Among the various secret or staged processes in court that are all to some degree the focus of public attention, the process against Hungarian Prime Minister Imre Nagy of the 1956 Revolution is especially noteworthy. This volume contains the most important documents of this process: the indictment, the death sentence, the prosecutor's motion 31 years later concerning the repeal of the death sentence, and the acquittal. The separate research papers analyze the historical background of the process and the unlawful practices followed in the administration of justice of the communist party-state, best exemplified by the most serious infringements in the process against Imre Nagy. This book may be read with interest not only by lawyers and historians, but by all interested in the struggle of human will against political terror.

This book traces the story of the civil rights movement through the written and spoken words of those who participated in it. It includes both classic texts, such as Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech and his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," and lesser-known gems, such as Robert Moses' "Letter from a Mississippi Jail Cell" and James Lawson's address to SNCC's 1960 founding meeting. The volume emphasizes the role that ordinary people played in the struggle for freedom and equality and also displays the breadth of the civil rights movement. It contains documents written by members of all the well-known civil rights organizations, such as SCLC, NAACP, SNCC, CORE, and the Black Panther Party, as well as pieces written by independent and relatively unknown figures, such as Jo Ann Gibson Robinson and Sheyann Webb. In addition, it includes documents demonstrating the ferocity of white resistance to black equality, such as George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address. This is a documentary collection that has been needed for a long time. The burgeoning interest in the civil rights movement argues for such a work, and the need to have the experience of the movement in the participants' own words demands it. . . . Levy's collection . . . is the best and most accessible. "Randall M. Miller Director of American Studies Saint Joseph's University

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Drawing on research by recent scholars, the volume emphasizes the role that ordinary people played in the struggle for freedom and equality and also displays the breadth of the civil rights movement. It contains documents written by members of all the well-known civil rights organizations: SCLC, NAACP, SNCC, CORE, and the Black Panther Party. It includes pieces written by independent and relatively unknown figures, such as Jo Ann Gibson Robinson and Sheyann Webb. In addition, it includes documents demonstrating the ferocity of white resistance to black equality, such as George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address. The book fills a void, providing a balanced single-volume reader on the civil rights movement. It will be valuable to all those interested in Afro-American history, race relations, the 1960s, and recent United States history.

Following the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, and again during the Gorbachev and Yel'tsin eras, the issue of individual legal rights and freedoms occupied a central place in the reformist drive to modernize criminal justice. While in tsarist Russia the gains of legal scholars and activists in this regard were few, their example as liberal humanists remains important today in renewed efforts to promote juridical awareness and respect for law. A case in point is the role played by Vladimir Solov'ev. One of Russia's most celebrated moral philosophers, his defence of the 'right to a dignified existence' and his brilliant critique of the death penalty not only contributed to the development of a legal consciousness during his lifetime, but also inspired appeals for a more humane system of justice in post-Soviet debate. This book addresses the issues involved and their origins in late Imperial legal thought. More specifically, it examines competing theories of crime and the criminal, together with various prescriptions for punishment respecting personal inviolability. Charting endeavours of the juridical community to promote legal culture through reforms and education, the book also throws light on aspects of Russian politics, society and mentality in two turbulent periods of Russian history.

Since after the Second World War, the crime of aggression is - along with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes - a "core crime" under international law. However, despite a formal recognition of aggression as a matter of international criminal law and the reinforcement of the international legal regulation of the use of force by States, numerous international armed conflicts occurred but no one was ever prosecuted for aggression since 1949. This book comprehensively analyses the historical development of the criminalisation of aggression, scrutinises in a detailed manner the relevant jurisprudence of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals as well as of the Nuremberg follow-up trials, and makes proposals for a more successful prosecution for aggression in the future. In identifying customary international law on the subject, the volume draws upon a wealth of applicable sources of national criminal law and puts forward a useful classification of States legislative approaches towards the criminalisation of aggression at the national level. It also offers a detailed analysis of the current international legal regulation of the use of force and of the Rome Statutes substantive and procedural provisions pertaining to the exercise of the International Criminal Courts jurisdiction with respect to the crime of aggression, after 1 January 2017."

