Accretion flows, winds and jets of compact astrophysical objects and stars are generally described within the framework of hydrodynamical and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows. Analytical analysis of the problem provides profound physical insights, which are essential for interpreting and understanding the results of numerical simulations. Providing such a physical understanding of MHD Flows in Compact Astrophysical Objects is the main goal of this book, which is an updated translation of a successful Russian graduate textbook. The book provides the first detailed introduction into the method of the Grad-Shafranov equation, describing analytically the very broad class of hydrodynamical and MHD flows. It starts with the classical examples of hydrodynamical accretion onto relativistic and nonrelativistic objects. The force-free limit of the Grad-Shafranov equation allows us to analyze in detail the physics of the magnetospheres of radio pulsars and black holes, including the Blandford-Znajek process of energy extraction from a rotating black hole immersed in an external magnetic field. Finally, on the basis of the full MHD version of the Grad-Shafranov equation the author discusses the problems of jet collimation and particle acceleration in Active Galactic Nuclei, radio pulsars, and Young Stellar Objects. The comparison of the analytical results with numerical simulations demonstrates their good agreement. Assuming that the reader is familiar with the basic physical and mathematical concepts of General Relativity, the author uses the 3+1 split approach which allows the formulation of all results in terms of physically clear language of three dimensional vectors. The book contains detailed derivations of equations, numerous exercises, and an extensive bibliography. It therefore serves as both an introductory text for graduate students and a valuable reference work for researchers in the field.

In order to bring the scientific events of the meetings of the Astronomische Gesellschaft (AG) to the attention of the worldwide astronomical community, an annual publication, Reviews in Modern Astronomy, was established. It is devoted exclusively to . the invited reviews, the Karl Schwarz schild lectures, and the high light contributions from leading scientists reporting on recent progress and scientific achievements at their respective institutes. This third volume continues the yearbook series of publications of the society. It comprises the complete set of contributions presented during the spring meeting of the AG at Berlin in March 1990, which was dedicated to the topic "Accretion and Winds." In addition four latecomers (two review and two highlight papers) delivered at the fall meeting at Graz, Austria in September 1989 close this volume. Heidelberg, September 1990 G: Klare Contents Some New Elements in Accretion Disk Theory By F. Meyer (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mass Transfer and Evolution in Close Binaries By A. R. King (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Radiation Hydrodynamics of the Boundary Layer of Accretion Disks in Cataclysmic Variables By W. Kley (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Curious Observations of Cataclysmic Variables By F. V. Hessman (With 10 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Accretion in AM Herculis Stars 44 By A. D. Schwope (With 12 Figures) X-ray Diagnostics of Accretion Disks By G. Hasinger (With 12 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Accretion Phenomena at Neutron Stars By A. Rebetzky, H. Herold, U. Kraus, H. -P. Nollert, and H. Ruder (With 13 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

In the programme of the symposium was written: "The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Me- chanics has taken the initiative to organize the sympo- sium. As the name of IUTAM implies, the organization brings forward achievements within the field of theore- tical mechanics for application in science and engineer- ing. According to the rules of IUTAM that only invited persons can attend, all lecturers and participants have been ap- pOinted by the members of the scientific committee. To facilitate contact among the attending persons, it has been decided to restrict the total number to 85 persons including the lecturers. Only one session is planned, making it possible for everybody to attend all lectures. Most scientists and engineers have realized that the knowledge attained by extensive basic research is essen- tial in order to solve technological problems. In the process of acquiring this knowledge we often fail to un- derstand that scientific progress is only achieved by two main principles: (1) By studying the scientific litera- ture and applying or improving the theories in order to predict behaviour and forces correctly, or (2) by re- jecting existing theories and developing new ways to cope with the problem, resulting in a more differenti- ated and, hopefully, more exact theory. Ice seems to be a simple material, but it is in fact so complex and strange that it is only in the latest dec- ades that we have come to know some of the natural laws governing its behaviour.

