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, and photocatalytic H2O2 production This book serves as an invaluable guide for advanced students, industry professionals, professors, and researchers in the field of materials science and engineering, photocatalysis, energy, and environmental applications.

This book presents state-of-the-art research on security and privacy- preserving for IoT and 5G networks and applications. The accepted book chapters covered many themes, including traceability and tamper detection in IoT enabled waste management networks, secure Healthcare IoT Systems, data transfer accomplished by trustworthy nodes in cognitive radio, DDoS Attack Detection in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) for 5G Networks, Mobile Edge-Cloud Computing, biometric authentication systems for IoT applications, and many other applications It aspires to provide a relevant reference for students, researchers, engineers, and professionals working in this particular area or those interested in grasping its diverse facets and exploring the latest advances on security and privacy- preserving for IoT and 5G networks.

Thanks to rapid technological developments in terms of Computational Intelligence, smart tools have been playing active roles in daily life. It is clear that the 21st century has brought about many advantages in using high-level computation and communication solutions to deal with real-world problems; however, more technologies bring more changes to society. In this sense, the concept of smart cities has been a widely discussed topic in terms of society and Artificial Intelligence-oriented research efforts. The rise of smart cities is a transformation of both community and technology use habits, and there are many different research orientations to shape a better future. The objective of this book is to focus on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in smart city development. As recently designed, advanced smart systems require intense use of complex computational solutions (i.e., Deep Learning, Big Data, IoT architectures), the mechanisms of these systems become 'black-box' to users. As this means that there is no clear clue about what is going on within these systems, anxieties regarding ensuring trustworthy tools also rise. In recent years, attempts have been made to solve this issue with the additional use of XAI methods to improve transparency levels. This book provides a timely, global reference source about cutting-edge research efforts to ensure the XAI factor in smart city-oriented developments. The book includes both positive and negative outcomes, as well as future insights and the societal and technical aspects of XAI-based smart city research efforts. This book contains nineteen contributions beginning with a presentation of the background of XAI techniques and sustainable smart-city applications. It then continues with chapters discussing XAI for Smart Healthcare, Smart Education, Smart Transportation, Smart Environment, Smart Urbanization and Governance, and Cyber Security for Smart Cities.

Nanostructured electrode materials have exhibited unrivaled electrochemical properties in creating elite supercapacitors. Morphology Design Paradigm for Supercapacitors presents the latest advances in the improvement of supercapacitors, a result of the incorporation of nanomaterials into the design - from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, and microporous to mesoporous. The book includes a comprehensive description of capacitive practices at the levels of sub-atomic and nanoscales. These have the ability to enhance device performance for an extensive assortment of potential applications, including consumer electronics, wearable gadgets, hybrid electric vehicles, stationary and industrial frameworks. Key Features: Provides readers with a clear understanding of the implementation of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical supercapacitors. Covers recent material designs and an extensive scope of electrode materials such as 0D to 3D. Explores recent nanostructured-system material designs that have been created and tested in supercapacitor configurations. Considers microporous to mesoporous supercapacitor electrode materials. Features the impact of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors, including specific capacitance, cycle stability, and rate capability.

"The more we know about smart and intelligent systems and their use, the more productive organizations can become, and the more quality of life will improve."-Gavriel Salvendy, President Academy of Science, Engineering and Medicine of Florida, University Distinguished Professor University of Central Florida" "Robots, drones, self-driving cars, and personal assistants are only some of the 'intelligent' and 'smart' systems which are populating our world and changing the way we use technology to carry out our everyday activities, bringing about both exciting opportunities for human-technology symbiosis, as well as compelling design and development challenges. Through a carefully selected choice of chapters, authored by top scientists in the field, this book, edited by Abbas Moallem, sheds light on fundamental aspects of intelligent and smart systems, investigating the role and impact of affective and psychophysiological computing, machine learning, cybersecurity, agent transparency, and human-agent teaming in the shaping of this new interaction paradigm, as well as the human factors involved in their application in critical domains such as health, education, and manufacturing in the emerging technological landscape."-Constantine Stephanidis, Professor of Computer Science, University of Crete, Distinguished member of Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH) In today's digital world, the words "smart" and intelligent" are now used to label devices, machinery, systems, and even environments. What is a "smart" system? Is "smart" synonymous with "intelligent"? If not, what does an "intelligent system" mean? Are all smart systems intelligent? This book tries to answer these questions by summarizing the existing research in various areas and providing new research findings. Smart and Intelligent Systems: The Human Elements in Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Cybersecurity presents new areas of smart and intelligent system design. It defines smart and intelligent systems, offers a human factors approach, discusses networking applications, and combines the human element with smart and intelligent systems. This book is perfect for engineering students in data sciences and artificial intelligence and practitioners at all levels in the fields of human factors and ergonomics, systems engineering, computer science, software engineering, and robotics.