The countries of the global north and west that have enjoyed hegemonic preponderance in international affairs over the last two centuries are seeing their relative influence on the world stage decline in favour of rising powers of other regions. As the ability of the global north and west to project normative standards with regards to social organisation, international relations and the role of the state is waning, what emerging norms might guide future trajectories for global society? As human rights is a highly politicised and contentious area of discourse and practice, what future might there be for human rights in a non-western world? The London Debates 2011 workshop sought to bring together established academics and early career researchers from a variety of disciplines to reflect upon possible futures for world order and the implications for human rights. In this edited volume, nuanced analysis covers the ongoing debate on the universality of human rights, the outlook for human rights in an Islamic context, the role of civil society in the future of human rights, and human rights in China. The London Debates are a series of discussion workshops convened by the School of Advanced Study that bring together outstanding early career researchers to consider a subject of broad concern within the humanities and social sciences. The workshops are attended by a small group of invited senior academics and early-career researchers - in their final year of doctoral study or up to ten years beyond the award of their doctorate - selected by an international open competition. The Debates include lectures, plenary seminars and small-group discussions. The School of Advanced Study at the University of London is the UK's national centre for the facilitation and promotion of research in the humanities and social sciences. The School brings together the specialised scholarship and resources of ten prestigious research institutes to offer academic opportunities, facilities and stimulation across a wide range of subjects for the benefit of the national and international scholarly community.

Formal justice systems have not served the human rights of native and aboriginal groups well and have led to growing natural and international pressure for equal treatment and increased political and legal autonomy. Indigenous activities in areas of community healing have created a fervor of interest as native peoples have shared experiences with programs that reduce addiction, family violence, child abuse, and sociocultural disintegration of traditional communities. Through ethnographic and indigenous contributions this volume penetrates the psychosocial aspects of the indigenous movement in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It analyzes community-based reforms and shows how years of experience in adversity, peacemaking, and community preservation have equipped native peoples with skills they now wish to share for spiritual world healing.

Freedom is commonly recognized as the struggle for basic liberties, societies based upon open dialogue, human rights and democracy. The idea of freedom is central to western ideas of modernity, but this engaging, accessible book argues that if we look back at the history of the idea of freedom, then what we mean by it is far more contested than we might think. To what extent does freedom have a social component, and how is it being reshaped by our dominant consumer society? This book represents a wake-up call to all those who thought our basic ideas of freedom were settled.

Today, the West sees itself as having a crucial role to play in exporting freedom into the far regions of the world but our own freedom seems more under threat than ever. Linking ideas of public and personal freedom, Stevenson explores complaints about big brother, the arrival of the business society and the erosion of democracy to show how our freedoms are far from secure.

Seeking to affirm the importance of freedom, this book provides a compelling argument for linking it to other values such as equality and responsibility. Drawing upon a range of critical thinkers and perspectives, Stevenson asks what freedom will come to mean in the future, in a world that seems increasingly fragile, uncertain and insecure.

This book examines the dynamic process of political transition and indigenous (adat) revival in newly decentralized Indonesia. The political transition in May 1998 set the stage for the passing of Indonesia's framework decentralization laws. These laws include both political and technocratic efforts to devolve authority from the centre (Jakarta) to the peripheries. Contrary to expectations, enhanced public participation often takes the form of adat revivalism - a deliberate, highly contested and contingent process linked to intensified political struggles throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The author argues adat is aligned with struggles for recognition and remedial rights, including the right to autonomous governance and land. It cannot be understood in isolation, nor can it be separated from the wider world. Based on original fieldwork and using case studies from Sulawesi to illustrate the key arguments, this book provides an overview of the key analytical concepts and a concise review of relevant stages in Indonesian history. It considers struggles for rights and recognition, focusing on regulatory processes and institutional control. Finally, Tyson examines land disputes and resource conflicts. Regional and local conflicts often coalesce around forms of ethnic representation, which are constantly being renegotiated, along with resource allocations and entitlements, and efforts to preserve or reinvent cultural identities. This will be valuable reading for students and researchers in Political Studies, Development Studies, Anthropology and Southeast Asian Studies and Politics.