This book is a study of plasma waves which are observed in the earth's magnetosphere. The emphasis is on a thorough, but concise, treatment of the necessary theory and the use of this theory to understand the manifold varieties of waves which are observed by ground-based instruments and by satellites. We restrict our treatment to waves with wavelengths short compared with the spatial scales of the background plasma in the mag netosphere. By so doing we exclude large scale magnetohydrodynamic phenomena such as ULF pulsations in the Pc2-5 ranges. The field is an active one and we cannot hope to discuss every wave phenomenon ever observed in the magnetosphere We try instead to give a good treatment of phenomena which are well understood, and which illustrate as many different parts of the theory as possible. It is thus hoped to put the reader in a position to understand the current literature. The treatment is aimed at a beginning graduate student in the field but it is hoped that it will also be of use as a reference to established workers. A knowledge of electromagnetic theory and some elementary plasma physics is assumed. The mathematical background required in cludes a knowledge of vector calculus, linear algebra, and Fourier trans form theory encountered in standard undergraduate physics curricula. A reasonable acquaintance with the theory of functions of a complex vari able including contour integration and the residue theorem is assumed."

The last two subjects mentioned in the title "Wavelets" are so well established that they do not need any explanations. The first is related to them, but a short introduction is appropriate since the concept of wavelets emerged fairly recently. Roughly speaking, a wavelet decomposition is an expansion of an arbitrary function into smooth localized contributions labeled by a scale and a position pa rameter. Many of the ideas and techniques related to such expansions have existed for a long time and are widely used in mathematical analysis, theoretical physics and engineering. However, the rate of progress increased significantly when it was realized that these ideas could give rise to straightforward calculational methods applicable to different fields. The interdisciplinary structure (R.c.P. "Ondelettes") of the C.N .R.S. and help from the Societe Nationale Elf-Aquitaine greatly fostered these developments. This conference was held at the Centre National de Rencontres Mathematiques (C.I.R.M) in Marseille from December 14 to 18, 1987 and brought together an interdisciplinary mix of participants. We hope that these proceedings will convey to the reader some of the excitement and flavor of the meeting.

0 apparent decrease from the 56 Degrees - 58 Degrees zone to the 58 Degrees -60 zone is due to the lack of data in that region. The lower diagrams seem to indicate that the number of auroras seen in the northermost region (58 Degrees -60 Degrees) varies relatively little throughout the year, but at lower latitudes during equinoctial periods the belt in which overhead auroras are seen becomes, on the average, broad. Such a study must be supplemented in the future, particularly in the regions to the north of gm lat. 58 Degrees, by all-sky camera data. d) Sunspot cycle. It has long been suggested that the main belt of auroras contracts during periods of low sunspot number; and conversely, at times of large sunspot number, the radius of the main belt is enlarged, moving towards lower gm latitudes. Observing auroras at a station to the south of the (northern) auroral zone, the appearance frequency of auroras increases with increase of the sunspot number (d. MEINEL, NEGAARD and CHAMBERLAIN 1954 [50J; see also Sect. 32a and Fig. 51). However, no detailed study of the sunspot cycle variation of the auroral distribution has yet been made in any systematic way. It is expected that iso auroral diagrams will be constructed from data obtained during the I QSY, which will enable us to compare them with the IGY isoauroral diagrams, such as that produced by FELDSTEIN and SOLOMATINA (1960 [18J). SO far, the information available on this subject is fragmentary.

Problems of current interest relating to the earth's physical history will be discussed in this volume. Each chapter constitutes a subject in itself, but the sequence I have chosen will, I hope, show and explain the deeper correlation of several terrestrial pro cesses which, at first sight, appear to be heterogeneous. The geologist follows the changing face of the earth, the oscillations of the sea-level, the pulsation of folding and mountain-building, the periodicity of the ice-ages, the rhythmical cadence of Life. Just as the physician will draw his conclttsions from outward symptoms when examining his patient, so the geologist tries to discover the deeper significance of the sequence of observed phenomena by ieeling the pulse of the earth. The many additions and revisions which have had to be made in this second. edition include three new chapters, several new sections in other chapters, I09 new textfigures, I2 tables and 2 plates. A leu) fundamental geological terms have been explained in Chapter I."

83 input to the ions is balanced by a cooling to atomic oxygen, the major neutral constituent, and measurements of the difference between ion and neutral tem perature permit the determination of atomic oxygen concentrations. Using this approach, ALCA YDE et al. 6 have shown from data taken above Saint Santin, France, that the atomic oxygen concentration at 200 km is slightly larger in winter than summer. () The molecular concentrations at heights near 200 km can also be derived from a determination of the ratio of the molecular-ion concentration to elec tron concentration, p (Cox and EVANS 7). It can be shown from the steady state form of the continuity equation for 0+ ions that (20.2) where Q(O+) represents the photoionization coefficient of oxygen atoms, and k and k19 represent the rate coefficients of reactions between 0+ ions and 1S molecular nitrogen Illld oxygen (reactions (12.18) and (12.19)). Then the ratio of atomic oxygen to weighted molecular sum is given by: (l-p)Ne [OJ (20.3) Q(O+) , [kMJ where Ne represents the electron concentration.