Presents recent advances in prosthetic biomechanics engineering research. Discusses the design and development of limb prosthetic systems. Explores advanced concepts of the prosthetic sockets. Describes gait analysis of prosthetics and orthotics.

Provides the details of state-of-the-art machine learning methods used in VLSI Design. Discusses hardware implementation and device modeling pertaining to machine learning algorithms. Explores machine learning for various VLSI architectures and reconfigurable computing. Illustrate latest techniques for device size and feature optimization. Highlight latest case studies and reviews of the methods used for hardware implementation.

Covers major areas including materials, physics, processes, and applications of flexible electronics. Includes homework problems for readers to understand concepts in an easy manner. Discusses types of materials including flexible silicon, metal oxides and organic semiconductors in detail. Applications of flexible electronics in displays, solar cells and batteries discusses in detail Covers a section on Stretchable Electronics.

This book presents advances in control technologies for efficient operation of the brushless doubly-fed induction generator (BDFIG). For robust and low-cost operation of BDFIGs, it is required to keep high-quality output voltage and eliminate the speed/position encoder under different loads and operation conditions. Some advanced control technologies, from the authors' latest work on these topics, are presented to achieve this goal with simple and accurate texts, illustrations, and tables. The qualified outcomes obtained from this book assure the high-performance operation of BDFIGs and also give the readers a straight insight toward challenges in this research area in the future.

Examines all the major types of mechatronic systems used in railway applications Surveys rail vehicle mechatronic design processes with practical sources and references Outlines modelling approaches for rail vehicles, from concept to finishined prototype Analyzes system integration of complex railway mechatronic systems Presents numerical experiments and mechatronic models with railway transport applications

What debates have caused spectrum policy to change course and which will determine its future direction? This book examines these issues through a series of chapters from a range of notable experts. The backdrop is a period of turbulent change in what was once a quiet backwater. The past quarter century has seen wireless connectivity go from nice-to-have luxury to the cornerstone of success as nations battle for leadership of the digital economy. The change has been reflected in the crucial role now played by market's mechanisms in a field once dominated by administrative decisions. Spectrum policy's goals have moved far beyond the efficient use of the airwaves to include encouraging economic development, investment, innovation, sustainability and digital inclusivity. Are historic procedures still appropriate in the face of this multiplicity of demands? Are market mechanisms like auctions still the best way to deliver what has become essential infrastructure? Does the process of international coordination need to change? Is spectrum policy's effectiveness limited by the power of global economic forces? Can it reduce rather than add to global warming? Where does 6G and AI fit in? Is public perception the new spectrum policy battle ground? These are all issues examined in The Debates Shaping Spectrum Policy.

System Level Design of Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip provides insight in the challenges and difficulties encountered during the design of reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). Reconfiguration is becoming an important part of System-on-Chip design to cope with the increasing demands for simultaneous flexibility and computational power.

The book focuses on system level design issues for reconfigurable SoCs, and provides information on reconfiguration aspects of complex SoCs and how they can be implemented in practice. It is divided in three parts. The first part provides background information and requirements on reconfigurable technologies and systems. The second one identifies existing methodological gaps, and introduces a design flow for developing reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip. The high level part of the design flow can be covered by two C++ based methodologies: one based on SystemC and one based on OCAPI-XL, both including appropriate extensions to handle reconfiguration issues. Finally, the third part of the book presents reconfigurable SoCs from the perspective of the designer, through three indicative case studies from the wireless and multimedia communication domain.