This powerful reference explores the processes and practices of family systems therapy as conducted in humanitarian situations across the globe. It follows the editors' previous volume Family Therapy in Global Humanitarian Contexts: Voices and Issues from the Field in defining systemic therapy as multidisciplinary, portable, and universal, regardless of how far from traditional clinical settings it is applied. Chapters from diverse locales document remarkable examples of courage and resilience on the part of therapists as well as clients in the face of war, unjust policies, extreme inequities, and natural disasters. Contributors describe choosing and implementing interventions to fit both complex immediate challenges and their local contexts as they work to provide systemic family and public mental health services, including: Assisting families of missing persons in Cyprus Emergency counseling after a Florida school shooting Therapeutic metaphors in a Lebanese refugee camp Sessions with separated family members on the U.S./Mexico border Addressing healthcare disparities in the Caribbean Training family therapists in Sri Lanka Family and community support during the Ebola epidemic in Guinea Providing systemically oriented therapy and supervision in high-conflict countries Risk assessment using emerging media in Chilean communities Family Systems and Global Humanitarian Mental Health: Approaches in the Field is a valuable resource for professionals in both the global North and South, including family therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses and public health professionals, and mental health and psychosocial support providers working in humanitarian settings.

Migration, asylum, and citizenship have become unavoidable topics in contemporary European politics. Klopp examines the issues of immigration, integration, and multiculturalism in Germany, Europe's premier immigration country, through the perspectives of both immigrants and local institutions (unions, employers, schools, neighborhoods, and city government). Klopp addresses the potential for immigration patterns and increasing heterogeneity to produce the conditions for social transformation, and specifically he shows how these factors are challenging and gradually transforming the boundaries of citizenship and the nation in Germany.

Theoretically he argues against recent models of postnational and transnational membership that claim that the nationstate model of citizenship has been superseded by a new type of membership, one that guarantees individual rights via international human rights norms. Given the claims of these models, we should expect that long-term resident aliens will be satisfied with the partial citizenshp rights (civil and social) extended to them by liberal European welfare states, and that they will not identify with, or seek political rights from, their state of residence. On the contrary, Klopps suggests that national-state citizenship remains the essential form of formal social and political inclusion for the majority of immigrants. In the past Germany has represented an extreme case of ethnocultural exclusion, and it is therefore something of a natural laboratory in which to examine the reciprocal measures and mechanisms of political and social change currently underway in Europe. Lessons learned from qualitative empirical examination of immigration and integration processes in Germany could prove instructive when compared to similar processes of transformation underway in the other tranditonal nation-states of Western Europe and in the efforts to define a common European identity. Provocative reading for scholars, students, and other researchers as well as policy makers involved with migration issues, comparative politics and citizenship, and contemporary German studies.

Civil Rights and Beyond examines the dynamic relationships between African American and Latino/a activists in the United States from the 1930s to the present day. Building on recent scholarship that explores black-Latino/a relations in the United States, this book pushes the timeframe for the study of interactions between blacks and a variety of Latino/a groups beyond the standard chronology of the civil rights era. As such, the book merges a host of community histories-each with their own distinct historical experiences and activisms-to explore group dynamics, differing strategies and activist moments, and the broader quests of these communities for rights and social justice. This book is framed around the concept of "activism," which most fully encompasses the relationships that blacks and Latinos have enjoyed throughout the twentieth century. Wide ranging and pioneering, Civil Rights and Beyond explores black and Latino/a activism from California to Florida, Chicago to Bakersfield-and a host of other communities and cities-to demonstrate the complicated nature of African American-Latino/a activism in the twentieth-century United States.

This book examines how national security strategies relate to an emerging common European or global vision of security, and to human security ideas.

Human security and national security are often regarded as competing and mutually antagonistic; the former was proposed and has been operationalised in ways which represent a paradigm shift away from state-centric approaches and the dominance of national-security perspectives. This has led to human security being associated with a broadening of the security agenda to encompass not only physical security, the use of force and military capabilities, but also the provision of material well-being and dignity to vulnerable communities.

This edited volume seeks to identify key concepts and themes in the national discourse of several European countries, addressing security at a meta-narrative and conceptual level, illustrating the changes taking place in approaches to security, and in particular, mapping moves away from a paradigm of national security to one which might be called human security . It also enables an assessment of whether national security is currently converging at either European or global levels.

This book will be of much interest to students of human security, European politics, discourse analysis, war and conflict studies, and IR/security studies in general.

This work examines the contentious subject of human rights in China. The author explores the emergence and evolution of a Chinese conception of rights, paying attention to the impact of Confucianism, Republicanism and Marxism on this conception. It is suggested that the joint influence of these doctrines helps to explain, amongst other things, the contemporary emphasis attached to socio-economic and collective rights in China, and the importance accorded to citizens' duties in relation to the exercise of their rights.