One of major challenges facing Earth's science in the next decade and beyondis the development of an accurate long term observational data set to study global change. To accomplish this, a wide range of observations will be required to provide both new measurements, not previously achievable and measurements with a greater degreee of accuracy and resolution than the ones which are presently and currently available. Among the parameters that are currently retrieved from satellite vertical sounding observations, temperature and moisture profiles are the most important for the description of the thermodynamic state of the medium. Other parameters, like those describing the cloud fields, the surface state or the conditions close to the surface are also key parameters for meteorology and climatology. A new generation of high spectral atmospheric sounders in the infrared has recently been designed to provide both new and more accurate data about the atmosphere, land and oceans for application to climate studies. Among the important observations that these instruments should contribute to the climate data set are day and night global measurements of: atmospheric temperature profiles; relative humidity profiles; cloud field parameters; total ozone burden of the atmosphere; distribution of minor atmospehric gases (methane, carbonmonoxide and nitrous oxide).

7 Fig. 3. Photographie de la lueur nocturne it I'horizon, obtenue it bord d'une fusee Aerobee it 184 km d'altitude Ie ler (l

Sect. 14. 297 for such slow variations the effect described under 2. above will be by far the most predominant. In fact, the equipment provides a record of the time derivative of the element in question. 6) Records of the time derivatives of magnetic elements can, however, be obtained in a more direct way by recording directly the electromotive force (e. m. f. ) induced in suitably disposed coils by the variations of the geomagnetic field 10, 11. When a coil with the total winding area F is placed with its axis in the direction of a geomagnetic force component the variation of magnetic induction B with time will produce an electromotive force 1 dB 1 dH e=- coveu,uuFdT=- 'oV~,uQf1oFdT (i). )) . !. . =_to-13~ d(B/y) (1). )a) v em! d(tjs) in the coil. The e. mJ. may be amplified and recorded by means of an oscillograph or on a tape recorder. but more often the coil is used in connection with an ordinary galvanometer and the scale value of, for instance the dl1/dt record, will then - in the same way as the scale value of the magnet variometer treated in Subsect. IX - be dependent on the damping factor IX and on TO/T, where To and T are the oscillation periods for the undamped galvanometer and for the magnetic pulsation respectively. The amplitude recorded will be proportional to the amplification factor I, obtained from Eq. (1).

All existing introductory reviews of mineralogy are written accord ing to the same algorithm, sometimes called the "Dana System of Mineralogy." Even modern advanced handbooks, which are cer tainly necessary, include basic data on minerals and are essentially descriptive. When basic information on the chemistry, structure, optical and physical properties, distinguished features and para genesis of 200-400 minerals is presented, then there is practically no further space available to include new ideas and concepts based on recent mineral studies. A possible solution to this dilemma would be to present a book beginning where introductory textbooks end for those already famil iar with the elementary concepts. Such a volume would be tailored to specialists in all fields of science and industry, interested in the most recent results in mineralogy. This approach may be called Advanced Mineralogy. Here, an attempt has been made to survey the current possibilities and aims in mineral matter investigations, including the main characteristics of all the methods, the most important problems and topics of mineral ogy, and related studies. The individual volumes are composed of short, condensed chap ters. Each chapter presents in a complete, albeit condensed, form specific problems, methods, theories, and directions of investigations, and estimates their importance and strategic position in science and industry."

This book comprises some of the lecture notes I developed for various one-or two-semester courses I taught at the Colorado School of Mines. The main objective of all the courses was to introduce students to the mathematical aspects of wave theory with a focus on the solution of some specific fundamental problems. These fundamental solutions would then serve as a basis for more complex wave propagation and scattering problems. Although the courses were taught in the mathematics department, the audience was mainly not mathematicians. It consisted of gradu ate science and engineering majors with a varied background in both mathematics and wave theory in general. I believed it was necessary to start from fundamental principles of both advanced applied math ematics as well as wave theory and to develop them both in some detail. The notes reflect this type of development, and I have kept this detail in the text. I believe it essential in technical careers to see this detailed development at least once. This volume consists of five chapters. The first two on Scalar Wave Theory (Chapter 1) and Green's Functions (Chapter 2) are mainly mathematical although in Chapter 1 the wave equation is derived from fundamental physical principles. More complicated problems involving spatially and even temporally varying media are briefly introduced."