A 21st century clean energy economy demands a 21st century electricity grid, yet the communication networks of many utilities today are ill-equipped for smart grid evolution.

This must-read text/reference presents an application-centric approach to the development of smart grid communication architecture and network transformation. The coverage includes in-depth reviews of such cutting-edge applications as advanced metering infrastructure, distribution automation, demand response, and synchrophasors as well as more traditional utility applications like SCADA systems. Providing detailed insights derived from the authors pivotal research on smart grid communications and extensive consulting experience, the book explains how electric power companies can transform their networks to best meet the challenges of tomorrow s smart grids.

Topics and features: examines a range of exciting utility applications made possible through smart grid evolution; describes the core-edge network architecture for smart grids, introducing the concept of wide area and field area networks (WANs and FANs); explains how the network design paradigm for smart grids differs from that for more established data networks, and discusses network security in smart grids; provides an overview of communication network technologies for WANs and FANs, covering OPGW, PLC, and LTE and MPLS technology; investigates secure data-centric data management and data analytics for smart grids; discusses the transformation of a network from conventional modes of utility operation to an integrated network based on the smart grid architecture framework.This comprehensive and practical guide will be of great interest to all professionals engaged in the planning, operation, and regulation of smart grids. Students studying courses on smart grids will also find the book to be an invaluable resource."

The book provides a comprehensive overview of Single-Inductor Multiple-Output Converters from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Based on the authors' in-depth research, the volume covers not only conventional SIMO DC-DC converters but also the new generations of SIMO such as SIMO AC-DC converters, SIMO DC-AC converters (or SIMO inverters), and the latest SIMO hybrid converters. This book offers a holistic and systematic presentation of all types of SIMO converters, encompassing the derivation of the circuit topologies, the definition of key concepts, detailed discussion of theoretical underpinnings, design methodology and control schemes, as well as design considerations and techniques that enable practical implementation. Specific examples of real-world applications of SIMO converters are also provided. The volume offers a comprehensive overview and systematic classification of the traditional and modern topologies of SIMO converters in terms of system architecture, circuit analysis, operating principles, control methods, design considerations and practical implementation. Specifically, the book presents the mathematical models and design principles necessary for analyzing the behavior of each kind of SIMO converter, and building upon that, introduces and imparts new approaches and techniques when designing such converters, guiding engineering students and power engineers towards achieving low-cost, compact and energy efficient SIMO converters. offers the design considerations and optimization as well as describing the key applications of SIMO converters. The book fills a significant niche in the power electronics literature and provides a complete perspective on SIMO converters that hopefully can inspire appreciation and better understanding of the subject matter. It can be directly adopted in undergraduate or graduate coursework as well as postgraduate research programs.

Discusses core concepts and principles of deep learning in gaming and animation with applications. Covers application of neural networks for intelligent video game character. Discusses automated video generation and real time animation. Covers technological advancements in virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR).

This book presents a detailed description of the basic semiconductor physics. The reader is assumed to have a basic command of mathematics and some elementary knowledge of solid state physics. The text covers a wide range of important phenomena in semiconductors, from the simple to the advanced. The reader can understand three different methods of energy band calculations, empirical pseudo-potential, k.p perturbation and tight-binding methods. The effective mass approximation and electron motion in a periodic potential, Boltzmann transport equation and deformation potentials used for full band Monte Carlo simulation are discussed. Experiments and theoretical analysis of cyclotron resonance are discussed in detail because the results are essential to the understanding of semiconductor physics. Optical and transport properties, magneto-transport, two dimensional electron gas transport (HEMT and MOSFET), and quantum transport are reviewed, explaining optical transition, electron phonon interactions, electron mobility. Recent progress in quantum structures such as two-dimensional electron gas, superlattices, quantum Hall effect, electron confinement and the Landauer formula are included. The Quantum Hall effect is presented with different models. In the second edition, the addition energy and electronic structure of a quantum dot (artificial atom) are explained with the help of Slater determinants. Also the physics of semiconductor Lasers is described in detail including Einstein coefficients, stimulated emission, spontaneous emission, laser gain, double heterostructures, blue Lasers, optical confinement, laser modes, strained quantum wells lasers which will give insight into the physics of various kinds of semiconductor lasers, in addition to the various processes of luminescence.