Mandel's comprehensive study provides an integrated, explanatory analysis of the new global security environment, which he terms "the global playground," and the consequent blossoming of ominous flows or "deadly transfers." It includes an analysis of the behavior of rogue states, terrorist groups, transnational criminal organizations, and deviant individuals. Mandel begins with a discussion of the general nature of the emerging global situation and the transborder activities that occur within it, then turns to an overarching analysis of the intractable causes, pernicious consequences, and futile cures associated with these ominous transnational flows. Such activities include clandestine conventional arms, illegal human migration, illicit drugs, hazardous materials, lethal diseases, and information disruption. Both national and international organizations are fundamentally weak when it comes to dealing with such transfers. In contrast to the prevailing view that more deterrence-oriented coercion is necessary to stop these flows, this study suggests that a bottom-up approach involving changes in mass attitudes is crucial. It does not shy away from pointing directly at potential areas of security dysfunction at all levels of policy making. In taking a largely theoretical rather than case-specific approach to exploring these issues, it hopes to avoid the usual laundry list of shocking anecdotal incidents to develop a broader understanding of the new security dilemmas confronting us all. Finally, in demonstrating the futility of existing remedies and in suggesting an alternative, preliminary set of ideas to cope with these transactions, Mandel attempts to give security policy makers a widerarsenal of options from which to choose.

This book addresses the ongoing conflict among Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs from a philosophical perspective. The authors argue that by ignoring justice and failing to address violations of rights, including the rights of Palestinians and Israelis for self-determination in historic Palestine, the rights of Palestinian refugees for repatriation, and the rights of both Palestinians and Israelis to live securely and freely, then a lasting solution to the conflict will remain elusive.

A comprehensive review of the legal status of minority languages in the USA. It also provides the historical and political context for the legal manoeuvring that culminated in landmark civil rights victories. All of the major cases in the USA concerning language rights are discussed in detail and in a manner that should be easily accessible to the non-legal audience. The topics range from the English-only movement to consumer law, and from employment discrimination to international law.

Memory of the Argentina Disappearances examines the history of the production, public circulation, and the interpretations and reinterpretations of the Nunca Mas report issued by Argentina's National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP). It was established in 1983 by constitutional president Raul Alfonsin to investigate the fate of thousands of people who had been disappeared by the state during the seventies. Upon publication in 1984, Nunca Mas became a bestseller, was translated into several languages and won greater public importance when the military juntas were brought to trial and the court accepted the report as key evidence. The report's importance was further enhanced with the adoption of CONADEP and Nunca Mas as models for truth commissions established in Latin America, and when it was postulated as a means for conveying an awareness of this past to Argentina's younger generations. This book contributes to understanding the political processes that led to Nunca Mas becoming the way in which Argentines remembered the disappearances and the country's political violence, and how its meaning is modified by new interpretations. Given the canonical nature of Nunca Mas, the book sheds light on the most substantial changes and the continuities in Argentina's social memory of its recent past.

This book explores the conditions under which non-state armed groups (NSAGs) participate in post-war security and political governance.

The text offers a comprehensive approach to post-war security transition processes based on five years of participatory research with local experts and representatives of former non-state armed groups. It analyses the successes and limits of peace negotiations, demobilisation, arms management, political or security sector integration, socio-economic reintegration and state reform from the direct point of view of conflict stakeholders who have been central participants in ongoing and past peacebuilding processes.

Challenging common perceptions of ex-combatants as "spoilers" or "passive recipients of aid," the various contributors examine the post-war transitions of these individuals from state challengers to peacebuilding agents. The book concludes on a cross-country comparative analysis of the main research findings and the ways in which they may facilitate a participatory, inclusive and gender-sensitive peacebuilding strategy.

Post-War Security Transitions will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, security governance, war and conflict studies, political violence and IR in general.