PREFACE xv LIST OF LECTURERS xix LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xx]. VOLUME I PART I - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Section 1 - Introduction GATES, W. L. - Climate and the Climate System 3 SIMMONS, A. J. and L. BENGTSSON - Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Their Design and Use for Climate Studies 23 Section 2 - Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamics ARAKAWA, A. - Finite-Difference Methods in Climate Modeling 79 BOURKE, W. - Spectral Methods in Global Climate and Weather Prediction Models 169 Section 3 - Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Physical Processes FOUQUART, Y. - Radiative Transfer in Climate Models 223 LAVAL, K. - Land Surface Processes 285 SELLERS, P. J. , Y. MINTZ, Y. C. SUD and A. DALCHER - A Brief Description of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) 307 SOMMERIA, G. - Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary Layer in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models 331 x TABLE OF CONTENTS TIEDTKE, M. - Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models 375 SUNDQVIST, H. - Parameterization of Condensation and Associated Clouds in Models for Weather Prediction and General Circulation Simulation 433 PART II - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICALLY-BASED MODELS OF THE OCEAN AND SEA ICE HAN, Y. -J. - Modelling and Simulation of the General Circulation of the Ocean 465 HIBLER, W. D. - Modelling Sea Ice Thermodynamics and Dynamics in Climate Studies 509 PART III - METHODS OF COUPLING ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN AND ICE MODELS BRYAN, K.

This second volume of Reviews in Modern Astronomy continues the new series of publications of the Astronomische Gesellschaft (AG). In order to bring the scientific events of the meetings of the society to the attention of the worldwide astronomical community, it was decided to devote a new annual publication, Reviews in Modern Astronomy, exclusively to the invited reviews, the Karl Schwarzschild lectures, and the highlight contributions from leading scientists reporting on recent progress and scientific achievements at their institutes. Volume 2 comprises the contributions presented during the spring meet- ing of the AG at Friedrichshafen in April 1989, which was dedicated to the topic "Astrophysics with Modern Technology - Space-based and Ground-based Systems", as well as those delivered at the fall meeting at Graz, Austria in September 1989. The Karl Schwarzschild lectures constitute a special series by outstanding scientists honoured with the Karl Schwarzschild medal of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. Between 1959 and 1987 the following scientists presented Karl Schwarzschild lectures at meetings of the Astronomische Gesellschaft: Martin Schwarzschild (1959) George Field (1978) Charles Fehrenbach (1963) Ludwig Biermann (1980) Maarten Schmidt (1968) Bohdan Paczynski (1981) Bengt Stromgren (1969) Jean Delhaye (1982) Antony Hewish (1971) Donald Lynden-Bell (1983) Jan H. Oort (1972) Daniel M. Popper (1984) Corne lis de Jager (1974) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1986) Lyman Spitzer Jr.

This is the first study of the karst areas of China to be carried out by a Western geomorphologist, and almost all the sources are from Chinese works, as yet unpublished in the West. Karst areas are sensitive to environmental influences and Chinese attempts to deal with these are discussed here, as are Chinese methods of studying karst since they differ somewhat from those in the West. Finally, the author compares karst areas in Europe and elsewhere with those in China. The book is illustrated by numerous diagrams from Chinese sources as well as the author's own photographs.

The oceans cover about 72 percent of our planet (which is named for the remaining 28 percent). These oceans have fascinated and challenged the human race for centuries. In the past, the ocean had been used first as a source of food and later as a means of transportation. However, the oceans have recently become very important-they may offer a solution to many of our modern problems. For example, refuse from land is to be dumped into the ocean never to be seen again; fish and other biological resources are to be caught and used to meet the protein deficiency of the world; oil and gas from the continental shelf and perhaps deeper areas will eventually solve our energy problems. None ofthese examples is completely possible, and the at source offood and later as a means of transportation. However, the oceans social, and ecological problems in the marine environment. Countries are al ready planning how the oceans can be divided up, so that they will get their "fair share." Economists, politicians, and others are producing almost daily, optimistic or pessimistic views (depending upon your own viewpoint) about the ocean and its resources. Equally loud reports come from environ mentalists, conservationists, government sources, and oil companies con cerning the pollution and potential destruction of the ocean."