The fourth edition of this bestselling textbook explains the principles of artificial intelligence (AI) and its practical applications. Using clear and concise language, it provides a solid grounding across the full spectrum of AI techniques, so that its readers can implement systems in their own domain of interest. The coverage includes knowledge-based intelligence, computational intelligence (including machine learning), and practical systems that use a combination of techniques. All the key techniques of AI are explained-including rule-based systems, Bayesian updating, certainty theory, fuzzy logic (types 1 and 2), agents, objects, frames, symbolic learning, case-based reasoning, genetic algorithms and other optimization techniques, shallow and deep neural networks, hybrids, and the Lisp, Prolog, and Python programming languages. The book also describes a wide range of practical applications in interpretation and diagnosis, design and selection, planning, and control. Fully updated and revised, Intelligent Systems for Engineers and Scientists: A Practical Guide to Artificial Intelligence, Fourth Edition features: A new chapter on deep neural networks, reflecting the growth of machine learning as a key technique for AI A new section on the use of Python, which has become the de facto standard programming language for many aspects of AI The rule-based and uncertainty-based examples in the book are compatible with the Flex toolkit by Logic Programming Associates (LPA) and its Flint extension for handling uncertainty and fuzzy logic. Readers of the book can download this commercial software for use free of charge. This resource and many others are available at the author's website: adrianhopgood.com. Whether you are building your own intelligent systems, or you simply want to know more about them, this practical AI textbook provides you with detailed and up-to-date guidance.

2D Materials for Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Sensors offers comprehensive coverage of recent design and development (including processing and fabrication) of 2D materials in the context of plasmonic-based devices. It provides a thorough overview of the basic principles and techniques used in the analysis and design of 2D material-based optical sensor systems. Beginning with the basic concepts of plasmon/plasmonic sensors and mathematical modelling, the authors explain the fundamental properties of 2D materials, including Black Phosphorus (BP), Phosphorene, Graphene, Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), MXene's and SW-CNT. It also details the applications of these emerging materials in clinical diagnosis and their future trends. This text will be useful for practising engineers, undergraduate and postgraduate students. Key Features Presents the fundamental concepts of 2D material assisted fibre optic and prism based SPR sensor in a student-friendly manner. Includes the recent synthesis and characterization techniques of 2D materials. Provides computational results of recently discovered electronic and optical properties of the 2D materials along with their effectiveness in the field of plasmonic sensors. Presents emerging applications of novel 2D material-based plasmonic sensors in the field of chemical, bio-chemical and biosensing.

Diffractive Nanophotonics demonstrates the utility of the well-established methods of diffractive computer optics in solving nanophotonics tasks. It is concerned with peculiar properties of laser light diffraction by microoptics elements with nanoscale features and light confinement in subwavelength space regions. Written by recognized experts in this field, the book covers in detail a wide variety of advanced methods for the rigorous simulation of light diffraction. The authors apply their expertise to addressing cutting-edge problems in nanophotonics. Chapters consider the basic equations of diffractive nanophotonics and related transformations and numerical methods for solving diffraction problems under strict electromagnetic theory. They examine the diffraction of light on two-dimensional microscopic objects of arbitrary shape and present a numerical method for solving the problem of diffraction on periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. This method is used in modern trends in nanophotonics, such as plasmonics, metamaterials, and nanometrology. The book describes the simulation of electromagnetic waves in nanophotonic devices and discusses two methods of calculating the spatial modes of microstructured photonic crystal fibres-a relatively new class of optical fibres with the properties of photonic crystals. The book explains the theory of paraxial and non-paraxial laser beams with axial symmetry and an orbital angular momentum-called vortex beams-which are used for optical trapping and rotating micro- and nanoparticles in a ring in the cross-sectional plane of the beam. The final chapter discusses methods for calculating the force and torque exerted by the electromagnetic field focused onto the microparticle of arbitrary form, whose dimensions are comparable with the wavelength of light.