The area of 'health and human rights' is a new and emerging field under international and European human rights law and health law. Taking a 'health and human rights approach' means using international, European, and national human rights law in relation to a wide range of health issues, including access to healthcare, health data protection, the quality of pharmaceutical drugs, as well as medical-ethical issues, such as abortion and euthanasia. Human rights law can play an important role in promoting and protecting health, both nationally and internationally. It gives a legal and moral dimension to existing health-related approaches, and, as such, it can enrich other health-related disciplines, including medical law, health law, bio-law, bio-ethics, public health, and social medicine. There is, however, still very little understanding of the various and multiple legal interfaces between 'health' and 'human rights, ' and of the implications of this approach for legal research and practice. To fill this gap. This book examines the legal contents and implications of this new area of the law. Its focus is on Europe, as the European context raises specific questions, not only from a legal and a political perspective, but also in terms of health issues and health outcomes. The book first discusses how European institutions (the Council of Europe and the EU) deal with health and human rights. It addresses a variety of themes and approaches that engage with health and human rights links, including patient rights, reproductive health, and issues surrounding death and dying. Lastly, it discusses the position of a number of vulnerable groups, in particular disabled persons, the elderly, and children. The book's contributors have engaged in a prolific dialogue about the issues involved, and this has resulted in a number of truly interconnected chapters that together give a solid overview of the legal perspectives. Health and Human Rights in Europe creates clarity for those who wish to undertake further study in this area. Further, it will guide practitioners through their health-related cases, while law and policy makers can learn more about the comparative legal dimensions of the health issues that they engage with. *** "Inclusion of legal details about human rights, and extensive referencing, renders this book invaluable for law and policy makers. Public health practitioners will also find this an interesting and informative read with a solid legal foundation." - Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, February 14, 2013, www.hhropenforum.or

An examination of the role played by civil society in the legitimization of South Africa's apartheid regime and its racial policy. This book focuses on the interaction of dominant groups within the Dutch Reformed Church and the South African state over the development of race policy within the broader context of state civil society relations. This allows a theoretical examination and typology of the variety of state civil society relations. Additionally, the particular case study demonstrates that civil society's existence in and authoritarian situations can deter the establishment of democracy when components of civil society identify themselves with exclusive, ethnic interests.

This analysis of the historical development of racial segregation in South Africa between the World War I and II casts light on the period immediately before the advent of modern-day apartheid and provides an account of the ideological, political and administrative origins of apartheid. Segregation is seen here as a complex combination of ideas and policies which aimed to entrench and legitimize the basis of white domination in South Africa. The authors feel that in essence, it represented an attempt to uphold white supremacy by containing the powerful social forces unleashed by South Africa's rapid process of industrialization. The work is based on archival research in South Africa and aims to draw upon some of the most recent scholarship.

This book examines the question of whether justice or security is the primary virtue of 21st-century society. The issue of enhancing security without undermining justice - managing risk without undermining the rule of law - has always been problematic. However, recent developments such as new counter-terrorism measures, the expanding scope of criminal law, harsher migration control and an increasingly pronounced concern with public safety, have posed new challenges. The key element of these contemporary challenges is that of membership and exclusion: that is, who is to be included within the community of justice, and against whom is the just community aiming to defend itself? Justice and Security in the 21st Century brings together researchers from various academic disciplines and different countries in order to explore these developments. It attempts to chart the complex landscapes of justice, human rights and the rule of law in an era when such ideals are challenged by increasing demands for efficiency, effectiveness, public safety and security. This edited volume will be of much interest to students of critical legal studies, criminology, critical security studies, human rights, sociology and IR in general.

This book provides a conceptual framework for understanding war rape and its impact, through empirical examination of the case of Bosnia. Providing a contextual understanding of sexual violence in war, and situating Bosnian war rape in relation to subsequent conflicts, the book offers a methodological outline of how sexual violence in war can be studied from a political-psychological perspective. It presents empirical findings from the field that show what war rape can entail in the aftermath of armed conflict for victims and their communities. Through its comprehensive approach to Bosnian experiences, the volume expands the conceptualization of victimhood and challenges the assumption that sexual violence is a particularly difficult theme to study because of victim silence. Rather, the author demonstrates there are many voices that can provide insight and understandings of war rape and its impact without having to compromise the safety and privacy of individual victims. Finally, the book shows the ways in which individual experiences of war rape are shaped by national and international discourses on gender, sexuality and politics. This book will be of interest to students of political psychology, war and conflict studies, European politics, ethnic conflict, politics and IR in general.

Examining the erosion of people's democratic rights and the potential catastrophic dangers of neglecting civil liberties, this book explores the endemic danger of the enlarged power of the state and the central role of Government in undermining personal freedoms through the use of state force in the name of the protection of security.

Human rights film festivals have been steadily growing in number in recent years. They are all bound by a common thread, human rights, and yet show distinctly different films. What leads them to be so different, and how is the universalism of human rights made sense by each?