Oxidation and removal of atmospheric constituents involve complex sequences of reactions which can lead to the production of photo-oxidants such as ozone. In order to understand and model these complex reaction sequences, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms and accurate estimates of kinetic parameters for relevant gas-phase atmospheric reactions. This book presents recent advances in the field and includes the following topics: e.g. the oxidation of simple organic compounds, NOx kinetics and mechanisms, OH radical production and rate constants for the OH attack on more complex organic compounds, peroxy and alkoxy radical reactions, photo-oxidation of aromatic and biogenic compounds, and the interaction between radical species.

In the USA, Western and Central Europe, there are many large-scale polluted sites that are too large to be cleaned up economically with available technologies. The pollution is caused by heavy industries to soils and sediments in waterways and reservoirs. Since these areas are expected to remain polluted for many years, it is necessary to take a long-term view to insure that the capacity to retain the contaminants is not diminished and to understand the potential for large-scale contaminant mobilization at these sites triggered by changing environmental conditions. This book provides information for predicting long-term changes and making risk assessments and describes the approach of geochemical engineering to handling large-scale polluted sites.

Applied geophysics were developed to explore the raw materials needed by civilization. Today it is used to investigate the extent and nature of buried contaminated waste and leachates.
The book describes in detail, yet in a simple language, possibilities, advantages and shortcomings of geophysical methods. Case histories from the US and all over the world are discussed and richly illustrated, and cost estimates for geophysical surveys and criteria for the choice of methods and the compilation of tenders are provided.
The book will enable engineers, scientists and lawyers to appraise the possibilities of geophysics in the assessment of environmental risks.

Experts report the state of the art in the study of global climate change using remote sensing techniques. Topics covered include the principles of remote sensing, the management of data, data requirements in climatology, the principles of modelling, the input of data into models, and the application of remote sensing to the atmosphere, ice and snow, seas and land.
The book is highly topical given the current great public and scientific awareness of possible man-made changes to the climate. It is essential reading for anyone new to the field, and invaluable as a reference work to those already working in it.

This book presents the results of the Third International Symposium on Observation of the Continental Crust through Drilling held in Mora and Orsa, Sweden, September 7 - 10, 1987. Volume 2 reviews new and general information on geology, geophysics, rock mechanics, geochemistry, drilling techniques and drilling problems in very deep holes of the FRG, USA and the Soviet Union. The proceedings are invaluable for earth scientists as well as for exploiters of geoenergy and other natural resources in the crust. Volume 1 summarizes the results of the Deep Gas Project in the Siljan impact structure, Sweden, including papers dealing with general aspects of astroblemes. It is of interest to all researchers working in the drilling industry and those interested in the problem of "deep gas."

Today, climate-related processes and problems are referred to as Global Change by nearly everyone including scientists, politicians, and economists; citizens worldwide are anxious about the often ob served disorientation of our environment under the influence of man. Better information on the Earth's natural systems and their possible alterations is necessary. The topic itself is so wide that sound scien tific descriptions of it as a whole are rare. For the non-specialist infor mation from relevant fields is not easy to obtain; and often, the pro gnostic models presented are contradictory and even for specialists difficult to evaluate. Therefore, this book on Climate, Earth Processes and Earth History by Richard Huggett fills an important gap. It discusses the great, climate-related areas of the Earth's environment. The atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the sediments as products of weathering and geomorphic processes, the relief as landforms and soils, and the biosphere are thoroughly treated as the prominent sub systems which are greatly affected by climate. These subsystems not only control the visual and internal aspects of our landscapes, but they are themselves especially influenced by climatic changes which can be due to either changes in the natural system or anthropogenic changes. Thus, our landscapes will be subject to significant altera tions, if climatic variations exceed certain thresholds. The plan for the present book by Richard Huggett was originally discussed in regard to the Springer Series on Physical Environment."

A clear and accessible introduction to quantum mechanical methods used to calculate properties of atoms exposed to strong magnetic fields in both laboratory and stellar environments, with the emphasis on hydrogen and helium and their isoelectronic sequences. The results of the detailed calculations are listed in tables, making it a useful handbook for astrophysicists and atomic physicists alike.

The annual meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft in Cologne, June 1988, featured extensive reviews of the chemical processes relevant to astrophysics. The twelve contributions to this book, written by experts from the US, UK, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany, deal in depth with the chemistry of comets and meteorites, of stars and their shells, of the interstellar medium and galaxies. A comprehensive review of nucleosynthesis and two reports on observations round off an up-to-date presentation of cosmic chemistry.